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孔子天道論之德;孔子損益之道

國(guo)學小客堂 2023-06-19 18:46:40

1.德

老子》講“道”與“德",故又名《道德經》。孔子受老(lao)子的影響,不但(dan)講(jiang)“道(dao)”,也講(jiang)“德(de)”。那么(me)“德(de)”是什么(me)呢?請(qing)先看德(de)字(zi)(zi)的字(zi)(zi)源,甲骨(gu)文和(he)金文中德(de)字(zi)(zi)的寫法如下:

“德”與“道”一樣,其組(zu)成中有“目”, 即太陽(yang)。

《說(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》:“彳,小步也(ye)。”說(shuo)(shuo)明“德(de)”也(ye)來源(yuan)于太陽(yang)運動。其不同的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi):道表現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)太陽(yang)運動的(de)(de)軌跡,德(de)表現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)太陽(yang)生(sheng)萬物(wu)的(de)(de)能力,謂之(zhi)(zhi)“天(tian)(tian)德(de)”。 孔(kong)子在《文(wen)言傳》中說(shuo)(shuo)“元、亨、利(li)、貞”為乾天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)“四(si)德(de)”,即所(suo)謂的(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)德(de)”“龍德(de)” “君德(de)”。 《新書.道 德(de)說(shuo)(shuo)》 :“六德(de)六美,德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以生(sheng)陰(yin)陽(yang)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)人與萬物(wu)也(ye)。”故(gu)《系辭傳》日(ri)(ri):“道顯神(shen)(shen)德(de)行”, “天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)大德(de)曰生(sheng)”, “.....是(shi)(shi) 以大生(sheng)焉(yan)。夫地(di)(di)....是(shi)(shi)以廣生(sheng)焉(yan)”,“乾坤, 其《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)門邪。乾,陽(yang)物(wu)也(ye)。坤,陰(yin)物(wu)也(ye)。陰(yin)陽(yang)合德(de),而剛柔(rou)有(you)體。以體天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)撰(zhuan),以通神(shen)(shen)明之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)。”也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)(shuo),生(sheng)成萬物(wu)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)大德(de)。故(gu)《說(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》日(ri)(ri):“德(de),升(sheng)也(ye)。” 《集(ji)韻.蒸韻日(ri)(ri):“升(sheng),成也(ye)。” 《論(lun)語.陽(yang)貨》日(ri)(ri):“舊谷既沒(mei), 新谷既升(sheng)。”

由“天(tian)(tian)德(de)”到人(ren)(ren)(ren)德(de),故金(jin)文(wen)“德(de)”多加一個(ge)“心”字,“德(de)”變成了“人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”,而“道(dao)(dao)”則代表“天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”。孔子在《文(wen)言(yan)傳》中說“夫大人(ren)(ren)(ren)者,與天(tian)(tian)地合其德(de)”、“君(jun)子進德(de)修業(ye)”、“君(jun)子以成德(de)為(wei)行(xing)”,講(jiang)的(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)是“人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”。這(zhe)樣看(kan)來(lai),所謂的(de)(de)《道(dao)(dao)德(de)經》,講(jiang)的(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)是天(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)和天(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao); 所以鄭鴻把《老(lao)子思想新釋》第五篇以“天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)和人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)對照”為(wei)篇題。

2.治歷明時

天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道的表現形式是(shi)什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)呢?是(shi)四(si)(si)時(shi),即乾(qian)卦(gua)卦(gua)辭所說(shuo)(shuo)的“元、亨、利(li)、貞”,所以(yi)孔(kong)子說(shuo)(shuo)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)何(he)言哉(zai)?四(si)(si)時(shi)行(xing)焉”(《論語(yu).陽貨(huo)》), “天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地革(ge)而四(si)(si)時(shi)成(cheng)”(革(ge)卦(gua) 《彖傳(chuan)(chuan)》),“損(sun)益盈(ying)虛,與時(shi)偕行(xing)”(損(sun)卦(gua) 《彖傳(chuan)(chuan)》), “天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地之道, 恒久而不(bu)(bu)義....終則有始也(ye)”(恒卦(gua) 《彖傳(chuan)(chuan)》),“‘反(fan)復(fu)其道, 七日來(lai)復(fu)’,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)行(xing)也(ye)”(復(fu)卦(gua) 《象(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》。圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)君子如(ru)何(he)把握(wo)這個天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道變化呢?孔(kong)子說(shuo)(shuo):“君 子以(yi)治歷明時(shi)。”(革(ge)卦(gua) 《象(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)(shuo),圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)可以(yi)按(an)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道制定歷法,然后按(an)歷法以(yi)明時(shi)。舜(shun)帝(di)為什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)能(neng)夠成(cheng)為圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)呢?堯(yao)(yao)帝(di)說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)因為“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之歷數在(zai)爾躬”(《論語(yu) .堯(yao)(yao)日》。就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)(shuo),舜(shun)帝(di)已經掌(zhang)握(wo)了“治歷明時(shi)”的技能(neng),可以(yi)治國理民了,故堯(yao)(yao)帝(di)才把帝(di)位讓給(gei)舜(shun)帝(di)。這是(shi)一種尊重(zhong)科(ke)學(xue)的思想,懂得(de)科(ke)學(xue)才能(neng)管(guan)理好天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下,不(bu)(bu)懂科(ke)學(xue)就(jiu)(jiu)管(guan)理不(bu)(bu)好天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下。所以(yi)堯(yao)(yao)帝(di)選擇(ze)繼(ji)承人(ren)(ren),首重(zhong)科(ke)學(xue)人(ren)(ren)才。我(wo)們今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)要振興(xing)中華,強(qiang)國富(fu)民靠什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)?靠科(ke)技。所以(yi)我(wo)們要尊重(zhong)科(ke)技人(ren)(ren)才。

3.損益之道

損益是天道變化的特(te)征,所(suo)以孔子研《易》特(te)別重視(shi)損、益二卦,孔子在帛(bo)書《要》中說:

夫損(sun)(sun)、益(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)察也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),吉兇(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)[門]也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。益(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為卦(gua)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),春以(yi)授夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)勿(物)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)出也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),長日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)至也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),產(chan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故曰(yue)益(yi)。損(sun)(sun)者(zhe),秋以(yi)授冬(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)勿(物) 之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)老衰(shuai)口也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),長夕(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)至也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故日產(chan)田。產(chan)道(dao)(dao)窮焉,而(er)產(chan)道(dao)(dao)焉。益(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)吉,亓(qi)(其)冬(dong)(終(zhong))也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)兇(xiong);損(sun)(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始兇(xiong),亓(qi)(其)冬(dong)(終(zhong))也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)吉。損(sun)(sun)、益(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),足以(yi)觀天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian),而(er)君者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)已。是以(yi)察于(yu)損(sun)(sun)、益(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)動以(yi)憂熹,故明君不(bu)(bu)(bu)時不(bu)(bu)(bu)宿,不(bu)(bu)(bu)日不(bu)(bu)(bu)月,不(bu)(bu)(bu)卜不(bu)(bu)(bu)筮,而(er)知吉與兇(xiong),順之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)天(tian)地也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),此胃(謂(wei)) 《易》道(dao)(dao)。

春(chun)(chun)(chun)夏陽(yang)氣(qi)(qi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增長而(er)陰(yin)氣(qi)(qi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)消退,謂(wei)之損陰(yin)益(yi)(yi)(yi)陽(yang)或損柔益(yi)(yi)(yi)剛;秋冬(dong)(dong)陽(yang)氣(qi)(qi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)消退而(er)陰(yin)氣(qi)(qi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增長,謂(wei)之損陽(yang)益(yi)(yi)(yi)陰(yin)或損剛益(yi)(yi)(yi)柔。故損卦(gua)《彖傳》日:“損、 益(yi)(yi)(yi)盈虛(xu),與(yu)(yu)(yu)時(shi)偕行(xing)(xing)。”所謂(wei)“與(yu)(yu)(yu)時(shi)偕行(xing)(xing)”,就是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)春(chun)(chun)(chun)夏秋冬(dong)(dong)偕行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)損、益(yi)(yi)(yi)卦(gua)義反(fan)映的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)道(dao)規(gui)律:“春(chun)(chun)(chun)夏 雖(sui)然是(shi)(shi)萬物生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)季節,但是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長已經包(bao)藏著(zhu)衰(shuai)(shuai)老(lao)(lao)的(de)(de)(de)因素;秋冬(dong)(dong)雖(sui)然是(shi)(shi)萬物衰(shuai)(shuai)老(lao)(lao)的(de)(de)(de)季節,但是(shi)(shi)衰(shuai)(shuai)老(lao)(lao)中又(you)包(bao)含著(zhu)下一(yi)次的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)生(sheng)。生(sheng)長→衰(shuai)(shuai)老(lao)(lao)→再生(sheng)長→又(you)衰(shuai)(shuai)老(lao)(lao),在對立中得到(dao)無限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),在相(xiang)反(fan)中達(da)(da)到(dao)相(xiang)承的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)應。宇宙(zhou)規(gui)律是(shi)(shi)在無限(xian)損益(yi)(yi)(yi)循環中,波浪起伏,興(xing)衰(shuai)(shuai)交替。”0掌握了這(zhe)個規(gui)律,也(ye)就掌握了天(tian)(tian)道(dao)運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)奧秘。所以孔子(zi)晚年孜孜不倦(juan)地學(xue)習《易經》, 達(da)(da)到(dao)了“居則(ze)在席,行(xing)(xing)則(ze)在囊”和“ 韋(wei)編三絕”的(de)(de)(de)癡迷程度。從而(er)總結出“《易》道(dao)”,就是(shi)(shi)“順于天(tian)(tian)地”的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)道(dao)規(gui)律,就是(shi)(shi)要效(xiao)法天(tian)(tian)道(dao)而(er)行(xing)(xing)事,故曰“損、益(yi)(yi)(yi)之道(dao),足以觀天(tian)(tian)地之變,而(er)君者之事已”。

《灘南子.人間訓》記此(ci)曰(yue):“孔(kong)子讀 《易》至損、益,未(wei)嘗(chang)不(bu)憤然(ran)而嘆(tan),日(ri):‘損益者(zhe)(zhe), 其王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)之事(shi)與!’”那么,什么是“君者(zhe)(zhe)”“王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)”之事(shi)呢?.《說苑 .敬慎(shen)》記載了孔(kong)子的答案:

孔子讀《易》至(zhi)于損(sun)、益(yi),則(ze)喟(kui)然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)嘆。子夏避席而(er)(er)(er)問曰(yue):“夫子何為嘆?”孔子日(ri)(ri):“夫 自損(sun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)益(yi),自益(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)缺,吾是以(yi)嘆也(ye)(ye)。”子夏曰(yue):“然(ran)則(ze)學者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)益(yi)乎?” 孔子日(ri)(ri):“否(fou)!天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,成者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)未嘗得久也(ye)(ye)。夫學者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)虛受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)日(ri)(ri)得。茍(gou)(gou)不(bu)(bu)知持(chi)滿(man),則(ze)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)言不(bu)(bu)得入其(qi)(qi)耳矣。昔堯履天子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),猶允恭(gong)以(yi)持(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),虛靜以(yi)待下,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)百載(zai)以(yi)逾(yu)盛(sheng),迄今而(er)(er)(er)益(yi)章。昆吾自臧而(er)(er)(er)滿(man)意,窮高而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)衰,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)當時而(er)(er)(er)虧(kui)敗,迄今而(er)(er)(er)逾(yu)惡(e)。是非損(sun)益(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)征與(yu)?吾故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)日(ri)(ri):‘謙(qian)也(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),致恭(gong)以(yi)存(cun)其(qi)(qi)位(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。’夫豐明而(er)(er)(er)動,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)能(neng)大(da);茍(gou)(gou)大(da),則(ze)虧(kui)矣。吾戒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)日(ri)(ri):‘天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 善(shan)言不(bu)(bu)得入其(qi)(qi)耳矣。’日(ri)(ri)中則(ze)昃,月盈(ying)則(ze)食,天地盈(ying)虛,與(yu)時消(xiao)息(xi)。是以(yi)圣人不(bu)(bu)敢當盛(sheng),升輿而(er)(er)(er)遇三人則(ze)下,二人則(ze)軾,調其(qi)(qi)盈(ying)虛,故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)能(neng)長久也(ye)(ye)。”子夏日(ri)(ri):善(shan)!請終身誦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’”

在這里孔(kong)子用堯帝(di)和(he)昆吾(wu)來說明(ming)“王者”損益(yi)盈虛(xu)之事。堯帝(di)是古(gu)代明(ming)君,勤勞、節儉、尚賢、愛民。昆吾(wu),古(gu)代殘暴統治者。孔(kong)子勸“王者”要效(xiao)法(fa)天道(dao)之盈虛(xu),“與(yu)時偕行”, 只有如(ru)此(ci)才能(neng)達到(dao)“百載以逾盛,迄今(jin)而益(yi)章”的效(xiao)果。總之,孔(kong)子研究天道(dao)、地道(dao)的目的,是為了人道(dao)之效(xiao)法(fa)。

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