(1) 六子卦氣說
京房不僅(jin)建構了(le)八(ba)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)氣和六(liu)十四(si)(si)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)氣說,還建立了(le)六(liu)子(zi)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)氣說,《驚氏易傳(chuan)》 卷(juan)下說:立春,正月節在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)寅,坎卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)初(chu)六(liu),立秋(qiu)同用(yong)(yong);雨(yu)水,正月中丑(chou),巽卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)初(chu)六(liu),處暑(shu)同用(yong)(yong);驚蟄,二月節在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)子(zi),震(zhen)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)初(chu)九(jiu),白露同用(yong)(yong);春分,二月中在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)亥,兌卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)九(jiu)四(si)(si),秋(qiu)分同用(yong)(yong);清明,三月節在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)戌,艮(gen)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)六(liu)四(si)(si),寒(han)露同用(yong)(yong);谷雨(yu),三月中在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)酉,離卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)九(jiu)四(si)(si),霜(shuang)降同用(yong)(yong);立夏,四(si)(si)月節在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)申,坎卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)六(liu)四(si)(si),立冬同用(yong)(yong);小(xiao)(xiao)滿,四(si)(si)月中在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未,巽卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)六(liu)四(si)(si),小(xiao)(xiao)雪同用(yong)(yong);芒種(zhong),五月節在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)午,震(zhen)宮九(jiu)四(si)(si),大雪同用(yong)(yong);夏至(zhi),五月中在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)已,兌宮初(chu)九(jiu),冬至(zhi)同用(yong)(yong);小(xiao)(xiao)暑(shu),六(liu)月節在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)辰(chen),艮(gen)宮初(chu)六(liu),小(xiao)(xiao)寒(han)同用(yong)(yong);大暑(shu),六(liu)月中在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)卯,離宮初(chu)九(jiu),大寒(han)同用(yong)(yong)。京氏六(liu)子(zi)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)氣可作圖如下:
從六(liu)子(zi)卦氣圖可以看到(dao),二十(shi)四節氣的(de)排(pai)列方向(xiang)是順時針(zhen),而六(liu)子(zi)卦納支的(de)排(pai)列方向(xiang)卻是逆時針(zhen),合“天道左(zuo)旋,地道右旋”原則(ze)。其中二至(zhi)二分為巳亥,四立為寅申,乃是宇宙四節律點。
(2) 五星
我國古代所(suo)說的(de)五星是指太陽系(xi)的(de)五大行星,即金(jin)星、水星、木(mu)星、火星、土星。古人認為,五星與五行有著一(yi)定的(de)聯系(xi)。《史記●律書(shu)》 說:
“黃帝考定(ding)星(xing)歷,建立(li)五(wu)(wu)行。《漢書藝文志》說:“五(wu)(wu)行之序(xu)亂(luan), 五(wu)(wu)星(xing)之變(bian)作。”《史記.天(tian)官書》正(zheng)義引張衡說:“五(wu)(wu)星(xing), 五(wu)(wu)行之精。”五(wu)(wu)星(xing)在天(tian),五(wu)(wu)行在地,五(wu)(wu)星(xing)與五(wu)(wu)行體現(xian)了(le)天(tian)地的(de)(de)(de)感應。所(suo)以從(cong)五(wu)(wu)星(xing)的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)臨可以預知地球上將發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)界的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化。五(wu)(wu)星(xing)的(de)(de)(de)運行影響著(zhu)地球上的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)災異,古(gu)人在長期的(de)(de)(de)觀察研(yan)究中發(fa)現(xian),五(wu)(wu)星(xing)五(wu)(wu)行與四方、四時有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)對應關系(xi),如《淮南子●天(tian)文訓》說:
何謂五星(xing)(xing)(xing)?東(dong)方(fang) 木也...其神為歲星(xing)(xing)(xing)(木星(xing)(xing)(xing)) .....方(fang) 火(huo)也....其神為熒惑(火(huo)星(xing)(xing)(xing)) ....中(zhong) 央土(tu)也....其神為鎮星(xing)(xing)(xing)(土(tu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)) ....西方(fang)金也...其神為太白(金星(xing)(xing)(xing)) ....方(fang) 水(shui)也....其神為辰星(xing)(xing)(xing)(水(shui)星(xing)(xing)(xing))。
因為(wei)五(wu)星(xing)的變化(hua)影響著(zhu)大自(zi)然的變化(hua),所(suo)以京房將(jiang)五(wu)星(xing)納人卦(gua)中,用五(wu)星(xing)之變去解說陰陽災異。
京房(fang)以五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)配(pei)卦(gua)的方法是(shi),首先(xian)以五(wu)(wu)行相生而確(que)定五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)的次(ci)序(xu)。即土星(xing)(xing)(xing)→金星(xing)(xing)(xing)→水(shui)星(xing)(xing)(xing)→木(mu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)→火星(xing)(xing)(xing)。然后(hou)依乾、震(zhen)、坎、艮(gen)、坤、巽、離、兌八(ba)宮次(ci)序(xu),以五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)配(pei)之。今舉乾宮為(wei)例(li),《京氏(shi)易傳》說(shuo):. “乾“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)鎮星(xing)(xing)(xing)(土星(xing)(xing)(xing))”, 詬“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)太(tai)白金星(xing)(xing)(xing)”,遁“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)太(tai)陰(水(shui)星(xing)(xing)(xing))”,否(fou)“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)歲(sui)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(木(mu)星(xing)(xing)(xing))”, 觀“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)熒惑(huo)(火星(xing)(xing)(xing))”,剝“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)鎮星(xing)(xing)(xing)”,晉“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)太(tai)白”,大有“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)(cong)位(wei)起(qi)(qi)太(tai)陰”。接(jie)下去,便是(shi)震(zhen)宮,木(mu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)配(pei)震(zhen),如此循環(huan)(huan),以至于八(ba)宮最后(hou)易卦(gua)歸妹配(pei)木(mu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)。這(zhe)樣易來,五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)中的土、金、水(shui)、木(mu)四星(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)八(ba)宮六十(shi)四卦(gua)中循環(huan)(huan)十(shi)三次(ci),火星(xing)(xing)(xing)循環(huan)(huan)十(shi)二次(ci)。現列(lie)表說(shuo)明于下:
表(biao)2- 8五星配卦表(biao)
而八宮六十四卦(gua)按世卦(gua)起月例分主(zhu)易年十二個月,可(ke)知五星.是有所主(zhu)月的,今歸納于下:
表2-9十二月配五星表
由(you)此表(biao)可(ke)以看出五(wu)星(xing)(xing)對各月的影(ying)響(xiang)。現代學者欒巨慶在星(xing)(xing)體運動與長期天氣地震預報》易書中,對行(xing)星(xing)(xing)影(ying)響(xiang)氣象作了大量深人(ren)探討(tao),讀(du)者可(ke)參(can)考之。
五大行星是制(zhi)造陰陽災異的主要天體(ti),這在《內經》中已(yi)有論述。《素問.氣交變大論》 說:
帝(di)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):夫子之(zhi)(zhi)言歲候,不(bu)(bu)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)太(tai)過,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)上應五星。今夾德化政令(ling),災(zai)眚變易(yi),非常(chang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye),卒然而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)動,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亦(yi)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)變乎?岐伯曰(yue)(yue)(yue):承天而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)行之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)無妄動,無不(bu)(bu)應也(ye)(ye)(ye)。卒然而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)動者(zhe),氣(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)交變也(ye)(ye)(ye),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)應焉。故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):應常(chang)不(bu)(bu)應卒,此之(zhi)(zhi)謂也(ye)(ye)(ye)。帝(di)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應奈何(he)?岐伯曰(yue)(yue)(yue):各(ge)從其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)化也(ye)(ye)(ye)。帝(di)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行之(zhi)(zhi)徐疾(ji)逆順(shun)何(he)如?岐伯曰(yue)(yue)(yue):以(yi)道(dao)留久(jiu),逆守(shou)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)小,是(shi)謂省(sheng)(sheng)下(xia);以(yi)道(dao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)去,去而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)速來(lai),曲而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)過之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)謂省(sheng)(sheng)遺過也(ye)(ye)(ye);久(jiu)留而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)環,或離或附,是(shi)謂議(yi)災(zai)與其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)德也(ye)(ye)(ye);應近則(ze)(ze)小,應遠則(ze)(ze)大(da)(da)。芒而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)大(da)(da),倍常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)一,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化甚,大(da)(da)常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)二,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)眚即(發)也(ye)(ye)(ye);小常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)一,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化減;小常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)二,是(shi)謂臨視(shi),省(sheng)(sheng)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)過與其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)德也(ye)(ye)(ye)。德者(zhe)福(fu)之(zhi)(zhi),過者(zhe)伐之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)以(yi)象之(zhi)(zhi)見也(ye)(ye)(ye),高而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遠則(ze)(ze)小,下(xia)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)近則(ze)(ze)大(da)(da),故(gu)大(da)(da)則(ze)(ze)喜怒邇,小則(ze)(ze)禍福(fu)遠。歲運太(tai)過則(ze)(ze)運星北越,運氣(qi)相得則(ze)(ze)各(ge)行以(yi)道(dao)。故(gu)歲運太(tai)過,畏星失色而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)兼其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)母,不(bu)(bu)及(ji)則(ze)(ze)色兼其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所不(bu)(bu)勝(sheng)。肖者(zhe)瞿瞿, 莫知其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)妙,閔(min)(min)閔(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)當,孰(shu)者(zhe)為(wei)良,妄行無征(zheng),示(shi)畏侯王。帝(di)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)災(zai)應何(he)如?岐伯曰(yue)(yue)(yue):亦(yi)各(ge)從其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)時至有(you)盛衰,凌犯(fan)有(you)逆順(shun),留守(shou)有(you)多少,形見有(you)善惡(e),宿屬有(you)勝(sheng)負,征(zheng)應有(you)吉兇(xiong)矣。
這(zhe)就是說,五星在天空的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)有沿太陽(yang)視運(yun)動(dong)右(you)旋的(de)(de)(de)順行(xing)(xing)(“以道");有與太陽(yang)視運(yun)動(dong)方向(xiang)相(xiang)反的(de)(de)(de)左旋逆行(xing)(xing);有在一定(ding)天區滯(zhi)留的(de)(de)(de)‘“守”;有由逆行(xing)(xing)轉為(wei)(wei)順行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)弧行(xing)(xing)運(yun)動(dong)“環”。 古人認為(wei)(wei),在這(zhe)四種五星運(yun)動(dong)狀態時(shi),會對(dui)五星在地面的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)應區產生影響,造成功德(de)災禍。“災” 為(wei)(wei)變異,“德(de)” 為(wei)(wei)常(chang)。
五行(xing)(xing)是(shi)京氏(shi)判(pan)斷吉(ji)(ji)兇(xiong)的(de)重(zhong)要依據(ju)。如驚氏(shi)易傳》說:卷下:“八(ba)卦(gua)分 陰陽六位,五行(xing)(xing)光(guang)明(ming)(ming)四通...”..陰陽運行(xing)(xing),一(yi)寒(han)一(yi)暑;五行(xing)(xing)互用,一(yi)吉(ji)(ji)一(yi)兇(xiong),以通神明(ming)(ming)之德(de),以類萬物之情。”“吉(ji)(ji)兇(xiong)之義,始于(yu)五行(xing)(xing),終于(yu)八(ba)卦(gua)。” “卦(gua)象定吉(ji)(ji)兇(xiong),明(ming)(ming)得失,降五行(xing)(xing),分四象,順則(ze)吉(ji)(ji),逆則(ze)兇(xiong),故日(ri)吉(ji)(ji)兇(xiong)悔(hui)吝生(sheng)乎(hu)動。”困:“ 五行(xing)(xing)配六位生(sheng)悔(hui)吝,四時休王,金木(mu)爭交,萬物之情在乎(hu)幾微(wei)。”
家人(ren):“吉(ji)兇之(zhi)義配五(wu)行(xing)進退(tui)。”
既(ji)濟(ji):“五行(xing)相配,吉兇麗乎爻象。”
噬嗑:“吉兇(xiong)之道(dao),象于五行,順則吉,逆則兇(xiong)。....五行進(jin)退,始(shi)終(zhong)之道(dao),斯可驗(yan)矣。”
同人:“吉兇之(zhi)象(xiang),五(wu)行昭(zhao)然。”
師:“積算起于五行, 五行正則(ze)吉(ji),極則(ze)兇(xiong),吉(ji)兇(xiong)之象顯(xian)于天(tian)地人事日(ri)月歲時。”
卷下:“考五(wu)行(xing)(xing)于運命人(ren)事天(tian)道日 月星(xing)辰,局于指掌”。而(er)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)之氣本于天(tian)地陰(yin)陽。日月陰(yin)陽之氣形成了(le)四時的(de)循(xun)環交替(ti),五(wu)行(xing)(xing)之氣則隨四時,通過相(xiang)生(sheng)相(xiang)克(ke)及“旺老(lao)休生(sheng)死(si)”的(de)休旺變(bian)化而(er)產生(sheng)了(le)萬(wan)物。
從上文所述可知,京房卦歷(li)說用的(de)是六(liu)十(shi)甲(jia)子歷(li),這應是一(yi)年360日歷(li)法(fa)的(de)古義,即一(yi)年360日的(de)歷(li)法(fa)是用六(liu)十(shi)甲(jia)子記歷(li)的(de)。而(er)一(yi)卦主六(liu)日七分法(fa)就(jiu)不(bu)能用六(liu)十(shi)甲(jia)子記日,應是后起的(de)卦歷(li)說。
孔(kong)(kong)子卦歷只講了(le)日月(yue),至(zhi)京房則日月(yue)五星、二十八(ba)宿具有,發展為一套(tao)完整的卦歷學說,其預(yu)測(ce)(ce)功能就比(bi)較(jiao)完善(shan)了(le),準確(que)率(lv)就會比(bi)孔(kong)(kong)子只用日月(yue)預(yu)測(ce)(ce)的“百(bai)占而(er)七十當”大大提高。
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