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小龍膽草

中醫世家 2023-05-04 02:00:46

拼音注音 : Xiǎo Lónɡ Dǎn Cǎo

別名 : 青(qing)(qing)魚(yu)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)草、雪里梅(mei)(mei)、小內消、細龍(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)、鳳凰花(hua)、小雪里梅(mei)(mei)、寒風草、小青(qing)(qing)魚(yu)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)、小酒藥(yao)花(hua)根、星秀(xiu)花(hua)、血(xue)龍(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)、青(qing)(qing)魚(yu)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)、疔藥(yao)、小龍(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)、傍雪開、龍(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)草、膽(dan)(dan)(dan)草、穿山七、九(jiu)月(yue)花(hua)、草龍(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)

出處 : 出(chu)自《云(yun)南中草藥》

來源 : 藥材(cai)基源:為(wei)龍(long)膽科植(zhi)物紅花(hua)龍(long)膽的(de)根及全草(cao)。拉丁植(zhi)物動物礦物名:Gentiana rhodantha Franch.ex Hem-sl.采收和儲藏:夏(xia)、秋季采收,洗凈,鮮用或曬干(gan)。

生境分布 : 生態環境(jing):生于海拔500-1800m的高(gao)山灌叢中,或林邊草地。資源分布:分布于西南及陜西、甘肅(su)、河南、湖(hu)北、廣(guang)西等地。

原形態 : 多(duo)年生(sheng)草本,高(gao)20-50cm。根(gen)數條(tiao)從(cong)生(sheng),稍肉質。莖(jing)直立(li),數個(ge)叢生(sheng),基部(bu)略呈(cheng)方(fang)形(xing)(xing),紫(zi)色或(huo)綠色,節稍膨(peng)大。基生(sheng)葉呈(cheng)蓮座狀(zhuang),橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing);莖(jing)生(sheng)葉對(dui)生(sheng),幾(ji)無柄;葉片(pian)(pian)革(ge)質,卵(luan)狀(zhuang)三角形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5cm,寬0.8-1.2cm,先端漸(jian)尖或(huo)急尖,基部(bu)多(duo)少抱莖(jing),邊緣具(ju)細(xi)鋸齒,兩面無毛(mao);具(ju)3出脈。花(hua)(hua)單生(sheng)于(yu)枝頂或(huo)葉腋,無花(hua)(hua)梗;花(hua)(hua)萼筒狀(zhuang),膜質,簡長(chang)(chang)7-13mm,脈具(ju)狹翅(chi),花(hua)(hua)萼5裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)線狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing);花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)淡(dan)紅(hong)色,帶紫(zi)色條(tiao)紋,長(chang)(chang)3-4.5cm,5裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)三角形(xing)(xing),褶不對(dui)稱(cheng),寬三角形(xing)(xing),先端具(ju)細(xi)長(chang)(chang)的流蘇(su);雄蕊(rui)5,著生(sheng)于(yu)花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)筒下部(bu),花(hua)(hua)絲(si)(si)絲(si)(si)狀(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)短不等,花(hua)(hua)藥橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing);于(yu)房橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)1cm,柄長(chang)(chang)4-5mm,花(hua)(hua)柱絲(si)(si)狀(zhuang),柱頭2裂(lie)(lie)。蒴果(guo)內藏或(huo)僅先端外(wai)露,長(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2-2.5cm,果(guo)柄長(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)2cm。種了淡(dan)褐色,近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),具(ju)狹翅(chi)。花(hua)(hua)、果(guo)期10月(yue)至翌年2月(yue)。

性狀 : 性狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鑒別 全草長(chang)30-80cm。細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)根表(biao)面(mian)(mian)棕(zong)(zong)褐色(se)(se)(se),可見(jian)(jian)栓皮(pi)(pi)樣剝落,質(zhi)脆,易(yi)折(zhe)斷,斷面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央有(you)黃白色(se)(se)(se)木心。莖(jing)具棱,直徑(jing)1-2mm,節間(jian)長(chang)1.5-5.5cm,基部表(biao)面(mian)(mian)紫棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se),向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)棕(zong)(zong)綠色(se)(se)(se)至淡黃綠色(se)(se)(se),質(zhi)脆,易(yi)折(zhe)斷,斷面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空,髓(sui)(sui)腔(qiang)(qiang)周圍可見(jian)(jian)白色(se)(se)(se)髓(sui)(sui)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)對生,脫(tuo)落或皺(zhou)縮(suo)(suo),展平后呈卵形(xing)(xing)或卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing),邊緣具不(bu)整齊(qi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鋸齒(chi),上(shang)(shang)面(mian)(mian)發綠色(se)(se)(se)或黃綠色(se)(se)(se),下面(mian)(mian)淺黃綠色(se)(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)單生于枝端或上(shang)(shang)部葉(xie)(xie)(xie)腋,花(hua)(hua)冠淡紫色(se)(se)(se)或淺黃棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se),有(you)紫色(se)(se)(se)條紋(wen)。果實狹(xia)(xia)長(chang),2瓣裂。氣(qi)香,味苦。顯(xian)(xian)微鑒別 很橫切(qie)面(mian)(mian):外皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及內(nei)(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)薄壁(bi)(bi)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)已(yi)脫(tuo)落。最外為內(nei)(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),每一內(nei)(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)母細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)含數個至10多個子細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)。韌皮(pi)(pi)部較(jiao)寬廣(guang),外側薄壁(bi)(bi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)大,含油滴及淀粉(fen)粒;內(nei)(nei)(nei)側細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)小(xiao),多皺(zhou)縮(suo)(suo);徑(jing)向(xiang)(xiang)散(san)(san)列(lie)少數篩(shai)管群。形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。木質(zhi)部導(dao)管單個或數個成(cheng)群,徑(jing)向(xiang)(xiang)排(pai)列(lie),木纖維發達,壁(bi)(bi)厚,木化(hua)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央無(wu)髓(sui)(sui)。莖(jing)橫切(qie)面(mian)(mian):類方(fang)形(xing)(xing),角(jiao)(jiao)隅處有(you)棱翅,表(biao)皮(pi)(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)外被角(jiao)(jiao)質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)狹(xia)(xia)窄,內(nei)(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)凱氏點明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)柱鞘(qiao)1列(lie)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao),維管束雙(shuang)韌型。外側韌皮(pi)(pi)部狹(xia)(xia)窄。形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。木質(zhi)部寬廣(guang),木纖維發達,壁(bi)(bi)厚,木化(hua),排(pai)列(lie)緊密;導(dao)管多角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)側韌皮(pi)(pi)部明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央有(you)髓(sui)(sui)髓(sui)(sui)腔(qiang)(qiang)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)橫切(qie)面(mian)(mian):上(shang)(shang)、下表(biao)皮(pi)(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)各1列(lie),外被角(jiao)(jiao)質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),具鋸齒(chi)樣小(xiao)突(tu)(tu)起。柵欄組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)2列(lie),海綿組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)排(pai)列(lie)疏松(song)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脈明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)下突(tu)(tu)出(chu),維管束雙(shuang)韌形(xing)(xing)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)觀(guan):上(shang)(shang)表(biao)皮(pi)(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)垂周壁(bi)(bi)波狀(zhuang)(zhuang)彎曲,細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央有(you)短小(xiao)的(de)乳頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)突(tu)(tu)起,向(xiang)(xiang)外分散(san)(san)有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)角(jiao)(jiao)質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)紋(wen)理。下表(biao)皮(pi)(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)垂周壁(bi)(bi)深(shen)波狀(zhuang)(zhuang)彎曲,具角(jiao)(jiao)質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)紋(wen)理,氣(qi)孔較(jiao)多,不(bu)等式。

化學成分 : 全(quan)草含正(zheng)三十(shi)一(yi)烷(wan)(n-hentriacontane),正(zheng)三十(shi)二烷(wan)酸乙酯(zhi)(n-dotriacontanoic acid ethyl ester),正(zheng)三十(shi)二烷(wan)酸(n-dotriacontanoic acid),β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol)[1];另含有當藥苦甙(dai)(swertiamarin),金(jin)吉甙(dai)(kingiside),當藥甙(dai)(sweroside),8-表金(jin)吉甙(dai)(8-epikingiside),紅(hong)花龍膽種甙(dai)(rhodenthoside)A[2],齊墩果(guo)酸(oleanolic acid)[3]。

歸經 : 心;肺;胃;大腸經(jing)

性味 : 苦;性寒

功能主治 : 清熱利(li)濕(shi);涼(liang)血(xue)解毒。主肺熱咳(ke)喘;癆嗽(sou)痰血(xue);黃疸;痢疾;便血(xue);小(xiao)便不利(li);產褥熱;小(xiao)兒驚(jing)風(feng);疳積;瘡瘍腫毒;燒(shao)燙傷(shang);蛇咬傷(shang)

用法用量 : 內服:煎湯,10~15g。外(wai)用:適量,搗敷;或膏(gao)外(wai)涂。

各家論述 : 1.《云(yun)南中草(cao)(cao)藥》:消炎止咳(ke)。治(zhi)肺結核,淋巴(ba)結核,支(zhi)氣(qi)管(guan)哮(xiao)喘(chuan),實熱喘(chuan)咳(ke),小(xiao)(xiao)便不利,小(xiao)(xiao)兒(er)疳積,火(huo)眼(yan),黃(huang)疸型(xing)肝炎。2.南川《常(chang)用中草(cao)(cao)藥手冊》:清熱,除濕(shi),解毒,止痛,健胃(wei)。治(zhi)藥毒,發痧肚痛,腰痛,子宮內膜炎,黃(huang)疸,胃(wei)痛,消化不良。

摘錄 : 《中華本草》

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