要(yao)想了解先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)八(ba)(ba)卦(gua)歷(li)，必須先(xian)明白先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)八(ba)(ba)卦(gua)圖(tu)的來歷(li)。《系辭傳》 中說(shuo):“《易(yi)(yi)》 有太極，是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)兩儀(yi)，兩儀(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)四(si)象(xiang)(xiang)，四(si)象(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)八(ba)(ba)卦(gua)，八(ba)(ba)卦(gua)定吉(ji)兇(xiong)，吉(ji)兇(xiong)生(sheng)(sheng)大(da)業(ye)。是(shi)故(gu)法象(xiang)(xiang)莫(mo)(mo)大(da)乎(hu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地，變(bian)(bian)通莫(mo)(mo)大(da)乎(hu)四(si)時，縣象(xiang)(xiang)著(zhu)明莫(mo)(mo)大(da)乎(hu)日(ri)月。崇高莫(mo)(mo)大(da)于富貴(gui)，備物(wu)(wu)致用(yong)，立成器以(yi)為天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下利，莫(mo)(mo)大(da)乎(hu)圣(sheng)人(ren)。探賾索隱，鉤深(shen)致遠，以(yi)定天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吉(ji)兇(xiong)，成天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直聲者，莫(mo)(mo)大(da)于蓍龜。是(shi)故(gu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)神(shen)物(wu)(wu)，圣(sheng)人(ren)則之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，圣(sheng)人(ren)效之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)垂象(xiang)(xiang)，見吉(ji)兇(xiong)，圣(sheng)人(ren)象(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。河出(chu)圖(tu)，洛出(chu)書，圣(sheng)人(ren)則之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《易(yi)(yi)》 有四(si)象(xiang)(xiang)，所以(yi)示也。系辭焉，所以(yi)告也。定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)吉(ji)兇(xiong)，所以(yi)斷也。《易(yi)(yi)》 日(ri):自天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)祐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，吉(ji)無不利。’”孔(kong)子(zi)在這里告訴我們(men)，《易(yi)(yi)》是(shi)取(qu)法天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地、四(si)時、日(ri)月變(bian)(bian)化(hua)規律創制(zhi)成的，只有圣(sheng)人(ren)懂(dong)得(de)這些(xie)道(dao)理。

關于河圖、洛書與《易》的關系，文獻也有記載。如《禮含文嘉》說:“伏羲德(de)合上下(xia)，天(tian)應(ying)以(yi)鳥獸文章(zhang)，地應(ying)以(yi)河(he)(he)(he)(he)圖、洛(luo)(luo)書(shu)(shu)，乃則之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)作(zuo)《易(yi)》。” 《中侯握河(he)(he)(he)(he)紀》 說(shuo)(shuo):“伏羲(xi)(xi)氏(shi)有天(tian)下(xia)，龍(long)馬負圖出(chu)于河(he)(he)(he)(he)，遂法之(zhi)(zhi)畫(hua)八卦。”《圖說(shuo)(shuo)》: “孔安國日(ri): 河(he)(he)(he)(he)圖者，伏羲(xi)(xi)氏(shi)王(wang)天(tian)下(xia)，龍(long)馬出(chu)河(he)(he)(he)(he)，遂則其文以(yi)畫(hua)八卦。”《漢 書(shu)(shu)五行志》說(shuo)(shuo):“劉(liu)歆以(yi)為(wei)慮羲(xi)(xi) 氏(shi)繼天(tian)而(er)王(wang)，受(shou)河(he)(he)(he)(he)圖，則而(er)畫(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)，八卦是也。”都說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)伏羲(xi)(xi)八卦與河(he)(he)(he)(he)圖、洛(luo)(luo)書(shu)(shu)有密切關系。我們在《周易(yi)與日(ri)月崇拜》一書(shu)(shu)中曾(ceng)詳(xiang)細論述了河(he)(he)(he)(he)圖、洛(luo)(luo)書(shu)(shu)來源于日(ri)月運動軌跡的(de)特征點，這里只引圖說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)于下(xia):

從圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)3-4可以(yi)看出(chu)(chu)，河(he)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、洛書(shu)是(shi)(shi)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)日月(yue)(yue)運動(dong)(dong)特征點的(de)(de)。圣人則之而畫出(chu)(chu)如圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)3-5的(de)(de)先天八(ba)卦(gua)方(fang)(fang)位(wei)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，伏羲(xi)(xi)八(ba)卦(gua)方(fang)(fang)位(wei)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)當然就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)日月(yue)(yue)運動(dong)(dong)規律了。孔子在《說(shuo)(shuo)卦(gua)傳》中(zhong)(zhong)對此圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)含義(yi)概括說(shuo)(shuo):“天地定(ding)(ding)位(wei)， 山澤通(tong)氣，雷(lei)風(feng)相(xiang)薄，水火不(bu)相(xiang)射,八(ba)卦(gua)相(xiang)錯(cuo)。數(shu)往者(zhe)順，知(zhi)來(lai)者(zhe)逆，是(shi)(shi)故《易》逆數(shu)也(ye)。”我們還證明了太極圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)日月(yue)(yue)運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)軌跡，所以(yi)由(you)伏羲(xi)(xi)八(ba)卦(gua)方(fang)(fang)位(wei)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)生成的(de)(de)伏羲(xi)(xi)六十(shi)四卦(gua)圓(yuan)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和太極圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)組配成的(de)(de)太極八(ba)卦(gua)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)3-6)就(jiu)更能顯示出(chu)(chu)日月(yue)(yue)運動(dong)(dong)規律了。而日月(yue)(yue)運動(dong)(dong)是(shi)(shi)制定(ding)(ding)歷(li)法(fa)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎，所以(yi)伏羲(xi)(xi)六十(shi)四卦(gua)圓(yuan)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)實(shi)際上就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一種古(gu)老(lao)的(de)(de)卦(gua)歷(li)，這種古(gu)老(lao)卦(gua)歷(li)顯示的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)一種古(gu)老(lao)的(de)(de)十(shi)月(yue)(yue)太陽歷(li)，詳(xiang)細內(nei)容請參閱《周(zhou)易真原〉一書(shu)，這里就(jiu)不(bu)贅(zhui)述了，只引示意圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)于(yu)(yu)下(圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)3-6和圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)3-7)。從圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)可以(yi)看出(chu)(chu)，十(shi)月(yue)(yue)太陽歷(li)省兩個過年(nian)(nian)日，夏(xia)至(zhi)過大年(nian)(nian)，冬至(zhi)過小年(nian)(nian)。

遠古(gu)之人(ren)(ren)在夏至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)測(ce)(ce)日(ri)(ri)(ri)影(ying)(ying)之始，其過(guo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，故(gu)定夏至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。古(gu)人(ren)(ren)用圓(yuan)(yuan)盤測(ce)(ce)日(ri)(ri)(ri)影(ying)(ying)，圓(yuan)(yuan)盤周長(chang)360度(du)(du)(du)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽日(ri)(ri)(ri)行I度(du)(du)(du)，圓(yuan)(yuan)盤就(jiu)轉1度(du)(du)(du)。圓(yuan)(yuan)盤轉完360度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)360天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，定作十(shi)月太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽歷的一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。但是，太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽的回(hui)(hui)(hui)歸(gui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)365.25天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，當太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽由北回(hui)(hui)(hui)歸(gui)線(xian)往南運動，圓(yuan)(yuan)盤旋轉到(dao)(dao)180度(du)(du)(du)時(shi)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽還(huan)沒(mei)有運行到(dao)(dao)南回(hui)(hui)(hui)歸(gui)線(xian)上，即沒(mei)有行完回(hui)(hui)(hui)歸(gui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)365.25天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的一(yi)(yi)半(ban)一(yi)(yi)182.625天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，沒(mei)有到(dao)(dao)達冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)的時(shi)刻，日(ri)(ri)(ri)影(ying)(ying)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)還(huan)不足圓(yuan)(yuan)盤半(ban)徑(jing)(圓(yuan)(yuan) 盤半(ban)徑(jing)等(deng)于冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)日(ri)(ri)(ri)影(ying)(ying)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du))，還(huan)須要等(deng)待(dai)2.625天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)影(ying)(ying)才能達到(dao)(dao)冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)的日(ri)(ri)(ri)影(ying)(ying)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)，所以古(gu)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)把這等(deng)待(dai)的2天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(2.625 天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)去小數,只取整數)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)冬(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的過(guo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)，叫(jiao)作小年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。同樣的道理(li)，當太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽由南回(hui)(hui)(hui)歸(gui)線(xian)往北運動時(shi)，圓(yuan)(yuan)盤旋轉到(dao)(dao)180度(du)(du)(du)時(shi)，也(ye)須要等(deng)待(dai)夏至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“日(ri)(ri)(ri)中(zhong)無影(ying)(ying)”的時(shi)刻，即太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽到(dao)(dao)達北回(hui)(hui)(hui)歸(gui)線(xian)上。在5.25天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的過(guo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)中(zhong)，小年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)用去2天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，余3.25天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，古(gu)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)取整數3天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夏至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的過(guo)大(da)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)。所余0.25天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后趕為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，故(gu)規定四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)閏,小年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)過(guo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)加1天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(見圖3-8)。

另外，太陽處(chu)于地(di)(di)球橢圓(yuan)公轉軌道的(de)焦點(dian)(dian)上。地(di)(di)球每年6月份運(yun)動到(dao)遠日(ri)(ri)點(dian)(dian)附近，速度較慢(man)，即(ji)夏至時(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)行最緩，故(gu)過(guo)年用3天。地(di)(di)球每年1月份左右在近日(ri)(ri)點(dian)(dian)附近運(yun)行，速度較快，即(ji)冬至時(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)行最急(ji)用時(shi)(shi)少(shao)，故(gu)過(guo)年用2天。在古代，冬至過(guo)年祭天,夏至過(guo)年祭地(di)(di)。

由上述(shu)可知，十月太陽歷(li)取一年(nian)360天和以(yi)夏(xia)至、冬至為大小過(guo)年(nian)日的規定，是來源于(yu)古人用圓盤(pan)測(ce)日影的科學(xue)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的。這證明在歷(li)史上確(que)實(shi)(shi)存在過(guo)用圓盤(pan)測(ce)日影的史實(shi)(shi)。

夏(xia)(xia)(xia)至過大年(nian)，古稱(cheng)端午節(jie)(jie)，除(chu)八能(neng)之(zhi)士在按時校正(zheng)歷法外(wai)，其余人要舉行隆重的慶(qing)祝活(huo)動，吃(chi)粽(zong)(zong)子(zi)，賽龍(long)舟(zhou)。夏(xia)(xia)(xia)至時節(jie)(jie)，陽(yang)氣(qi)在外(wai)，胃里(li)虛(xu)寒，故要吃(chi)粽(zong)(zong)子(zi)。粽(zong)(zong)子(zi)是用甘(gan)溫的粳米和(he)大棗做成，可(ke)治脾胃虛(xu)寒，冷食(shi)(shi)又不增熱，用現代時髦的話說(shuo)是盛夏(xia)(xia)(xia)養生保健的最佳食(shi)(shi)品。水上賽龍(long)舟(zhou)可(ke)以(yi)乘涼避暑(shu)。

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