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伸筋草

中醫世家 2023-05-03 23:55:23

《中國藥典》:伸筋草

拼音注音 : Shēn Jīn Cǎo

別名 : 石松、獅(shi)子尾、獅(shi)子草、綠毛(mao)伸(shen)筋、小伸(shen)筋、舒筋草

英文名 : HERBA LYCOPODII

來源 : 本品為石松科植物石松Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. 的干燥全草。夏(xia)、秋(qiu)二季莖(jing)葉茂盛時采收,除去雜(za)質,曬干。

性狀 : 本品匍(pu)匐莖呈細(xi)圓柱形,略彎(wan)曲(qu)(qu),長(chang)可達2m,直(zhi)徑1~3mm,其下有黃(huang)白色(se)細(xi)根。直(zhi)立(li)莖作二(er)叉狀分枝。葉密生莖上(shang),螺旋狀排列,皺縮彎(wan)曲(qu)(qu),線形或針形,長(chang)3~5mm,黃(huang)綠色(se)至淡黃(huang)棕色(se),無(wu)毛,先端芒狀,全緣,易碎斷。質柔(rou)軟,斷面皮(pi)部淺黃(huang)色(se),木部類白色(se)。無(wu)臭,味(wei)淡。

貯藏 : 置干燥處。

炮制 : 除去雜質,洗凈,切段(duan),干燥。

鑒別 : (1)本品(pin)莖橫切(qie)面:表(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)細胞 1列(lie)。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層寬廣(guang),有葉跡維(wei)管(guan)束散在(zai)(zai),表(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下方和中(zhong)柱外側各(ge)有10~20余列(lie)厚壁細胞,其間有3~5列(lie)細胞壁略增厚;內皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層不明顯(xian)。中(zhong)柱鞘(qiao)為(wei)(wei)數(shu)列(lie)薄(bo)壁細胞編(bian)織(zhi)中(zhong)柱,木(mu)質部(bu)束呈不規(gui)則的(de)(de)帶(dai)狀或分枝狀,韌(ren)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)部(bu)束交錯其間,有的(de)(de)細胞含黃(huang)棕色(se)(se)物。(2)取本品(pin)粉(fen)末1g,加(jia)乙醚15ml,浸泡過夜(ye),濾(lv)過,濾(lv)液揮干,殘渣加(jia)無水(shui)乙醇1ml使溶解,作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)供試(shi)(shi)品(pin)溶液。另取伸筋草(cao)對(dui)照(zhao)藥(yao)材(cai) 1g,同法制(zhi)成(cheng)對(dui)照(zhao)藥(yao)材(cai)溶液。照(zhao)薄(bo)層色(se)(se)譜法(附錄Ⅵ B)試(shi)(shi)驗,吸(xi)取上(shang)述兩(liang)種溶液各(ge)5μl,分別點于同一硅膠G薄(bo)層板上(shang),以氯(lv)仿(fang)-甲醇(40:1)為(wei)(wei)展開劑,展開,取出,晾干,噴以5%硫酸乙醇溶液,在(zai)(zai)105℃加(jia)熱(re)至斑(ban)點顯(xian)色(se)(se)清晰。供試(shi)(shi)品(pin)色(se)(se)譜中(zhong),在(zai)(zai)與對(dui)照(zhao)藥(yao)材(cai)色(se)(se)譜相應(ying)的(de)(de)位置上(shang),顯(xian)相同顏色(se)(se)的(de)(de)斑(ban)點。

歸經 : 歸肝、脾、腎(shen)經。

性味 : 微苦、辛,溫。

功能主治 : 祛風除(chu)濕,舒筋活(huo)絡。用于關節酸痛(tong),屈伸不利。

用法用量 : 3~12g。

備注 : (1)同屬植(zhi)物鋪地(di)蜈蚣(垂穗石松、馬鹿角(jiao))Lycopodium cernuum L.功(gong)能主(zhu)治類似(si),江西等地(di)作伸(shen)(shen)筋草入(ru)藥;玉柏Lycopodium obscurum L.在甘肅作伸(shen)(shen)筋草壅(yong),功(gong)效相(xiang)似(si)。

摘錄 : 《中國藥典》

《中藥大辭典》:伸筋草

拼音注音 : Shēn Jīn Cǎo

別名 : 石松(《本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)拾遺》),過山(shan)龍(《滇南本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)》),寬(kuan)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)藤(《生(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)藥(yao)性備要(yao)》),火炭(tan)葛(ge)(《本(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)求原》),金毛(mao)獅子草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、金腰帶、獅子草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(《中(zhong)藥(yao)志(zhi)》),獅子毛(mao)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(《中(zhong)藥(yao)材手冊(ce)》),立筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、舒筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(《四(si)川中(zhong)藥(yao)志(zhi)》),鋪筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、抽筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、分筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、過筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、地棚窩草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(《重(zhong)慶草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)藥(yao)》),筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)骨草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(《陜西中(zhong)藥(yao)志(zhi)》),綠毛(mao)伸筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、小伸筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、鳳尾伸筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(《湖南藥(yao)物志(zhi)》),蜈蚣藤、大地毛(mao)公、纏身(shen)龍、貓藤草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、通伸草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、山(shan)貓兒、老虎墊坐、盤龍草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、爛腰蛇、寬(kuan)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、穿(chuan)山(shan)龍(《浙(zhe)江民間常用草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)藥(yao)》)。

出處 : 《分(fen)類(lei)草藥性》

來源 : 為石松(song)科(ke)植物石松(song)的帶根(gen)全草(cao)。夏季采收,連根(gen)拔起(qi),去凈泥土(tu)、雜質,曬干。

生境分布 : 生于疏林下蔭蔽處。分布東(dong)北(bei)、華東(dong)、華南(nan)、西(xi)南(nan)及內(nei)蒙古、河南(nan)等地(di)。主產浙(zhe)江、湖(hu)北(bei)、江蘇等地(di),湖(hu)南(nan)、四川亦產。

原形態 : 多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本。匍匐莖蔓生(sheng)(sheng),分枝(zhi)(zhi)有葉疏生(sheng)(sheng)。直(zhi)立莖高15~30厘米(mi),分枝(zhi)(zhi);營(ying)(ying)養枝(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)回分叉,密生(sheng)(sheng)葉,葉針(zhen)形(xing),長3~4毫(hao)米(mi),先端有易脫落(luo)的芒狀(zhuang)長尾(wei);孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)枝(zhi)(zhi)從第(di)二(er)、第(di)三年營(ying)(ying)養枝(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)長出(chu),遠(yuan)高出(chu)營(ying)(ying)養枝(zhi)(zhi),葉疏生(sheng)(sheng);孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)囊(nang)穗長2.5~5厘米(mi),有柄,通(tong)常2~6個生(sheng)(sheng)于孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)枝(zhi)(zhi)的上(shang)部(bu);孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)葉卵狀(zhuang)三角形(xing),先端急尖而(er)具(ju)尖尾(wei),邊緣(yuan)有不(bu)規則的鋸齒,孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)囊(nang)腎形(xing),淡黃褐(he)色,孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)同形(xing)。7、8月(yue)間(jian)孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)成熟。本植物(wu)的孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)(zi)(石松子(zi)(zi))亦供藥用(yong),另(ling)詳(xiang)專(zhuan)條。

性狀 : 干(gan)燥匍匐莖細長(chang)而(er)彎(wan)曲(qu),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)或黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se),長(chang)30~120厘米(mi),徑(jing)粗1~3毫米(mi)。質(zhi)柔韌,不易(yi)折斷(duan)(duan),折斷(duan)(duan)面近白色(se)(se),內有(you)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)白色(se)(se)木心(xin),常可見(jian)近直角(jiao)生出(chu)的黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)白色(se)(se)細根,外皮常脫落。直立莖2歧式(shi)分(fen)枝。鱗葉常皺而(er)彎(wan)曲(qu),密生于莖上,線形(xing)或線狀鉆形(xing),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)或黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),無毛,略有(you)光澤。葉端漸尖呈芒(mang)狀,全緣(yuan),葉脈不明顯(xian)。質(zhi)薄,易(yi)碎。氣(qi)無,味淡。以莖長(chang)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)者(zhe)為佳。

化學成分 : 全草含石(shi)(shi)松堿(jian)、棒石(shi)(shi)松堿(jian)、棒石(shi)(shi)松洛(luo)寧堿(jian)、法氏石(shi)(shi)松堿(jian)、石(shi)(shi)松靈堿(jian)等生(sheng)物堿(jian),香莢蘭酸、阿魏酸、壬二酸等酸性(xing)物質(占(zhan)干品0.08%),芒柄花醇(chun)(chun)、伸筋(jin)草醇(chun)(chun)石(shi)(shi)松醇(chun)(chun)、石(shi)(shi)松寧、16-氧山芝烯(xi)二醇(chun)(chun)等三萜化合物。

藥理作用 : 石(shi)(shi)松水浸(jin)劑(ji)對(dui)由皮下注射(she)枯草浸(jin)劑(ji)引(yin)起(qi)發熱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家兔(tu)(tu)有(you)(you)降(jiang)溫(wen)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong);其有(you)(you)效成分(fen)為石(shi)(shi)松堿及(ji)棒(bang)石(shi)(shi)松堿、棒(bang)石(shi)(shi)松毒(du),后(hou)二者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒(du)性(xing)較石(shi)(shi)松堿為弱。石(shi)(shi)松堿適當(dang)劑(ji)量(liang)能升高(gao)麻(ma)(ma)醉貓(mao)血壓(ya),也有(you)(you)報告30毫(hao)克(ke)/公(gong)(gong)斤靜脈注射(she)可使(shi)麻(ma)(ma)醉貓(mao)、兔(tu)(tu)血壓(ya)驟降(jiang);此(ci)時對(dui)呼吸(xi)皆無影響,中毒(du)量(liang)可增加動物(wu)呼吸(xi)振幅而減少頻率。對(dui)蛙(wa)(wa)心(xin)收(shou)縮力有(you)(you)增強作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),對(dui)兔(tu)(tu)心(xin)1:50000~400000則減弱收(shou)縮力,收(shou)縮頻率及(ji)心(xin)電圖(tu)皆無改變。1:12500~50000對(dui)離體大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)、啄(zhuo)鼠(shu)(shu)小腸有(you)(you)興(xing)奮作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),兔(tu)(tu)離體小腸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蠕動亦被增強。對(dui)兔(tu)(tu)、大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)及(ji)豚(tun)鼠(shu)(shu)子宮(gong)有(you)(you)興(xing)奮作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。對(dui)兔(tu)(tu)靜脈注射(she)30~50毫(hao)克(ke)/公(gong)(gong)斤有(you)(you)降(jiang)溫(wen)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。對(dui)兔(tu)(tu)血糖(tang)、瞳孔、末(mo)梢紅細胞數皆無影響。無抗菌及(ji)抗瘧作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。對(dui)小鼠(shu)(shu)靜脈注射(she)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半數致死量(liang)為27.58±1.16毫(hao)克(ke)/公(gong)(gong)斤,腹腔(qiang)注射(she)為78毫(hao)克(ke)/公(gong)(gong)斤,中毒(du)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)有(you)(you)過度活動,強直(zhi)性(xing)、陣攣性(xing)痙攣,麻(ma)(ma)痹(bi)(bi),窒息等(deng)(deng);兔(tu)(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中毒(du)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)相似。給(gei)蛙(wa)(wa)淋(lin)巴囊注射(she)50~200毫(hao)克(ke)/公(gong)(gong)斤可引(yin)起(qi)肌(ji)肉運動不脅調、麻(ma)(ma)痹(bi)(bi)等(deng)(deng)。棒(bang)石(shi)(shi)松堿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒(du)性(xing)劑(ji)量(liang):貓(mao)為0.05克(ke)/公(gong)(gong)斤、兔(tu)(tu)及(ji)大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)為0.1~0.2克(ke)/公(gong)(gong)斤。有(you)(you)人報告石(shi)(shi)松有(you)(you)利尿(niao)、增進尿(niao)酸排泄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),還能解除小兒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)痙攣性(xing)尿(niao)潴留及(ji)便秘等(deng)(deng)。

炮制 : 篩去(qu)灰屑(xie),揀凈雜質(zhi),切成小段。

歸經 : 《四川(chuan)中藥志(zhi)》:"入肝、脾、腎(shen)三經(jing)。"

性味 : 苦辛(xin),溫。①《本草(cao)(cao)拾遺》:"味苦辛(xin),溫,無(wu)毒(du)。"②《本草(cao)(cao)求(qiu)原):"甘澀,平。"

注意 : 《四川中藥志》:"孕婦及(ji)出血過(guo)多者忌服。"

功能主治 : 祛(qu)風(feng)散(san)寒,除(chu)濕(shi)(shi)消(xiao)腫(zhong),舒(shu)筋活(huo)血。治(zhi)風(feng)寒濕(shi)(shi)痹,關節酸(suan)(suan)痛(tong)(tong),皮膚麻(ma)木,四肢(zhi)軟弱(ruo),水(shui)腫(zhong),跌打損傷(shang)。①《本(ben)草(cao)(cao)(cao)拾遺》:"主(zhu)久(jiu)患風(feng)痹,腳膝疼(teng)(teng)冷,皮膚不(bu)仁(ren),氣(qi)力(li)衰弱(ruo)。"②《滇南本(ben)草(cao)(cao)(cao)》:"下氣(qi),消(xiao)胸(xiong)中(zhong)(zhong)痞滿橫格之氣(qi),推胃(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)隔宿(su)之食,去年久(jiu)腹中(zhong)(zhong)之堅積,消(xiao)水(shui)腫(zhong)。"③《生(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)藥(yao)性備要(yao)》:"消(xiao)腫(zhong),除(chu)風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)。浸酒飲,舒(shu)筋活(huo)絡。其(qi)根治(zhi)氣(qi)結疼(teng)(teng)痛(tong)(tong),損傷(shang),金瘡內傷(shang),去痰止(zhi)咳。"④《浙江民間常(chang)用草(cao)(cao)(cao)藥(yao)》:"舒(shu)筋,消(xiao)炎。治(zhi)關節酸(suan)(suan)痛(tong)(tong),帶狀皰疹。"⑤《東(dong)北(bei)常(chang)用中(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)藥(yao)手(shou)冊(ce)》:"舒(shu)筋活(huo)血,祛(qu)風(feng)散(san)寒,止(zhi)痛(tong)(tong)。治(zhi)腰(yao)腿(tui)酸(suan)(suan)痛(tong)(tong),風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)性關節腫(zhong)痛(tong)(tong),月(yue)經不(bu)調。"

用法用量 : 內服:煎湯(tang),3~5錢;或浸酒。外(wai)用:搗敷。

復方 : ①治(zhi)風(feng)痹(bi)筋骨(gu)不舒:寬筋藤,每用(yong)(yong)三錢(qian)(qian)(qian)至一(yi)兩,煎(jian)服(fu)。(《嶺南采藥(yao)錄》)②治(zhi)關節(jie)酸痛:石松(song)三錢(qian)(qian)(qian),虎(hu)杖根(gen)五錢(qian)(qian)(qian),大血藤三錢(qian)(qian)(qian)。水煎(jian)服(fu)。(《浙江民(min)間常用(yong)(yong)草(cao)藥(yao)》)③治(zhi)關節(jie)酸痛,手足麻(ma)痹(bi):鳳尾伸(shen)筋草(cao)一(yi)兩,絲瓜絡五錢(qian)(qian)(qian),爬山虎(hu)五錢(qian)(qian)(qian),大活血三錢(qian)(qian)(qian)。水、酒各(ge)半煎(jian)服(fu)。(江西(xi)(xi)《中草(cao)藥(yao)學》)④治(zhi)小兒麻(ma)痹(bi)后(hou)遺癥:鳳尾伸(shen)筋、南蛇藤根(gen)、松(song)節(jie)、尋骨(gu)風(feng)各(ge)五錢(qian)(qian)(qian),威靈仙三錢(qian)(qian)(qian),茜草(cao)二錢(qian)(qian)(qian),杜(du)蘅五分(fen)。煎(jian)服(fu)。(江西(xi)(xi)《中草(cao)藥(yao)學》)⑤消(xiao)水腫:過(guo)山龍五分(fen)(研(yan)細末(mo)),糠(kang)瓢一(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)五分(fen)(火(huo)煅存性),檳榔一(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)。檳榔、糠(kang)瓢煨湯吃過(guo)山龍末(mo),以瀉(xie)為度。氣實者用(yong)(yong),虛者忌(ji)。(《滇南本(ben)草(cao)》)⑥治(zhi)帶狀皰疹:石松(song)(焙)研(yan)粉,青油(you)或麻(ma)油(you)調成糊狀,涂患處,一(yi)日(ri)數次(ci)。(《浙江民(min)間常用(yong)(yong)草(cao)藥(yao)》)

備注 : 同屬(shu)植(zhi)物玉柏和垂穗(sui)石松的全草在(zai)浙江、四(si)川等地均稱伸筋草,并(bing)同等使(shi)用(yong)。參見"玉柏"、"鋪地蜈(wu)蚣"條。

摘錄 : 《中(zhong)藥大辭典》

《中華本草》《中藥大辭典》:伸筋草

拼音注音 : Shēn Jīn Cǎo

別名 : 石(shi)松(song)、過山(shan)龍(long)、寬筋(jin)藤、火炭葛、金毛(mao)(mao)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)草(cao)、金腰帶、獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)草(cao)、獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)毛(mao)(mao)草(cao)、立筋(jin)草(cao)、舒筋(jin)草(cao)、鋪筋(jin)草(cao)、抽筋(jin)草(cao)、分筋(jin)草(cao)、過筋(jin)草(cao)、地(di)棚窩草(cao)、筋(jin)骨草(cao)、綠毛(mao)(mao)伸筋(jin)、小伸筋(jin)、鳳(feng)尾伸筋(jin)、蜈蚣藤、大地(di)毛(mao)(mao)公、纏身龍(long)、貓(mao)藤草(cao)、通伸草(cao)、山(shan)貓(mao)兒、老虎墊坐、盤龍(long)草(cao)、爛腰蛇、寬筋(jin)草(cao)、穿山(shan)龍(long)、

英文名 : Common Clubmoss Herb, Herb of Common Clubmoss, Herb of Staghorn Clubmoss, Herb of Wolf's Claw Clubmoss

出處 : 出自《分類草(cao)藥性》。1.《本草(cao)拾遺》:石(shi)(shi)松,生天(tian)臺山(shan)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)。如(ru)松,高一、二尺也(ye)。2.《本草(cao)綱目(mu)》:石(shi)(shi)松,即玉柏(bo)之長者也(ye),名山(shan)皆有之。

來源 : 藥材基源(yuan):為(wei)石(shi)松科植物(wu)石(shi)松、華中石(shi)松及燈(deng)籠(long)草的全草。拉丁植物(wu)動(dong)物(wu)礦物(wu)名:1.Lycopodium japonicum Thunb.[L.clavatum auct.non L.]2.Lycopodium centro-chinense Ching3.Palhinhaea cernua(L.)Franco et Vasc.[Lycopodium cernuum L.]采收和儲藏:夏季(ji)采收,連根拔起,去凈泥土、雜質,曬干。

生境分布 : 生態環(huan)境:生于低(di)山(shan)的酸性(xing)土草地(di)、闊(kuo)葉林邊(bian)及馬尾松(song)林中。資(zi)源分布:分布于長江以南各地(di)。

原形態 : 石松(song),多年生(sheng)(sheng)草本。匍匐莖(jing)蔓(man)生(sheng)(sheng),分(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)有(you)葉(xie)疏生(sheng)(sheng)。直立(li)莖(jing)高15-30cm,分(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi);營養枝(zhi)(zhi)多回分(fen)(fen)叉,密生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie),葉(xie)針形(xing),長3-4mm,先端(duan)有(you)易脫落的芒狀長尾;孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)枝(zhi)(zhi)從第二、第三(san)年營養枝(zhi)(zhi)上長出(chu),遠高出(chu)營養枝(zhi)(zhi),葉(xie)疏生(sheng)(sheng);孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)囊穗長2.5-5cm,有(you)柄,通常2-6個生(sheng)(sheng)于孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)枝(zhi)(zhi)的上部(bu);孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)葉(xie)卵狀三(san)角形(xing),先端(duan)急(ji)尖而具(ju)尖尾,邊(bian)緣有(you)不規則(ze)的鋸齒(chi),孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)囊腎形(xing),淡黃褐色(se),孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)同(tong)形(xing)。7、8月間孢(bao)子(zi)(zi)成熟。

栽培 : 野生。

性狀 : 1.性狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鑒(jian)別 (1)石松 匍匐莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)圓柱(zhu)形(xing),細(xi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)彎曲,長(chang)(chang)(chang)可達2m,多(duo)(duo)斷(duan)(duan)裂,直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)3-5mm,表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)淡棕(zong)色(se)(se)(se),側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)密生(sheng),直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)約6mm,表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)淡棕(zong)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)。匍匐莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)下(xia)有(you)多(duo)(duo)數黃(huang)(huang)白色(se)(se)(se)不定根,二歧分(fen)(fen)(fen)叉。葉(xie)(xie)密生(sheng),線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針形(xing),常(chang)皺縮彎曲,長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5mm,寬0.3-0.8mm,黃(huang)(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se),先端(duan)芒狀(zhuang)(zhuang),全(quan)緣或(huo)有(you)微鋸齒,葉(xie)(xie)脈不明顯。枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)有(you)時可見孢子囊穗(sui),直(zhi)(zhi)立棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang),多(duo)(duo)斷(duan)(duan)裂,長(chang)(chang)(chang)2-5cm,直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)約5mm。質(zhi)韌,不易折斷(duan)(duan),斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)淺(qian)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se),有(you)白色(se)(se)(se)木(mu)心。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)微,味淡。(2)華中(zhong)石松 類(lei)似(si)石松,但(dan)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)呈二叉分(fen)(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)銳角展開,側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)疏,小枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)密生(sheng),葉(xie)(xie)具(ju)膜(mo)質(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)芒。(3)燈籠草(cao) 上部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)(duo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),長(chang)(chang)(chang)30-50cm,或(huo)已(yi)折成(cheng)短(duan)段,直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)1-2mm,表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)黃(huang)(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)。葉(xie)(xie)密生(sheng),線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鉆形(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)2-3mm,黃(huang)(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)淺(qian)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se),全(quan)緣,常(chang)向上彎曲,質(zhi)薄,易碎。枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頂(ding)常(chang)有(you)孢子囊穗(sui),矩圓形(xing)或(huo)圓柱(zhu)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)5-15mm,無柄,常(chang)下(xia)垂。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)微,味淡。均(jun)以色(se)(se)(se)黃(huang)(huang)綠(lv),無雜質(zhi)者為(wei)佳。2.顯微鑒(jian)別 (1)石松 莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)橫(heng)切面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian):表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)1列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie),具(ju)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)寬,表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)下(xia)和內(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)外側各有(you)10余列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)纖(xian)維(wei)群,其間(jian)為(wei)5-6列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)薄壁細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),少(shao)數破碎成(cheng)空隙,葉(xie)(xie)跡維(wei)束(shu)菜布于(yu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)中(zhong),內(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)明顯。中(zhong)柱(zhu)內(nei)(nei)木(mu)質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)外始式(shi),分(fen)(fen)(fen)成(cheng)幾條在致(zhi)平等的(de)不規(gui)則帶,與韌皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)間(jian)隔(ge)排(pai)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie),韌皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)多(duo)(duo)角形(xing),近木(mu)質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)處(chu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)較(jiao)小。小枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)中(zhong)柱(zhu)作(zuo)不規(gui)則輻(fu)射狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。葉(xie)(xie)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀:表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)狹長(chang)(chang)(chang)形(xing),垂周壁念(nian)珠狀(zhuang)(zhuang)增厚。上、下(xia)表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)均(jun)有(you)不定式(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔,副衛細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)4-7個。(2)華中(zhong)石松 莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)橫(heng)切面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian):皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)近內(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)處(chu),有(you)一(yi)圈纖(xian)維(wei)束(shu),外側有(you)數10列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)薄壁細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),似(si)海綿組織(zhi)樣;中(zhong)柱(zhu)內(nei)(nei)木(mu)質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與韌皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)排(pai)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)整齊對(dui)稱(cheng);韌皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)靠(kao)近木(mu)質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)較(jiao)大。(3)燈籠草(cao) 莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)橫(heng)切面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian):皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)寬闊,靠(kao)表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)下(xia)有(you)3-4列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)薄壁細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),向內(nei)(nei)有(you)3-6列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)纖(xian)維(wei)群,再向內(nei)(nei)為(wei)10余列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)薄壁細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)。中(zhong)柱(zhu)內(nei)(nei)木(mu)質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)成(cheng)多(duo)(duo)數細(xi)條與韌皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)無規(gui)則地交錯排(pai)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)。葉(xie)(xie)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀:表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)垂周壁念(nian)珠狀(zhuang)(zhuang)增厚不明顯。

化學成分 : 石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)含(han)(han)生(sheng)物堿(jian)(jian):石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)堿(jian)(jian)(lycopodine),棒石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)寧堿(jian)(jian)(clavolonine),棒石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)毒(clavatoxin)及(ji)煙堿(jian)(jian)(nicotine)等(deng);萜類化合物:α-芒柄花醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(α-onocerin),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)三(san)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(lycoclavanol),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)四(si)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)酮(lycoclavanin),千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(serratendiol),二(er)(er)(er)(er)表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(diepiserratenediol),21-表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(21-episerratenediol),16-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)代(dai)(dai)二(er)(er)(er)(er)表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(16-oxodiepiserratenediol) ,16-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)代(dai)(dai)-21-表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(16-oxo-21-episerratenediol),16-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)代(dai)(dai)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(16-oxoserratenediol),棒石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(clavatol),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)四(si)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(lyclaninol),二(er)(er)(er)(er)表(biao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)穩四(si)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(diepilycocryptol),16-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)代(dai)(dai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)三(san)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(16-oxolycoclavanol)及(ji)16-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)代(dai)(dai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)五(wu)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(16-oxolyclanitin)等(deng);植(zhi)物甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun):β-谷(gu)甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(β-sitosterol)的(de)(de),豆甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(stigmasterol)的(de)(de)和(he)菜油甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(campesterol)的(de)(de)β-D-葡(pu)萄糖甙(dai)(β-D-glucoside),還含(han)(han)香(xiang)草酸(suan)(suan)(vanillic acid),阿魏酸(suan)(suan)(ferulic acid),壬二(er)(er)(er)(er)酸(suan)(suan)(杜鵑花酸(suan)(suan) ajelaic acid)和(he)大黃素-甲醚(physcion)。燈籠草含(han)(han)生(sheng)物堿(jian)(jian):垂(chui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)堿(jian)(jian)(cernuine),羥基垂(chui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)堿(jian)(jian)(lycocernuine),去氧(yang)(yang)(yang)垂(chui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)堿(jian)(jian)(deoxocernuine),煙堿(jian)(jian)等(deng);萜類化合物:21-表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),21-表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)三(san)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(21-episerratriol),16-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)代(dai)(dai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)三(san)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),二(er)(er)(er)(er)表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),α-芒柄花醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),16-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)代(dai)(dai)-21-表(biao)千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)烯(xi)三(san)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(16-oxo-21-episerratriol),千(qian)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)三(san)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(tohogenol),垂(chui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)酸(suan)(suan)(lycernuic acid)A及(ji)B;植(zhi)物甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun):β-谷(gu)甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),豆甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),菜油甾(zai)(zai)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun),還含(han)(han)垂(chui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)黃酮甙(dai)(cernoside)。

藥理作用 : 石松水浸劑(ji)(ji)對(dui)由皮下注(zhu)射(she)枯草浸劑(ji)(ji)引起發(fa)熱之(zhi)家兔(tu)有(you)(you)(you)降溫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong);其有(you)(you)(you)效成分(fen)為石松堿及(ji)(ji)棒石松堿、棒石松毒(du)(Clavatoxine),后二者之(zhi)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較石松堿為弱(ruo)。石松堿適(shi)當劑(ji)(ji)量能升(sheng)高麻醉(zui)貓(mao)血(xue)壓(ya),也有(you)(you)(you)報告(gao)30mg/kg靜(jing)脈注(zhu)射(she)可使麻醉(zui)貓(mao)、兔(tu)血(xue)壓(ya)驟降;此時對(dui)呼吸(xi)皆無(wu)影響(xiang)(xiang),中(zhong)毒(du)量可增(zeng)(zeng)加動(dong)物呼吸(xi)振幅而減少頻率。對(dui)蛙(wa)心收(shou)縮力有(you)(you)(you)增(zeng)(zeng)強作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),對(dui)兔(tu)心1:則減弱(ruo)收(shou)縮力,收(shou)縮頻率及(ji)(ji)心電圖皆無(wu)改變。1:12500-50000對(dui)離體(ti)(ti)大(da)鼠(shu)、豚(tun)鼠(shu)小腸(chang)有(you)(you)(you)興奮作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),兔(tu)離體(ti)(ti)小腸(chang)之(zhi)蠕動(dong)亦被增(zeng)(zeng)強。對(dui)兔(tu)、大(da)鼠(shu)及(ji)(ji)豚(tun)鼠(shu)子宮(gong)有(you)(you)(you)興奮作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。對(dui)兔(tu)靜(jing)脈注(zhu)射(she)30-50mg/kg有(you)(you)(you)降溫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。對(dui)兔(tu)血(xue)糖(tang)、瞳孔、末梢紅(hong)細胞數皆無(wu)影響(xiang)(xiang)。無(wu)抗菌及(ji)(ji)抗瘧(nve)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。對(dui)小鼠(shu)靜(jing)脈注(zhu)射(she)之(zhi)半數致(zhi)死量為27.58±1.16mg/kg,腹腔注(zhu)射(she)為78mg/kg,中(zhong)毒(du)癥狀有(you)(you)(you)過度(du)活(huo)動(dong),強直性(xing)(xing)(xing)、陣攣性(xing)(xing)(xing)痙(jing)攣,麻痹(bi),窒息(xi)等(deng);兔(tu)之(zhi)中(zhong)毒(du)癥狀相似。給蛙(wa)淋(lin)巴囊注(zhu)射(she)50-200mg/kg可引起肌(ji)肉(rou)運動(dong)不(bu)協(xie)調、麻痹(bi)等(deng)。棒石松堿之(zhi)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)量:貓(mao)為0.05g/kg、兔(tu)及(ji)(ji)大(da)鼠(shu)為0.1-0.2g、kg。有(you)(you)(you)人報告(gao)石松有(you)(you)(you)利(li)尿(niao)、增(zeng)(zeng)進尿(niao)酸(suan)排泄之(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),還能解除小兒之(zhi)痙(jing)攣性(xing)(xing)(xing)尿(niao)潴(zhu)留(liu)及(ji)(ji)便(bian)秘等(deng)。對(dui)中(zhong)樞(shu)神經的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong):伸筋草用(yong)滲漉法(fa)提(ti)取(qu)液,100%濃度(du)0.5ml/只(zhi)灌胃,對(dui)小鼠(shu)熱板法(fa)試驗(yan)、醋(cu)酸(suan)扭體(ti)(ti)法(fa)試驗(yan)均表明有(you)(you)(you)鎮痛作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。伸筋草劑(ji)(ji)量同上(shang),對(dui)小鼠(shu)可延長戊巴比妥(tuo)鈉(na)的睡眠時間,對(dui)士的寧引起的驚厥死亡無(wu)顯著影響(xiang)(xiang);對(dui)可卡因反(fan)增(zeng)(zeng)強其毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。

炮制 : 取原藥材,除去雜質(zhi),洗(xi)凈,稍潤,切段(duan),干燥。

鑒別 : (1)取(qu)(qu)本(ben)品粉末(mo)2g,加(jia)(jia)1%硫酸10-15ml,水浴(yu)(yu)溫熱15-30min,濾(lv)過(guo)。濾(lv)液加(jia)(jia)碘化鉍(bi)鉀試(shi)劑,生成棕(zong)黃色(se)沉(chen)淀。(檢(jian)查生物堿)(2)薄層色(se)譜 取(qu)(qu)本(ben)品粉末(mo)2g,加(jia)(jia)乙醇10ml水浴(yu)(yu)濕浸30min,濾(lv)過(guo)。濾(lv)液蒸干,加(jia)(jia)1ml甲醇溶解,點(dian)(dian)樣(yang)于中性氧化鋁板上,同時點(dian)(dian)對照品溶液,以氯仿-丙酮(4:1)展開,取(qu)(qu)出晾干,噴改(gai)良碘化鉍(bi)鉀試(shi)劑,樣(yang)品色(se)譜中應(ying)(ying)有(you)與對照品相對應(ying)(ying)的(de)黃色(se)斑點(dian)(dian)。

歸經 : 肝;脾(pi);腎(shen)經

性味 : 苦;辛;溫;無毒;平

注意 : 《四川中藥志》:孕婦及出血過多者忌(ji)服。

功能主治 : 祛風散寒(han);除濕(shi)消(xiao)腫;舒筋活血;止咳(ke);解毒。主風寒(han)濕(shi)痹;關節酸痛;皮膚麻木;四肢軟弱;水腫;跌打損(sun)傷;黃(huang)疸;咳(ke)嗽;瘡瘍;皰疹;燙(tang)傷

用法用量 : 內服(fu):煎湯,9-15g;或(huo)浸(jin)酒。外用:適量(liang),搗敷(fu)。

各家論述 : 1.《滇南本草(cao)(cao)》:石(shi)松,其(qi)性(xing)走而不(bu)守,其(qi)用(yong)沉而不(bu)浮(fu),得檳(bin)榔良。下氣(qi)(qi),消(xiao)胸中(zhong)(zhong)痞(pi)滿橫格之氣(qi)(qi),推胃中(zhong)(zhong)隔宿之食,去年久(jiu)腹(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)之堅(jian)積,消(xiao)水腫。2.《本草(cao)(cao)拾遺》:主久(jiu)患(huan)風(feng)(feng)痹,腳(jiao)膝(xi)疼(teng)冷(leng),皮膚不(bu)仁,氣(qi)(qi)力(li)衰弱(ruo)。3.《生(sheng)草(cao)(cao)藥性(xing)備要》:消(xiao)腫,除風(feng)(feng)濕(shi)。浸酒飲,舒筋活絡。其(qi)根治(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)結疼(teng)痛,損傷(shang),金瘡內傷(shang),去痰止(zhi)咳。4.《浙江民間常用(yong)草(cao)(cao)藥》:舒筋,消(xiao)炎。治(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)節酸痛,帶狀皰疹。5.《東(dong)北常用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥手冊》:舒筋活血,祛風(feng)(feng)散寒,止(zhi)痛。治(zhi)(zhi)腰腿酸痛,風(feng)(feng)濕(shi)性(xing)關(guan)節腫痛,月經(jing)不(bu)調。

摘錄 : 《中華本(ben)草》《中藥大辭典》

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