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十大功勞

中醫世(shi)家 2023-05-04 09:25:46

拼音注音 : Shí Dà Gōnɡ Láo

別名 : 黃天竹(zhu)、土(tu)黃柏(bo)、刺黃柏(bo)、刺黃芩[四川]、木黃連(lian)

來源 : 為(wei)小檗科十(shi)(shi)大功勞(lao)屬植(zhi)株闊葉(xie)十(shi)(shi)大功勞(lao)Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr.及狹葉(xie)十(shi)(shi)大功勞(lao)M.fortunei (Lindl) Fedde。以根(gen)、莖、葉(xie)入藥。栽后4-5年,秋、冬砍(kan)莖桿挖根(gen),曬干(gan)或炕(kang)干(gan)。葉(xie)全年可采。

原形態 : 1.闊葉(xie)十(shi)大(da)(da)功勞(lao):常綠灌木(mu),高達4米(mi)(mi),全體(ti)無(wu)毛。根粗大(da)(da),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)。莖粗壯,直立,木(mu)材黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)。單數(shu)羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)復葉(xie),長25-40厘(li)米(mi)(mi),有(you)葉(xie)柄(bing);小(xiao)葉(xie)7-15片(pian)(pian)(pian),厚革質,側生(sheng)小(xiao)葉(xie)無(wu)柄(bing),卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),大(da)(da)小(xiao)不一,長4-12厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬2.5-8厘(li)米(mi)(mi),頂生(sheng)小(xiao)葉(xie)較大(da)(da),有(you)柄(bing),先端(duan)漸尖(jian),基部寬楔形(xing)(xing)或(huo)近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),每邊(bian)有(you)2-8刺(ci)鋸齒(chi),邊(bian)緣反卷,上面藍(lan)綠色(se)(se),下面黃(huang)(huang)(huang)綠色(se)(se)。秋季開褐黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)花,芳香(xiang),總(zong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花序頂生(sheng)而直立,6-9個簇(cu)生(sheng);萼片(pian)(pian)(pian)9,排為3輪,外輪較小(xiao),內輪3片(pian)(pian)(pian)較大(da)(da);花瓣6;雄蕊6;子(zi)房上位,1室(shi)。漿果卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),暗(an)藍(lan)色(se)(se),有(you)白粉(fen)。生(sheng)于山坡灌木(mu)叢中(zhong)。分(fen)布于陜西(xi)、安(an)徽、浙(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)、江(jiang)西(xi)、福建、河南、湖(hu)北、湖(hu)南、四川等(deng)省(sheng)。2.狹(xia)(xia)葉(xie)十(shi)大(da)(da)功勞(lao):與十(shi)大(da)(da)功勞(lao)的(de)區別為小(xiao)葉(xie)3-9片(pian)(pian)(pian),均無(wu)柄(bing),矩圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)狹(xia)(xia)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長4-15厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬0.7-2.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi),先端(duan)急尖(jian)或(huo)略(lve)漸尖(jian),有(you)銳齒(chi),基部楔形(xing)(xing),邊(bian)緣每側有(you)6-13刺(ci)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)銳齒(chi)。花黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),總(zong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花序,4-8簇(cu)生(sheng)。漿果圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)矩圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),藍(lan)黑(hei)色(se)(se),有(you)白粉(fen)。生(sheng)于山坡林下及灌木(mu)叢中(zhong)。分(fen)布于浙(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)、湖(hu)北、四川等(deng)省(sheng)。

栽培 : 喜溫暖(nuan)氣候,不(bu)耐(nai)嚴寒。對土(tu)壤(rang)要求不(bu)嚴,以砂質壤(rang)土(tu)生長較好,但(dan)不(bu)宜鹽堿土(tu)地栽培。種(zhong)子(zi)繁殖,種(zhong)子(zi)采下后藏于濕沙中(zhong)至第(di)二年3月播種(zhong),于苗(miao)床(chuang)條播,覆土(tu)3-5分。幼(you)苗(miao)培育2~3年后,于春季移栽。移栽后,每年鋤(chu)草、追肥2~3次(ci)。栽后4~5年,秋冬(dong)砍(kan)莖(jing)桿挖根,曬干或炕干。葉全年可(ke)采。

化學成分 : 闊葉(xie)十(shi)大(da)功勞主含(han)小(xiao)檗(bo)(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(berberine)。狹葉(xie)十(shi)大(da)功勞含(han)生物堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):氧基刺檗(bo)(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(oxyacanthine)、小(xiao)糪胺(berbamine)、藥(yao)根(gen)(gen)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jatrorrhizine C20H21O5N)、小(xiao)檗(bo)(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、掌葉(xie)防己堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(palmatine)、木蘭(lan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(magnoflorine)。葉(xie)含(han)小(xiao)檗(bo)(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、掌葉(xie)防己堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、藥(yao)根(gen)(gen)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、四氫藥(yao)根(gen)(gen)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和木蘭(lan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。

藥理作用 : 1、抑(yi)(yi)菌:10%十(shi)大(da)功(gong)勞莖、葉(xie)煎劑對(dui)金(jin)黃色葡(pu)萄(tao)球菌、傷(shang)寒桿菌中度(du)(du)敏感。狹葉(xie)十(shi)大(da)功(gong)勞,對(dui)福(fu)氏痢疾桿菌、金(jin)黃色葡(pu)萄(tao)球菌、甲型鏈球菌、枯草桿菌均有抑(yi)(yi)制作用。2、狹葉(xie)十(shi)大(da)功(gong)勞中提出(chu)的(de)三種生(sheng)物堿(jian)(jian)(藥根堿(jian)(jian)、四氫藥根堿(jian)(jian)、掌葉(xie)防己堿(jian)(jian))在低濃度(du)(du)時(1:10萬)能促進離(li)體腸管的(de)自(zi)發運動(dong),高濃度(du)(du)(1:1萬)時導致(zhi)(zhi)張力上升(sheng),運動(dong)抑(yi)(yi)制,對(dui)離(li)體蛙心,藥根堿(jian)(jian)為先抑(yi)(yi)制后興奮,掌葉(xie)防己堿(jian)(jian)則為輕度(du)(du)興奮。給麻醉兔靜注(zhu)此類生(sheng)物堿(jian)(jian),皆可引起短(duan)暫(zan)或(huo)輕度(du)(du)的(de)血壓下(xia)降。3、藥根堿(jian)(jian)、四氫藥根堿(jian)(jian)、掌葉(xie)防己堿(jian)(jian)的(de)硫氰酸鹽(yan)對(dui)小(xiao)白鼠靜注(zhu)之半(ban)數致(zhi)(zhi)死量分別為0.1、0.08、0.098毫克/10克。

性味 : 苦,寒。

功能主治 : 葉:滋(zi)陰(yin)清(qing)熱(re)。主(zhu)治肺結核,感冒。根、莖:清(qing)熱(re)解毒(du)。主(zhu)治細菌性痢疾,急性暢胃炎,傳染性肝(gan)炎,肺炎,肺結核,支(zhi)氣管炎,咽喉腫痛。外(wai)用治眼結膜炎,癰(yong)癤腫毒(du),燒、燙傷。

用法用量 : 均為0.5-1兩;外用適量(liang)。

復方 : 1、小兒(er)急性(xing)扁桃體炎(yan)(yan):十(shi)大(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)、朱砂根(gen)、崗梅、梔子、淡竹葉、木通、射(she)干(gan)、甘草各3錢(qian),生石膏4錢(qian)。水煎(jian)2次,約得100毫(hao)升,每(mei)(mei)服(fu)50毫(hao)升,成(cheng)人(ren)倍量。2、支氣管炎(yan)(yan)、肺炎(yan)(yan):十(shi)大(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)根(gen)、虎杖、枇杷葉各5錢(qian)。每(mei)(mei)日(ri)1劑,水煎(jian)分2次服(fu)。3、急性(xing)黃疸型(xing)傳(chuan)染(ran)性(xing)肝炎(yan)(yan):十(shi)大(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)根(gen)3~5錢(qian),賽葵5錢(qian)。每(mei)(mei)日(ri)1劑,水煎(jian)分3次服(fu)。4、眼結(jie)膜(mo)炎(yan)(yan):十(shi)大(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)葉200克,加蒸餾水1,000毫(hao)升,煮(zhu)沸(fei),過(guo)濾,高壓消毒。滴眼,每(mei)(mei)日(ri)數次。

備注 : 1、同屬植物尚有(you)(you)(you)下(xia)列數種,在不同地(di)區(qu)(qu),亦供藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用,功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)相似。(1)華南(nan)(nan)(nan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)Mahonia japonica (Thunb.) DC. 形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)(tai)與十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)極相似,小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)11~17片(pian),厚革質,橢(tuo)圓(yuan)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),先端漸(jian)尖(jian)有(you)(you)(you)銳(rui)刺(ci)(ci)(ci),基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)近(jin)截形(xing)(xing)(xing),每邊有(you)(you)(you)2~6粗大(da)(da)(da)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)齒(chi)(chi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色,總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)下(xia)垂(chui),約10個簇生。漿果(guo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),暗紫色,有(you)(you)(you)粉。分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)浙(zhe)江、福(fu)建、廣(guang)(guang)東等省(sheng)。本(ben)品(pin)莖、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)含異粉防己堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(isotetrandrine),小檗胺(an)(berbamine),小檗堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、氧基(ji)(ji)(ji)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)檗堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(oxyacanthine)、掌葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)防己堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)根堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、木(mu)蘭(lan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)。有(you)(you)(you)抗菌消炎作用。異粉防己堿(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)抗癌作用。(2)細梗十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(峨眉刺(ci)(ci)(ci)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)) Mahonia gracilipes (Oliv.) Fedde 小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)5~7片(pian),厚革質,橢(tuo)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),先端漸(jian)尖(jian),具(ju)(ju)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)頭,基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),每邊有(you)(you)(you)2~5疏鋸齒(chi)(chi),上面暗綠(lv)色,下(xia)面灰(hui)白色,有(you)(you)(you)蠟狀(zhuang)(zhuang)白粉。花(hua)(hua)(hua)深紫色,總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),2~3個簇生。漿果(guo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),暗藍色。分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)四川、云南(nan)(nan)(nan)等省(sheng)。本(ben)品(pin)含有(you)(you)(you)小檗堿(jian)(jian)(jian)。(3)甘平十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(刺(ci)(ci)(ci)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)) Mahonia ganpinensis (Leveille) Fedde 小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)9~15片(pian),羽軸(zhou)有(you)(you)(you)節,小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)著生于(yu)節之兩側(ce),卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)長(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣上部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)2~6尖(jian)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)齒(chi)(chi),先端長(chang)尖(jian),基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)不對(dui)稱。漿果(guo)具(ju)(ju)宿存花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱。分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)湖北(bei)(bei)(bei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)、四川及貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)等省(sheng)。(4)大(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)Mahonia fargesii Takeda 小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)9~15或(huo)(huo)更多,無(wu)柄,葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)軸(zhou)有(you)(you)(you)隆起的節;葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)矩圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),先端漸(jian)尖(jian)有(you)(you)(you)銳(rui)刺(ci)(ci)(ci),基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)鞘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)抱莖,邊緣刺(ci)(ci)(ci)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)齒(chi)(chi)2~7,革質。分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。(5)滇刺(ci)(ci)(ci)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)Mahonia mairei Takeda 小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)13片(pian),卵(luan)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)寬楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),常(chang)偏于(yu)一側(ce),邊緣有(you)(you)(you)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)尖(jian)粗齒(chi)(chi)。總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)長(chang)達20厘米。分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)、貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)及云南(nan)(nan)(nan)等省(sheng)。(6)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)Mahonia flavida Schneid. 分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)云南(nan)(nan)(nan)。(7)光(guang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)Mahonia shenii Chun 廣(guang)(guang)東以(yi)之作十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)用。(8)西(xi)(xi)(xi)藏(zang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)Mahonia calamicaulis Spare et Fisch. 分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)藏(zang)。其葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)作功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)入藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)相似。2、中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)“功(gong)(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)”,全國多數地(di)區(qu)(qu)如(ru)黑龍江、吉林(lin)、遼寧、內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)、天津、河北(bei)(bei)(bei)、河南(nan)(nan)(nan)、山西(xi)(xi)(xi)、陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)、甘肅、青海(hai)、山東、安徽、江蘇(su)、浙(zhe)江、上海(hai)、湖北(bei)(bei)(bei)、江西(xi)(xi)(xi)、廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)、廣(guang)(guang)東等省(sheng)、市(shi)、區(qu)(qu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材公司的銷售(shou)品(pin)常(chang)為冬青科冬青屬植物枸(gou)骨(gu)Ilex cornuta Lindl.的葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie),形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)(tai)特征和(he)療效(xiao)參閱本(ben)書枸(gou)骨(gu)項下(xia)。

摘錄 : 《全國(guo)中(zhong)草藥匯編》

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