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五行大義論:五行相生相克

國學(xue)小(xiao)客(ke)堂 2023-06-19 17:14:28

五行大義論:五行相生相克

五(wu)行(xing)(xing)大義(yi)論(lun)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)相生(sheng)(sheng)相克,第(di)一(yi)是(shi)(shi)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)相生(sheng)(sheng)相克,以(yi)成生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)不息,循(xun)環無(wu)窮之道(dao)。第(di)二是(shi)(shi)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)與五(wu)方(fang)的配(pei)合,所謂北方(fang)陰極而生(sheng)(sheng)寒,南方(fang)陽極而生(sheng)(sheng)熱。把五(wu)行(xing)(xing)相生(sheng)(sheng)相克的兩種關系放在一(yi)起,其五(wu)行(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)克圖(tu)如(ru)下:

五行大義論:五行相生相克

戰國時期(qi),“五行(xing)”學(xue)(xue)(xue)術風行(xing)一(yi)時,并且進一(yi)步總結摸索出了一(yi)套“五行(xing)相生相勝”的(de)(de)規(gui)律,所謂(wei)相生,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)物質(zhi)對另一(yi)種(zhong)物質(zhi)有著(zhu)生發(fa)和(he)促(cu)進的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),如(ru)木能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)生火,火能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)生土(tu),土(tu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)生金(jin),金(jin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)生水,水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)生木便(bian)是(shi)(shi);所謂(wei)相勝,即相克(ke)(ke),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)物質(zhi)對另一(yi)種(zhong)物質(zhi)有著(zhu)克(ke)(ke)制和(he)約束的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),如(ru)水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)克(ke)(ke)火,火能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)克(ke)(ke)金(jin),金(jin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)克(ke)(ke)木,木能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)克(ke)(ke)土(tu),土(tu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)克(ke)(ke)水便(bian)是(shi)(shi)。正因(yin)為(wei)自(zi)然界廣泛存(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)這種(zhong)相生相勝的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)天地萬物才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)得到(dao)動態的(de)(de)平衡。否則只(zhi)生不克(ke)(ke),或(huo)者是(shi)(shi)只(zhi)克(ke)(ke)不生,天地萬物就(jiu)(jiu)不可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保持平衡,也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)維持和(he)生存(cun)下去,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)相生、相克(ke)(ke),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)自(zi)然界賴以(yi)(yi)(yi)生存(cun)和(he)發(fa)展的(de)(de)內在(zai)動力,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個人(ren)命(ming)運(yun)起(qi)伏多(duo)變的(de)(de)外在(zai)和(he)內在(zai)的(de)(de)因(yin)素。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)五行(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術,作(zuo)為(wei)命(ming)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)又一(yi)基礎理論,必須(xu)掌握以(yi)(yi)(yi)下概念。

一、五(wu)行相生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng):即水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)木(mu)(mu)(mu),木(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)(huo),火(huo)(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu),土(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin),金(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水。《白虎通》云(yun)(yun):“木(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)(huo)者(zhe),火(huo)(huo)伏其中,鉆灼而(er)(er)出,故木(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)(huo);火(huo)(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)者(zhe),火(huo)(huo)熱故能焚(fen)木(mu)(mu)(mu),木(mu)(mu)(mu)焚(fen)而(er)(er)成灰,灰即土(tu)也,故火(huo)(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu);土(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)者(zhe),金(jin)(jin)(jin)居石依山(shan)(shan),津潤而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),聚(ju)土(tu)成山(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)必生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)石,故土(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin);金(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水者(zhe),少陰之氣,溫(wen)潤流(liu)澤,銷(xiao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)亦為(wei)水,所以山(shan)(shan)云(yun)(yun)而(er)(er)從潤,故金(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水;水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)木(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe),因(yin)水潤而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),故水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)木(mu)(mu)(mu)也。”

二(er)(er)、五(wu)(wu)行相(xiang)克(ke):即木(mu)克(ke)土(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)克(ke)水(shui),水(shui)克(ke)火,火克(ke)金(jin),金(jin)克(ke)木(mu)。《洛書》載九(jiu)履一(yi),左三右七(qi),二(er)(er)四(si)為肩,六(liu)八(ba)為足,五(wu)(wu)居(ju)中(zhong)央。一(yi)六(liu)水(shui)克(ke)二(er)(er)七(qi)火,二(er)(er)七(qi)火克(ke)四(si)九(jiu)金(jin),四(si)九(jiu)金(jin)克(ke)三八(ba)木(mu),三八(ba)木(mu)克(ke)五(wu)(wu)中(zhong)土(tu)(tu),五(wu)(wu)中(zhong)土(tu)(tu)克(ke)一(yi)六(liu)水(shui),此(ci)五(wu)(wu)行相(xiang)克(ke)之序也。《五(wu)(wu)行大義(yi)》論相(xiang)克(ke)說(shuo)(shuo)“克(ke)者,制罰為義(yi),以(yi)其力強能制弱,故(gu)木(mu)克(ke)土(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)克(ke)水(shui),水(shui)克(ke)火,火克(ke)金(jin),金(jin)克(ke)木(mu)”,亦(yi)稱“五(wu)(wu)行相(xiang)勝(sheng)”。《白虎通》解釋說(shuo)(shuo):“五(wu)(wu)行所以(yi)相(xiang)害(相(xiang)克(ke))者,天地之性,眾勝(sheng)寡,故(gu)水(shui)勝(sheng)(克(ke))火也;精勝(sheng)堅,故(gu)火勝(sheng)金(jin);剛勝(sheng)柔,故(gu)金(jin)勝(sheng)木(mu);專勝(sheng)散(san),故(gu)木(mu)勝(sheng)土(tu)(tu);實勝(sheng)虛,故(gu)土(tu)(tu)勝(sheng)水(shui)也。”

董(dong)仲舒在《春(chun)秋繁露》中(zhong)用陰陽(yang)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)解釋揭示(shi)大自然(ran)萬事萬物的(de)發展(zhan)動(dong)力和(he)次(ci)序(xu)時說(shuo):事物的(de)發展(zhan)取(qu)決于(yu)陰陽(yang)的(de)消長(chang),而(er)陰陽(yang)消長(chang)的(de)原(yuan)因又在于(yu)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)的(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)。“行(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),行(xing)(xing)也,其(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)不同,故為(wei)(wei)之行(xing)(xing)。五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)(wu)官也,比相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)間相(xiang)勝(sheng)也。”這(zhe)里(li)的(de)“官”指官能,也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能。五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)的(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)五(wu)(wu)種(zhong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能,其(qi)(qi)方式是(shi):“比相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)間相(xiang)勝(sheng)。”五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)次(ci)序(xu)為(wei)(wei)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火(huo),火(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金(jin),金(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui),它們這(zhe)種(zhong)次(ci)遞相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),就(jiu)(jiu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“比相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)克(ke)的(de)順序(xu)為(wei)(wei)水(shui)克(ke)火(huo),中(zhong)間隔(ge)以(yi)(yi)木(mu);木(mu)克(ke)土(tu)(tu),中(zhong)間隔(ge)以(yi)(yi)火(huo);火(huo)克(ke)金(jin),中(zhong)間隔(ge)以(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu);土(tu)(tu)克(ke)水(shui),中(zhong)間隔(ge)以(yi)(yi)金(jin);金(jin)克(ke)木(mu),中(zhong)間隔(ge)以(yi)(yi)水(shui)。這(zhe)種(zhong)中(zhong)間有物相(xiang)隔(ge)而(er)克(ke)者(zhe)(zhe),就(jiu)(jiu)稱(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)“間相(xiang)勝(sheng)”。顯然(ran)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)的(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong),既是(shi)一種(zhong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)方式,又具有一種(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殺的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能。正(zheng)因為(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)的(de)相(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)相(xiang)克(ke),大自然(ran)以(yi)(yi)及賴大自然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)萬事萬物,才有四時的(de)新(xin)陳代謝和(he)物種(zhong)的(de)自然(ran)平衡(heng)。

五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke),此其自(zi)然之(zhi)理。十(shi)干(gan)十(shi)二支,五(wu)(wu)(wu)運六氣,歲月日時,都源自(zi)天干(gan)、地(di)支的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互為(wei)(wei)用。在(zai)天則(ze)為(wei)(wei)氣,故有寒(han)暑燥濕風熱;在(zai)地(di)則(ze)成形(xing),故成金木水火土。形(xing)氣相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)感(gan),而化生(sheng)萬(wan)物,這是(shi)大自(zi)然變化的(de)規律。五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)又(you)各分陰陽,在(zai)天為(wei)(wei)陽,謂之(zhi)天干(gan),五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)流行(xing),有燥熱涼寒(han)之(zhi)變;在(zai)地(di)為(wei)(wei)陰,謂之(zhi)地(di)支,五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)在(zai)地(di),春夏秋(qiu)冬,有四時流行(xing)之(zhi)序;其所妙用,可謂變化無窮(qiong)。成和(he)子說:人稟五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)以生(sheng),順天地(di)之(zhi)和(he),食天地(di)之(zhi)祿,未嘗不由乎五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)之(zhi)所取(qu)。故須辨五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)之(zhi)行(xing),須識(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)之(zhi)性。

五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)用,多(duo)則(ze)太(tai)(tai)過,少則(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及。其氣(qi)其數,有余不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足,皆能致兇;抑(yi)揚歸(gui)中(zhong),然后為(wei)(wei)福。生旺(wang)太(tai)(tai)過,則(ze)福中(zhong)藏禍;死(si)絕(jue)太(tai)(tai)過,則(ze)福無可托(tuo)。凡命五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)下生上(shang)曰(yue)助氣(qi),主一生享福,凡事容易受人(ren)(ren)福力;上(shang)生下曰(yue)盜氣(qi),主一生為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)謀(mou),多(duo)庇(bi)蔭他人(ren)(ren)。凡命造中(zhong),五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)下克上(shang),主沉滯難(nan)發(fa),上(shang)克下,主有威勢,害物(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利妻(qi)妾子孫(sun),一般皆孤獨(du),生旺(wang)則(ze)差慢。書云(yun):“五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)數最(zui)難(nan)詳,閑位須防(fang)勝(sheng)位亡。”還有所(suo)謂五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)反制者(zhe),火(huo)多(duo)金少渾閑事,火(huo)少金多(duo)大不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)祥。陰陽偏(pian)出,造化不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成,過與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及,皆可為(wei)(wei)患,如火(huo)多(duo)金少,聚散不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得成形,若火(huo)少金多(duo),即不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能成銷煉,火(huo)則(ze)反有灰飛煙滅(mie)之(zhi)厄。如見過與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及,皆為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)吉(ji)。《窮通寶鑒》專論五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言十神(shen),在命學領域中(zhong)獨(du)辟蹊徑,自(zi)樹(shu)一幟,后世命學家論定四時(shi)五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的衰旺(wang)喜忌(ji),多(duo)以此(ci)書為(wei)(wei)宗。

《五(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)大義(yi)》云:“天生一(yi),始于(yu)(yu)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);地(di)生二,始于(yu)(yu)南方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo);人生三,始于(yu)(yu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)木(mu)(mu);時生四,始于(yu)(yu)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)金(jin)(jin);五(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)生五(wu),始于(yu)(yu)中央(yang)(yang)土。”所以有(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)居(ju)(ju)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),火(huo)居(ju)(ju)南方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),木(mu)(mu)居(ju)(ju)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),金(jin)(jin)居(ju)(ju)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),土居(ju)(ju)中央(yang)(yang)之說。五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)者,東(dong)南西北中之謂(wei)也,五(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)相配合,即:木(mu)(mu),東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang);火(huo),南方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang);水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),北方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang);金(jin)(jin),西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang);土,中央(yang)(yang)。五(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與天干五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)相配為:東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)甲(jia)乙(yi)木(mu)(mu),南方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)丙丁火(huo),北方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)壬癸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)庚辛金(jin)(jin),中央(yang)(yang)戊己土。而五(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與地(di)支五(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)相配為:東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)木(mu)(mu)寅卯辰,南方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)巳午未,西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)金(jin)(jin)申酉戌,北方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)亥(hai)子(zi)丑,中央(yang)(yang)土辰戌丑未。

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