五(wu)行相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)克,以成生(sheng)生(sheng)不息,循環無窮(qiong)之道。第(di)二是五(wu)行與五(wu)方(fang)(fang)的配合,所(suo)謂北(bei)方(fang)(fang)陰極而生(sheng)寒(han),南方(fang)(fang)陽極而生(sheng)熱(re)。把(ba)五(wu)行相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)克的兩種關系放在(zai)一起,其五(wu)行生(sheng)克圖(tu)如下:
戰(zhan)國(guo)時期,“五(wu)行(xing)(xing)”學(xue)術(shu)風行(xing)(xing)一(yi)時,并(bing)且進一(yi)步總(zong)結(jie)摸索出了一(yi)套“五(wu)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)勝(sheng)”的(de)(de)規(gui)律,所(suo)謂相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),就(jiu)是一(yi)種物(wu)質(zhi)對(dui)(dui)另一(yi)種物(wu)質(zhi)有著(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)和(he)促進的(de)(de)作用(yong),如(ru)木(mu)(mu)能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火,火能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu),土(tu)能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金(jin),金(jin)能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui),水(shui)能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)木(mu)(mu)便是;所(suo)謂相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)勝(sheng),即相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke),就(jiu)是一(yi)種物(wu)質(zhi)對(dui)(dui)另一(yi)種物(wu)質(zhi)有著(zhu)克(ke)(ke)制和(he)約束(shu)的(de)(de)作用(yong),如(ru)水(shui)能(neng)克(ke)(ke)火,火能(neng)克(ke)(ke)金(jin),金(jin)能(neng)克(ke)(ke)木(mu)(mu),木(mu)(mu)能(neng)克(ke)(ke)土(tu),土(tu)能(neng)克(ke)(ke)水(shui)便是。正因為(wei)(wei)自然(ran)界(jie)廣泛(fan)存(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)這種相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)作用(yong),所(suo)以(yi)天地(di)萬物(wu)才能(neng)得到動態(tai)的(de)(de)平衡。否則只(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)克(ke)(ke),或者是只(zhi)克(ke)(ke)不(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),天地(di)萬物(wu)就(jiu)不(bu)可能(neng)保持平衡,也就(jiu)不(bu)能(neng)維持和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)下(xia)去(qu),所(suo)以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke),就(jiu)是自然(ran)界(jie)賴以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)和(he)發(fa)展的(de)(de)內在(zai)動力,也是一(yi)個(ge)人命(ming)運(yun)起伏(fu)多(duo)變(bian)的(de)(de)外(wai)在(zai)和(he)內在(zai)的(de)(de)因素。所(suo)以(yi)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)學(xue)術(shu),作為(wei)(wei)命(ming)理學(xue)的(de)(de)又一(yi)基礎(chu)理論,必須(xu)掌握(wo)以(yi)下(xia)概念。
一(yi)、五行(xing)相生(sheng):即(ji)水(shui)生(sheng)木(mu),木(mu)生(sheng)火,火生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)金,金生(sheng)水(shui)。《白虎通》云(yun):“木(mu)生(sheng)火者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),火伏(fu)其中,鉆灼而出(chu),故木(mu)生(sheng)火;火生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),火熱(re)故能(neng)焚(fen)木(mu),木(mu)焚(fen)而成灰,灰即(ji)土(tu)(tu)(tu)也,故火生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu);土(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)金者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),金居石依山(shan)(shan),津潤(run)而生(sheng),聚(ju)土(tu)(tu)(tu)成山(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)必生(sheng)石,故土(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)金;金生(sheng)水(shui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),少陰之氣,溫潤(run)流澤,銷金亦為水(shui),所以(yi)山(shan)(shan)云(yun)而從潤(run),故金生(sheng)水(shui);水(shui)生(sheng)木(mu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),因水(shui)潤(run)而生(sheng),故水(shui)生(sheng)木(mu)也。”
二(er)、五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke):即木(mu)(mu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)土(tu),土(tu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)水(shui),水(shui)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)火(huo),火(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)木(mu)(mu)。《洛書(shu)》載(zai)九(jiu)(jiu)履一,左三(san)右七(qi)(qi),二(er)四(si)為(wei)肩,六(liu)八(ba)為(wei)足,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)居中央。一六(liu)水(shui)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)二(er)七(qi)(qi)火(huo),二(er)七(qi)(qi)火(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)四(si)九(jiu)(jiu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),四(si)九(jiu)(jiu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)三(san)八(ba)木(mu)(mu),三(san)八(ba)木(mu)(mu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中土(tu),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中土(tu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)一六(liu)水(shui),此五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)之序也(ye)。《五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)大(da)義》論相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)說“克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)者(zhe),制罰為(wei)義,以其(qi)力強能(neng)制弱,故木(mu)(mu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)土(tu),土(tu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)水(shui),水(shui)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)火(huo),火(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)木(mu)(mu)”,亦稱“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)勝(sheng)(sheng)”。《白虎通(tong)》解釋說:“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)所以相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)害(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke))者(zhe),天地之性,眾(zhong)勝(sheng)(sheng)寡,故水(shui)勝(sheng)(sheng)(克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke))火(huo)也(ye);精勝(sheng)(sheng)堅,故火(huo)勝(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin);剛勝(sheng)(sheng)柔,故金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)勝(sheng)(sheng)木(mu)(mu);專勝(sheng)(sheng)散,故木(mu)(mu)勝(sheng)(sheng)土(tu);實勝(sheng)(sheng)虛,故土(tu)勝(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)也(ye)。”
董仲舒在《春秋繁露》中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)陰(yin)陽五(wu)行(xing)解釋(shi)揭示大自然(ran)萬(wan)事(shi)萬(wan)物(wu)的(de)發展動(dong)力和(he)次序(xu)(xu)時說:事(shi)物(wu)的(de)發展取決(jue)于陰(yin)陽的(de)消(xiao)長,而陰(yin)陽消(xiao)長的(de)原(yuan)因又(you)在于五(wu)行(xing)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)。“行(xing)者,行(xing)也(ye),其(qi)(qi)行(xing)不(bu)同,故(gu)為之行(xing)。五(wu)行(xing)者,五(wu)官也(ye),比相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)而間(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)勝也(ye)。”這(zhe)里的(de)“官”指(zhi)官能(neng),也(ye)就是功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。五(wu)行(xing)的(de)運(yun)動(dong),就是五(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)功(gong)(gong)能(neng),其(qi)(qi)方(fang)式是:“比相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)而間(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)勝。”五(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)的(de)次序(xu)(xu)為木生(sheng)火,火生(sheng)土(tu),土(tu)生(sheng)金,金生(sheng)水,它(ta)們這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)次遞相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng),就稱(cheng)為“比相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)”。五(wu)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)的(de)順(shun)序(xu)(xu)為水克(ke)(ke)火,中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)木;木克(ke)(ke)土(tu),中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)火;火克(ke)(ke)金,中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)土(tu);土(tu)克(ke)(ke)水,中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)金;金克(ke)(ke)木,中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)水。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)有物(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)隔(ge)(ge)而克(ke)(ke)者,就稱(cheng)之為“間(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)勝”。顯然(ran)五(wu)行(xing)的(de)運(yun)動(dong),既是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)式,又(you)具有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)殺的(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。正(zheng)因為五(wu)行(xing)的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)和(he)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke),大自然(ran)以(yi)(yi)及賴大自然(ran)生(sheng)存的(de)萬(wan)事(shi)萬(wan)物(wu),才有四時的(de)新陳代謝和(he)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)自然(ran)平衡(heng)。
五(wu)行(xing)(xing)相生相克(ke),此其自(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理。十(shi)干(gan)十(shi)二(er)支,五(wu)運六氣(qi),歲月日時(shi),都源(yuan)自(zi)天(tian)干(gan)、地(di)支的相互為用(yong)。在天(tian)則為氣(qi),故(gu)有(you)寒暑燥濕(shi)風熱(re)(re);在地(di)則成形(xing),故(gu)成金木水火土。形(xing)氣(qi)相感,而化生萬物,這是大自(zi)然變(bian)(bian)化的規律。五(wu)行(xing)(xing)又各分陰(yin)陽,在天(tian)為陽,謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)干(gan),五(wu)行(xing)(xing)流行(xing)(xing),有(you)燥熱(re)(re)涼寒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian);在地(di)為陰(yin),謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)支,五(wu)行(xing)(xing)在地(di),春夏(xia)秋冬,有(you)四時(shi)流行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)序;其所妙用(yong),可謂變(bian)(bian)化無窮。成和子(zi)說(shuo):人稟五(wu)行(xing)(xing)以生,順天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和,食天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祿,未嘗不由乎五(wu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所取。故(gu)須辨五(wu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing),須識五(wu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性。
五行之(zhi)(zhi)用,多則(ze)太過(guo),少(shao)則(ze)不(bu)及。其氣(qi)其數,有(you)(you)(you)余(yu)不(bu)足,皆(jie)能致兇;抑揚歸中(zhong)(zhong),然后為福(fu)。生(sheng)旺太過(guo),則(ze)福(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)藏禍(huo);死絕太過(guo),則(ze)福(fu)無可(ke)(ke)托。凡(fan)命五行下生(sheng)上曰助氣(qi),主(zhu)一(yi)生(sheng)享福(fu),凡(fan)事容(rong)易受(shou)人(ren)福(fu)力(li);上生(sheng)下曰盜(dao)氣(qi),主(zhu)一(yi)生(sheng)為人(ren)所(suo)謀,多庇蔭他人(ren)。凡(fan)命造中(zhong)(zhong),五行下克(ke)上,主(zhu)沉(chen)滯難(nan)發(fa),上克(ke)下,主(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)威(wei)勢,害物,不(bu)利妻(qi)妾子孫,一(yi)般皆(jie)孤(gu)獨,生(sheng)旺則(ze)差慢(man)。書云:“五行之(zhi)(zhi)數最難(nan)詳,閑位須防勝位亡。”還有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)謂五行反制者(zhe),火(huo)(huo)(huo)多金(jin)少(shao)渾(hun)閑事,火(huo)(huo)(huo)少(shao)金(jin)多大不(bu)祥。陰(yin)陽偏出,造化(hua)不(bu)成(cheng),過(guo)與不(bu)及,皆(jie)可(ke)(ke)為患,如(ru)火(huo)(huo)(huo)多金(jin)少(shao),聚散(san)不(bu)得成(cheng)形,若火(huo)(huo)(huo)少(shao)金(jin)多,即不(bu)能成(cheng)銷煉,火(huo)(huo)(huo)則(ze)反有(you)(you)(you)灰飛煙(yan)滅之(zhi)(zhi)厄。如(ru)見過(guo)與不(bu)及,皆(jie)為不(bu)吉。《窮(qiong)通寶鑒》專論五行,不(bu)言十神(shen),在(zai)命學領(ling)域中(zhong)(zhong)獨辟蹊徑(jing),自樹一(yi)幟(zhi),后世命學家(jia)論定四時五行的(de)衰(shuai)旺喜(xi)忌,多以(yi)此(ci)書為宗。
《五(wu)(wu)行大義》云:“天(tian)生一(yi),始(shi)(shi)于北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)水;地生二(er),始(shi)(shi)于南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo);人生三,始(shi)(shi)于東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)木(mu);時(shi)生四(si),始(shi)(shi)于西(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)金(jin)(jin);五(wu)(wu)行生五(wu)(wu),始(shi)(shi)于中央(yang)土。”所以有(you)水居(ju)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang),火(huo)居(ju)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang),木(mu)居(ju)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang),金(jin)(jin)居(ju)西(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang),土居(ju)中央(yang)之(zhi)說。五(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)者,東(dong)南(nan)(nan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)中之(zhi)謂也,五(wu)(wu)行與(yu)五(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)相配合(he),即(ji):木(mu),東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang);火(huo),南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang);水,北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang);金(jin)(jin),西(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang);土,中央(yang)。五(wu)(wu)行與(yu)天(tian)干五(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)相配為(wei):東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)甲乙(yi)木(mu),南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)丙丁火(huo),北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)壬癸水,西(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)庚辛金(jin)(jin),中央(yang)戊己土。而五(wu)(wu)行與(yu)地支(zhi)五(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)相配為(wei):東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)木(mu)寅卯(mao)辰,南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)巳午(wu)未,西(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)金(jin)(jin)申(shen)酉戌,北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)水亥(hai)子丑,中央(yang)土辰戌丑未。
為了便于記憶,把五行和天干、地支聯系在一起,編成歌括:東方甲乙寅卯辰,南方丙丁巳午未,西方庚辛申酉戌,北方壬癸亥子丑,中央戊己辰戌丑未土。《黃帝內(nei)經?素問》認為:東方(fang)生風(feng),風(feng)生木(mu);南(nan)方(fang)生熱(re),熱(re)生火;中(zhong)央生濕,濕生土;西方(fang)生燥(zao),燥(zao)生金;北(bei)方(fang)生寒(han),寒(han)生水(shui)。這里(li)反映了(le)中(zhong)國大陸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,而(er)(er)命理學認為,同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命運,由于(yu)出生地(di)(di)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同,會導(dao)致命運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)和五(wu)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)合,是命理學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要內(nei)容。原因(yin)是木(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秉(bing)性溫和向陽,而(er)(er)東方(fang)正是太陽初生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)木(mu)用來(lai)(lai)代(dai)表(biao)東方(fang);火的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秉(bing)性炎上而(er)(er)至(zhi)熱(re),而(er)(er)南(nan)方(fang)氣候炎熱(re),有(you)利于(yu)萬物生長,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)用火來(lai)(lai)代(dai)表(biao)南(nan)方(fang);金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秉(bing)性清涼而(er)(er)肅殺,而(er)(er)西方(fang)正是太陽落(luo)山,草木(mu)不生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)用金來(lai)(lai)代(dai)表(biao)西方(fang);水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秉(bing)性清澈寒(han)冷,而(er)(er)北(bei)方(fang)水(shui)冰地(di)(di)寒(han),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)用水(shui)來(lai)(lai)代(dai)表(biao)北(bei)方(fang);土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秉(bing)性厚(hou)實適中(zhong),有(you)利于(yu)萬物生長,中(zhong)央地(di)(di)處東南(nan)西北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)間,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)用土來(lai)(lai)代(dai)表(biao)中(zhong)央。正如(ru)朱子所說:五(wu)行(xing)(xing)質于(yu)地(di)(di),氣行(xing)(xing)于(yu)天(tian),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)有(you)春夏秋冬,地(di)(di)有(you)金木(mu)水(shui)火,皆以(yi)(yi)(yi)時地(di)(di)相須為用。
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