日(ri)前，中國科技(ji)大學(xue)生(sheng)命(ming)科學(xue)學(xue)院田志(zhi)剛(gang)教授領(ling)導的研究小組(zu)在天然免疫研究領(ling)域取(qu)得(de)重要(yao)成果(guo)。

田志剛(gang)教授介紹說，天(tian)(tian)然(ran)免疫(yi)是(shi)機體(ti)抗細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)、抗病(bing)(bing)毒(du)和抗腫(zhong)瘤等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)防線，天(tian)(tian)然(ran)免疫(yi)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷(shang)或喪失會(hui)(hui)導致多(duo)種嚴重疾病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生。細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)脂多(duo)糖(tang)(LPS)是(shi)細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)致病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要成分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，可通過(guo)(guo)干擾肝(gan)臟重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)免疫(yi)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)——枯否(fou)氏細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)而引起爆發性肝(gan)炎(yan)。他領導的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究小(xiao)組通過(guo)(guo)動(dong)物(wu)實(shi)驗發現，用人工合成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙鏈RNA(polyI:C)預處理(li)，可以(yi)顯著(zhu)減緩由細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)脂多(duo)糖(tang)注射引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)驗小(xiao)鼠肝(gan)衰(shuai)竭，并大大降低(di)實(shi)驗小(xiao)鼠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡率。進一(yi)(yi)步研(yan)究表明，polyI:C可作用于枯否(fou)氏細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Toll樣(yang)受體(ti)3(TLR3)，降低(di)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)上(shang)Toll樣(yang)受體(ti)4(TLR4)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表達(da)，進而使(shi)細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)脂多(duo)糖(tang)失去作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)點(dian)，因為枯否(fou)氏細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)TLR4是(shi)細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)脂多(duo)糖(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合位(wei)點(dian)。該(gai)(gai)研(yan)究成果(guo)已于日前發表在國際(ji)著(zhu)名學(xue)(xue)術刊物(wu)《美國科學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)院(yuan)刊》(PANS)上(shang)。該(gai)(gai)雜志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審稿人指出，該(gai)(gai)研(yan)究工作“第一(yi)(yi)次描繪了TLR3和TLR4之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉對話，會(hui)(hui)吸引肝(gan)臟病(bing)(bing)學(xue)(xue)家和免疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)興趣。”

目前國際上對(dui)TLRs調節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)很多，但(dan)主(zhu)要集中在(zai)TLRs的(de)(de)(de)(de)類似物或者TLRs下游的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些蛋白分子(zi)。該研究(jiu)在(zai)國際上首次(ci)揭示TLRs受體之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)調節(jie)關系(xi)，對(dui)天然免(mian)疫系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)深入探討有(you)一(yi)定指導意義(yi)，同時也使學術界對(dui)爆發性肝炎(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生機制(zhi)有(you)了進一(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)了解，為爆發性肝炎(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防治提供了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)思路。

TLRs的(de)激動劑(ji)和抑(yi)制(zhi)劑(ji)有哪些

一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)類(lei)(lei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi) 1． 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)類(lei)(lei)：代表(biao)(biao)(biao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei).阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)是(shi)(shi)罌(ying)粟科（papaveraccae）植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)罌(ying)粟未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漿汁,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)少(shao)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)25種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian),嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)含(han)(han)量(liang)最高(gao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)20%左右,海洛因(yin)（heroin）和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)納(na)洛酮（naloxone）是(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)改(gai)(gai)造獲得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de). 2．人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：哌替啶（度(du)冷丁）、美沙酮 3．人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)半(ban)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：蒂巴因(yin)（Thebaine）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.15% ~ 0.8%, 為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)副(fu)(fu)產品,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)蒂巴因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)很多(duo)(duo)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)衍生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)埃(ai)(ai)托啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（Etorphine）、二(er)(er)氫埃(ai)(ai)托啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（dihydroetorphine）、特(te)(te)(te)培洛啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（diprenorphine）.埃(ai)(ai)托啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、Buprenorphine 4．內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)源性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)(duo)肽(tai)(tai)：1973年(nian)瑞典和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)美國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3個(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室均(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)找到(dao)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti).嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種外(wai)(wai)源性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什么動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)會存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)呢(ni)?從而(er)(er)推(tui)測(ce)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)源性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),掀起了(le)(le)尋找內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)源性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)樣(yang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)潮,相(xiang)(xiang)繼發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)（1975）、b-內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)（1976）和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)（1979）.這(zhe)三類(lei)(lei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)源性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)樣(yang)肽(tai)(tai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou),即其(qi)(qi)N端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4個(ge)(ge)氨(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)殘(can)基(ji)(ji)(ji)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe.1997年(nian)Zadina等(deng)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)（endomorphin）,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四肽(tai)(tai),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)級(ji)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)I. Tyr-pro-Trp-Phe-NH2 II. Tyr-pro-Phe-Phe-NH2, 它們共(gong)(gong)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)征是(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Tyr殘(can)基(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)能(neng)更換(huan), 否則即喪失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)力(li)(li),或至(zhi)少(shao)是(shi)(shi)大(da)幅度(du)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)(di).腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)d受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),強(qiang)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)k受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang),內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)m受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao),它們分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)源性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)配(pei)(pei)(pei)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(表(biao)(biao)(biao)1). 表(biao)(biao)(biao)1 主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)高(gao)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)：受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) μ 內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai) β-Funaltrexamine 羥甲芬太(tai)尼(ni) κ 強(qiang)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai) Norbinaltorphimine δ 腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai) Natrindole 廣(guang)譜(pu)μ、κ、δ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)埃(ai)(ai)托啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（etorphine）,拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)特(te)(te)(te)培洛啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（diprenorphine）. 二(er)(er)、阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)立體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)專一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),這(zhe)些(xie)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件,因(yin)而(er)(er)設想體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti).1973年(nian)Pert & Snyder、Simon、Terenius 3 個(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室分(fen)(fen)別(bie)報告用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)析法,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)地證實(shi)(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)20年(nian)不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu),終于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1992年(nian)克隆了(le)(le)δ型(xing)(xing)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),1993年(nian)相(xiang)(xiang)繼克隆了(le)(le)κ和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)μ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti). 目(mu)前(qian)(qian)被(bei)(bei)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)μ、κ、δ、σ、ε5種,較(jiao)公認的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)μ、κ、δ3種.μ（398個(ge)(ge)氨(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)）受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、κ（380個(ge)(ge)氨(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)）受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、δ（372個(ge)(ge)氨(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)）受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)G蛋(dan)白(bai)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)家(jia)族中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan). G蛋(dan)白(bai)偶聯(lian)型(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)家(jia)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、G蛋(dan)白(bai)、效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)器.目(mu)前(qian)(qian)已(yi)(yi)知與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)G蛋(dan)白(bai)偶聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)共(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)150余種,阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種,它具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)7個(ge)(ge)跨(kua)膜(mo)(mo)區(qu)(qu)段,跨(kua)膜(mo)(mo)區(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)當保守(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)幾乎是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de).三種阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)μ、κ、δ跨(kua)膜(mo)(mo)區(qu)(qu)、胞(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)段,65% ~ 70%為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)源性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),而(er)(er)胞(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)外(wai)(wai)段和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)*近N、C末端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氨(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)均(jun)(jun)不(bu)同(tong).μ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、三胞(bao)(bao)外(wai)(wai)環(huan)、κ的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)胞(bao)(bao)外(wai)(wai)環(huan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)第(di)(di)四跨(kua)膜(mo)(mo)段頂部(bu)、δ的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)三胞(bao)(bao)外(wai)(wai)環(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he). 與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)G蛋(dan)白(bai)偶聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)器主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三類(lei)(lei)：AC-cAMP、PLC-IP3/DAG、離(li)子通(tong)(tong)(tong)道（Ca2+與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)K+）,這(zhe)些(xie)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)器控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)著眾多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)指(zhi)標(biao),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)膜(mo)(mo)電位、細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)Ca+水(shui)平(ping),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)眾多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)白(bai)激(ji)(ji)(ji)酶活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing). 阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)廣(guang)泛,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞)及(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)、細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)布(bu),體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)各型(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)不(bu)均(jun)(jun)勻,并且(qie)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)種屬差異(yi)(yi). CNS：紋狀體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、杏仁(ren)核(he)(he)(he)(he)、伏隔核(he)(he)(he)(he)、丘腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)導水(shui)管(guan)周(zhou)圍灰質(zhi)(zhi)（腳間核(he)(he)(he)(he)、黑質(zhi)(zhi)、上下丘、）、孤束核(he)(he)(he)(he).（白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)密(mi)度(du)低(di)(di)(di)） μ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)覺(jue)(jue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)感覺(jue)(jue)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)整(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)路相(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)行.（小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)、心、肺未(wei)檢(jian)出(chu)） κ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)平(ping)衡(heng)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)、攝食活動(dong)(dong)(dong)、痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)覺(jue)(jue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)分(fen)(fen)泌功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan). δ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)整(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、嗅覺(jue)(jue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)識別(bie)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan).腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)達水(shui)平(ping)低(di)(di)(di). 外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)：羅(luo)氏膠質(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)、回腸(chang)肌間神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)叢(cong). 組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)：豚鼠(shu)回腸(chang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)μ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),兔輸精(jing)管(guan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)κ為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)輸精(jing)管(guan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)δ為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu). 測(ce)定阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)納(na)洛酮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pA2值(zhi),可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)確定阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing). 配(pei)(pei)(pei)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(1).鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)：β-內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最強(qiang).(2).調(diao)(diao)節(jie)心血(xue)(xue)管(guan)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)：與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)升壓有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)δ型(xing)(xing),μ、κ型(xing)(xing)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)心血(xue)(xue)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交感張力(li)(li),降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)血(xue)(xue)壓.(3)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)：阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)了(le)(le)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)干一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)元對(dui)(dui)(dui)二(er)(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)感性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing).腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肽(tai)(tai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞及(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)感受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)器都(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)同(tong)樣(yang)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong).內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)肽(tai)(tai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正(zheng)常(chang)情(qing)況下對(dui)(dui)(dui)呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)應(ying)(ying)激(ji)(ji)(ji)狀態下內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)肽(tai)(tai)大(da)量(liang)釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi).(4)對(dui)(dui)(dui)垂體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)素分(fen)(fen)泌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)：(5)對(dui)(dui)(dui)消化(hua)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞調(diao)(diao)節(jie)：(6)對(dui)(dui)(dui)免疫功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)：(7)對(dui)(dui)(dui)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)：通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)巴胺神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)來(lai)(lai)影響運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong).(8)對(dui)(dui)(dui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)：(9)對(dui)(dui)(dui)睡眠(mian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)覺(jue)(jue)醒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)：三、阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)近年(nian)來(lai)(lai),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)(he)(he)素顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)方法顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)活體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)進(jin)展較(jiao)快.所采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)11C－diprenorphine）、顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)載體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)11C－RTI-55）、顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)酶（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)MAO－B酶抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)11C－deprenyl）和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)代謝途徑(jing)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)18F－DOPA）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),根據不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)(he)(he)素及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)標(biao)記(ji)化(hua)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀器主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)PET 和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)SPECT. 總體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)來(lai)(lai)講,PET的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著優點(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)11C、15O標(biao)記(ji),不(bu)改(gai)(gai)變示(shi)蹤(zong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)高(gao),而(er)(er)且(qie)快速(su)多(duo)(duo)幀采(cai)集能(neng)夠顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)變；而(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)123I標(biao)記(ji)配(pei)(pei)(pei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)SPECT檢(jian)查(cha)價格低(di)(di)(di)廉,易得,其(qi)(qi)較(jiao)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半(ban)衰期(qi)能(neng)夠在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)注(zhu)射(she)(she)后(hou)較(jiao)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)采(cai)集圖像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),觀察平(ping)衡(heng)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)/本(ben)比(bi)(bi)(bi). 長(chang)期(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)制(zhi)(zhi)約阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)素是(shi)(shi)示(shi)蹤(zong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下幾個(ge)(ge)因(yin)素： 1．合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)原(yuan)料(liao)：對(dui)(dui)(dui)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)親(qin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)力(li)(li),特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)比(bi)(bi)(bi)至(zhi)少(shao)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2：1,具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)能(neng)夠連接上放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)(he)(he)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)結(jie)(jie)構(gou). 2．標(biao)記(ji)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)：在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)噪比(bi)(bi)(bi),合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時有(you)(you)(you)(you)足夠多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang). 3．其(qi)(qi)他(ta)限制(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)素包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：PET顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速(su)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、血(xue)(xue)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)透率,通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)血(xue)(xue)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)屏障(zhang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)(shi)(shi). 4．顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)必須為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)脂(zhi)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci),才能(neng)既(ji)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)血(xue)(xue)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)透率（需較(jiao)高(gao)脂(zhi)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)）又(you)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)脂(zhi)質(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)（需較(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)脂(zhi)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)）. 5．理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般來(lai)(lai)講,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei),拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)比(bi)(bi)(bi)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)上解離(li)下來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)度(du)要(yao)(yao)慢(man),因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)保持時間較(jiao)長(chang),而(er)(er)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)逐漸減少(shao),從而(er)(er)使特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)比(bi)(bi)(bi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)；另外(wai)(wai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)濃度(du)較(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)時即產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)副(fu)(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)11C－carfentanil, 目(mu)前(qian)(qian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)PET和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)SPECT配(pei)(pei)(pei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)見表(biao)(biao)(biao)2. 表(biao)(biao)(biao)2 現(xian)(xian)(xian)階段阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing) PET顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) SPECT顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) μ [11C]Carfentanil δ [11C]Methyl-naltrindole (123I naltrindole) μ和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)κ [18F]Cyclofoxy (123I Cyclofoxy) μ、κ和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)δ [11C]Diprenorphine (123I diprenorphine) ([11C]Buprenorphine) 帶括(kuo)(kuo)號者為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)現(xian)(xian)(xian)階段仍為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)階段,尚(shang)未(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti). [11C]Carfentanil是(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),是(shi)(shi)芬太(tai)尼(ni)類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)μ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)PET/SPECT阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般規律中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),此(ci)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例(li)外(wai)(wai).它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)強(qiang)烈,大(da)約為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1萬倍,因(yin)此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)避免副(fu)(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)（包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)標(biao)記(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)冷試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)）必須小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)0.1μg/kg,副(fu)(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)：呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)音困(kun)難.靜脈(mo)給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)后(hou),迅(xun)速(su)被(bei)(bei)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)攝取,注(zhu)射(she)(she)后(hou)30 ~ 40min腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)之比(bi)(bi)(bi)達到(dao)平(ping)衡(heng). [11C]Diprenorphine給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)后(hou),表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)輕度(du)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)naloxone相(xiang)(xiang)似(si),與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)μ、κ、δ的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親(qin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)力(li)(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong),因(yin)此(ci)它顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)μ、κ、δ阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu).靜脈(mo)給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)后(hou),被(bei)(bei)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)迅(xun)速(su)攝取,但是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)[11C]Carfentanil不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)之比(bi)(bi)(bi)無平(ping)臺期(qi),原(yuan)因(yin)不(bu)明(ming). 其(qi)(qi)他(ta)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被(bei)(bei)證實(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)適合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早期(qi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu).例(li)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru),曾(ceng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)恒(heng)河猴研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)[11C]pethidine,由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)較(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)之比(bi)(bi)(bi),后(hou)被(bei)(bei)棄之不(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),Morphine、Diamorphine、Codeine也(ye)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)樣(yang)問(wen)題.另外(wai)(wai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)被(bei)(bei)證實(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)[18F]Cyclofoxy,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)naltrexone相(xiang)(xiang)似(si),是(shi)(shi)μ、κ阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)癲癇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu).同(tong)時,δ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)[11C]naltrindole也(ye)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)志(zhi)愿者和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)顳(nie)葉癲癇患(huan)(huan)者研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu).碘標(biao)Naltrindole已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)并用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu).Buprenorphine為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)μ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)κ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)拮(jie)(jie)(jie)抗(kang)(kang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)11C標(biao)記(ji)后(hou)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)狒狒上進(jin)行了(le)(le)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu),但用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)18F標(biao)記(ji)時失(shi)(shi)(shi)敗.目(mu)前(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)上還進(jin)行著碘標(biao)Diprenorphine的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan),已(yi)(yi)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)初(chu)步研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu). 目(mu)前(qian)(qian)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)： 1．正(zheng)常(chang)志(zhi)愿者：（1〕 阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)亞型(xing)(xing)μ、κ、δ的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)（用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)[11C]Carfentanil、[11C]Diprenorphine、 [18F]Cyclofoxy）. （2） 競(jing)爭(zheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)配(pei)(pei)(pei)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)－受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)析. 2．成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)：（1）可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)卡(ka)(ka)因(yin)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)者杏仁(ren)核(he)(he)(he)(he)、前(qian)(qian)扣帶回和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)額、顳(nie)葉皮質(zhi)(zhi)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)增多(duo)(duo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)曲(qu)線(xian)評(ping)分(fen)(fen)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi). （2）酒(jiu)精(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)者與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)正(zheng)常(chang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)飲酒(jiu)后(hou)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)增多(duo)(duo). （3）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)卡(ka)(ka)因(yin)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)者研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)者（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)：酒(jiu)精(jing)、尼(ni)古丁、興奮劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)查(cha)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)很必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de). 3．癲癇研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)：（1）凝視發(fa)作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)癲癇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)（2）癲癇部(bu)分(fen)(fen)發(fa)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu). 4．疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)：（1）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)外(wai)(wai)周(zhou)疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)；（2）慢(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)風濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)節(jie)炎疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)（3）鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi) 5．其(qi)(qi)他(ta)：三種強(qiang)直性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)障(zhang)礙疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒別(bie)：Parkinson’s disease, Striatonigral degeneration, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski 綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)癥. 放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)(he)(he)素顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)助手段,它可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)檢(jian)查(cha)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)者阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng),提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供反(fan)映受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)敏(min)感性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)學(xue)(xue)數據,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)指(zhi)導治療用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)療效(xiao)觀察.對(dui)(dui)(dui)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)耐受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)檢(jian)查(cha)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)觀評(ping)估（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)肉眼(yan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)辨(bian)值(zhi)、曲(qu)線(xian)值(zhi)）,也(ye)應(ying)(ying)該包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)客(ke)觀評(ping)估（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)芬太(tai)尼(ni)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)hydromorphone競(jing)爭(zheng)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan),這(zhe)些(xie)短(duan)效(xiao)激(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)引起瞳孔大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)、心血(xue)(xue)管(guan)改(gai)(gai)變）.在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)分(fen)(fen)析檢(jian)查(cha)結(jie)(jie)果時還應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)量(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)濫用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)治療過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu). 放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)(he)(he)素顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)正(zheng)常(chang)情(qing)況下研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)途徑(jing),阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)非(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)μ受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)特(te)(te)(te)異(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)幾年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi).無論(lun)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)多(duo)(duo)數成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu),還是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)依賴患(huan)(huan)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳治療方案選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)來(lai)(lai)說,阿(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)十(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)促(cu)進(jin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)測(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)解耐受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)癮(yin)(yin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)增強(qiang)療效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機制(zhi)(zhi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據. 其(qi)(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)我也(ye)不(bu)懂看了(le)(le)半(ban)天不(bu)知用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)哪一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段回答你好(hao)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)你自(zi)己好(hao)好(hao)看看吧 職稱論(lun)文寫作(zuo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)表(biao)(biao)(biao),誠信(xin)迅(xun)捷,負責(ze)到(dao)底,有(you)(you)(you)(you)意者加(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)名!

醫學(xue)免疫學(xue)與(yu)病原生(sheng)物學(xue)思考題(ti)、平(ping)時都沒怎么(me)聽課、據說這(zhe)些考試會考、哪(na)位(wei)大(da)神來(lai)幫忙？？跪求(qiu)！！！！

試卷：選擇題20題（0.5分/題）簡答題（3分*5題）問答題（5分*3題）論述題（10分*1題）109.在學習了免疫系統的功能和各種病原生物的致病機制以后，你對免疫系統與疾病發生發展的相互關系有何認識？請展開論述。阻止疾病發生發展：①免疫防御——機體排斥“異物”、抵御病原體、維持物種與個體獨立的能力。表現：抗病原微生物侵襲。②免疫穩定——機體識別與清除自身衰老、殘損及過度反應細胞的能力。表現：對自身組織成分耐受、清除衰老細胞。③免疫監視——機體殺傷與清除異常突變細胞的能力。表現：防止細胞癌變或持續性感染。導致疾病發生發展：免疫損傷——機體免疫應答活動造成的自身病理變化。表現：超敏反應、自身免疫性疾病。110.聯系免疫球蛋白的結構，闡述抗體以哪些方式發揮免疫效應？非受體介導：①中和作用：抗體Fab段與抗原表位空間互補，從而風阻抗原生物學活性部位，使抗原的毒害作用不能發生。②激活補體系統：IgG1~3和IgM與相應抗原特異結合后，Fc段上的補體結合位點暴露，與C1q結合，激活補體經典途徑；IgG4、IgA和IgE的凝聚物可以激活補體替代途徑。Fc受體介導：①調理作用：抗體與細菌等顆粒型抗原結合后，Fc段與巨噬、中性粒細胞表面FcR結合，從而促進吞噬細胞對抗原的吞噬能力。②ADCC作用：抗體與帶有相應抗原的靶細胞特異結合后，Fc段與帶有FcR的NK等TCL結合，通過激活TCL來殺傷靶細胞。③介導Ⅰ型超敏反應作用：IgE的Fc段可與肥大、嗜堿粒細胞表面的FcεRⅠ結合，當這些IgE與變應原特異結合后，促使這些細胞活化而釋放各種生物活性物質，引起Ⅰ型超敏反應。④跨細胞輸送作用：sIgA和sIgM（主要是前者）可與黏膜上皮細胞表面pIgR結合，通過上皮細胞的轉運到達黏膜表面，承擔黏膜表面的免疫防護。⑤免疫調節作用：游離抗體可通過讓Fc段與T、B細胞表面各類FcR結合來反饋性調節T、B細胞的活化。111.聯系MHC分子的基因和結構，闡述其遺傳特點及主要生物學作用如何體現？ 遺傳特點：①單體型遺傳：同一染色體上緊密連鎖的基因群，作為一個完整的遺傳單位由親代傳給子代。原因：HLA基因復合體是染色體上緊密連鎖的基因群。②高度多態性：隨機婚配群體中一個基因座上有多個等位基因。原因：1）HLA基因復合體多數基因座上都存在復等位基因；2）HLA基因復合體中每一等位基因均為共顯性。③連鎖不平衡：兩個或兩個以上基因座位的等位基因同時出現在一條染色體上的幾率與隨機出現的幾率不相一致。原因：HLA單體型適應環境而選擇。生物學作用：①參與抗原提呈：1）HLAⅡ類分子對外源性Ag的加工提呈：Ag被APC吞入形成吞噬體與溶酶體結合后被降解成抗原肽，同時在內質網生成的MHCⅡ類分子α、β鏈與Ⅰi鏈結合成九聚體，經高爾基體與吞噬/溶酶體融合，抗原肽在HLA-DM分子協助下置換CLIP而與HLAⅡ類分子的α1、β1區結合并運送至APC表面，識別時β2區與CD4結合。2）HLAⅠ類分子對內源性Ag的加工提呈：胞質內合成的Ag以線性進入蛋白酶體被分解成抗原肽而與TAP結合進入內質網，同時合成好的MHCⅠ類分子α鏈和β2m在伴隨蛋白參與下結合為二聚體，抗原肽與其α1、α2區結合，經高爾基體通過分泌泡運送至靶細胞表面，識別時β2區與CD8結合。②參與誘導T細胞分化成熟：1）陽性選擇：能識別自身MHC分子的T細胞才能進一步分化成熟，否則凋亡。2）陰性選擇：不能識別MHC-自身抗原肽復合物的T細胞才能進一步分化成熟，否則凋亡。③約束免疫細胞間相互作用：T細胞在識別APC提呈的抗原肽的同時還須識別與抗原肽結合的MHC分子。④參與調控NK細胞：非經典HLAⅠ類分子與NK細胞表達的KIR分子結合，阻止NK細胞對自身正常組織或胎兒的殺傷；當病毒感染或細胞突變導致MHCⅠ類分子減少時，抑制作用減弱，促使NK細胞清除這些異常細胞。112.參與固有免疫的細胞和分子有哪些類型，有何共同特點？ 細胞：固有淋巴——NK、NKT、γδT、B1APC——DC、單核/巨噬其他——粒細胞、肥大分子：Ig、HLAⅠ類分子、CD、CK等共同特點：①識別對象為分子模式，包括作為外源信號的PAMPs、作為內源信號的DAMPs；②識別受體為PRRs，包括TLRs、清道夫受體、甘露糖受體；③效應方式包括吞噬殺滅作用（吞噬細胞）、體液抗感染作用（補體系統）、抑制病原體作用（IFN分泌細胞）、2型免疫反應（NHs）、炎癥過程。113.你認為T細胞的異質性主要體現在哪些方面？其異質性的存在具有哪些生物學意義？異質性體現在膜分子表達類型不同（CD4+T、CD8+T）、生物學作用不同（Th、Tc、Tr）、激活狀態不同（Tn、Te、Tm）。生物學意義：Th1：輔助或促進Tc、NK、巨噬的活化和增殖，形成以細胞毒作用為主導的細胞免疫效應，同時抑制Th2活化及效應。Th2：輔助B細胞增殖并產生抗體，形成以抗體生物學作用為主導的體液免疫效應，同時抑制Th1活化及效應。Th17：刺激多種細胞產生前炎癥因子，主導炎癥的形成過程，同時受Th1、Th2抑制。Tc：經抗原受體介導產生細胞毒作用。機制：①分泌穿孔素、顆粒酶介導靶細胞凋亡；②分泌腫瘤壞死因子、淋巴毒素與靶細胞表面受體結合，介導靶細胞凋亡；③高表達FasL介導Fas（+）靶細胞凋亡。Tr：以轉錄銀子Foxp3為特征，抑制性調節其他Te的活化增殖。114.固有免疫應答和適應性免疫應答的特點與構成是什么？他們兩者的關系是怎樣的，有何互補性？探討這兩種免疫應答機制對形成人類進化的意義？固有免疫應答特點：①識別對象為分子模式，包括作為外源信號的PAMPs、作為內源信號的DAMPs；②識別受體為PRRs，包括TLRs、清道夫受體、甘露糖受體；③效應方式包括吞噬殺滅作用（吞噬細胞）、體液抗感染作用（補體系統）、抑制病原體作用（IFN分泌細胞）、2型免疫反應（NHs）、炎癥過程。固有免疫應答構成：細胞：固有淋巴——NK、NKT、γδT、B1APC——DC、單核/巨噬其他——粒細胞、肥大分子：Ig、HLAⅠ類分子、CD、CK等適應性免疫應答特點：①識別對象為抗原；②識別受體為BCR（選擇性識別天然抗原表面存在的對應表位）和TCR（選擇性識別由APC提呈的各類抗原肽）；③效應方式分為T細胞介導的細胞免疫和B細胞介導的體液免疫。適應性免疫應答構成：細胞：αβT細胞、B2細胞分子：Ig、MHC分子、CD、CK等兩者關系：①固有免疫的成分為T細胞激活提呈抗原：DC和巨噬屬專職APC；②固有免疫的成分為T細胞亞群的分化提供指令性信息：DC及其分泌的IL-12；③適應性免疫的效應也會由固有免疫的參與而更有效和完善：抗體清除抗原作用須依賴補體系統以及吞噬、NK細胞的激活。互補性：固有應答識別對象廣泛、響應迅速、天然形成，彌補適應性應答的對象特異、響應緩慢、需后天習得；適應性應答針對性強、效應遞增、形成免疫記憶，彌補固有應答的針對性差、效應恒定、無免疫記憶。對人類進化的意義：固有免疫是生物體在長期種系進化過程中形成的一系列天然防御機制，能抵擋大多數致病因素；適應性免疫是高等生物在原有的固有免疫基礎上進化演變所形成，能就生存環境和人體的需要對某些致病因素進行針對性防御。兩者相互促進，共同保護人體免受致病因素侵害。115.什么是APC？具體包括哪些細胞，它們是如何對抗原進行加工提呈的？它們在固有免疫應答和適應性免疫應答中起到什么作用？ 抗原提呈細胞（APC）是指能捕捉、加工、處理抗原，并將抗原信息提呈給抗原特異性淋巴細胞的一類免疫細胞。專職APC包括DC、單核/巨噬、B細胞；非專職APC包括內皮、成纖維、上皮、間皮、嗜酸粒細胞等。對抗原的加工提呈：①溶酶體途徑：Ag被APC吞入形成吞噬體與溶酶體結合后被降解成抗原肽，同時在內質網生成的MHCⅡ類分子α、β鏈與Ⅰi鏈結合成九聚體，經高爾基體與吞噬/溶酶體融合，抗原肽在HLA-DM分子協助下置換CLIP而與HLAⅡ類分子的α1、β1區結合并運送至APC表面，供CD4+T細胞識別。②胞質溶膠途徑：胞質內合成的Ag以線性進入LMP并被分解成抗原肽而與TAP結合進入內質網，同時合成好的MHCⅠ類分子α鏈和β2m在伴隨蛋白參與下結合為pMHCⅠ，抗原肽與其α1、α2區結合，經高爾基體通過分泌泡運送至靶細胞表面，識別時β2區與CD8結合，供CD8+T細胞識別。在免疫應答中的作用：DC：抗原提呈、誘導和維持耐受、維持記憶、參與T細胞和B細胞的分化發育和激活。單核/巨噬：吞噬抗原、抗原提呈、合成分泌多種免疫分子。116.什么是補體？包括哪些成分，它們是如何作用的，有哪些功能？它們與固有免疫應答和適應性免疫應答是什么關系？補體是一組存在于人和脊椎動物血清、組織液和細胞膜表面的介導固有免疫防御的酶反應系統。成分：①參與MBL途徑前端反應：MBL、MASP1、MASP2、C2、C3、C4；②參與經典途徑前端反應：C1q、C1r、C1s、C2、C3、C4；③參與替代途徑前端反應：B因子、D因子；④參與共同末端：C5、C6、C7、C8、C9。MBL途徑：MBL識別結合病原體甘露糖苷，激活MASP，其中MASP2裂解C4和C2，形成C4b2a（C3轉化酶），C3轉化酶裂解C3，形成C4b2a3b（C5轉化酶），C5轉化酶裂解C5，C5b結合C6、C7，插入細胞膜后再結合C8與12~15個C9，形成C5b6789n（MAC），其中C9貫穿細胞膜，形成小孔。大量小孔形成會導致包內滲透壓降低，使細胞腫脹溶解。經典途徑：C1q同時與抗原抗體復合物的2個以上Fc段結合，激活C1r，進一步活化C1s（C1酯酶），C1酯酶裂解C4和C2，形成C4b2a（C3轉化酶），C3轉化酶裂解C3，形成C4b2a3b（C5轉化酶），C5轉化酶裂解C5，啟動末端通路。替代途徑：C3b與B因子結合形成C3bB，D因子裂解結合態B因子，形成C3bBb（C3轉化酶），C3轉化酶結合P因子才穩定，穩定的C3轉化酶裂解C3，形成C3bBb3b（C5轉化酶），C5轉化酶裂解C5，啟動末端通路。補體的功能：①溶細胞膜作用：MAC導致細胞膜溶解，可殺滅各類病原生物，也可引起免疫損傷；②活性片段介導的生物學作用：1）調理素作用：產生的調理素促進吞噬細胞對顆粒物質的吞噬；2）炎性介質作用：裂解產物引起機體炎癥反應，C5a還有趨化作用，促使吞噬細胞向抗原周圍聚集；3）免疫復合物清除作用：補體與Ig的結合在空間上干擾抑制新IC的形成，或使已形成的IC易被裂解；4）促進B細胞活化作用：裂解產物結合抗原和CD21，增強B細胞對抗原刺激的敏感性。MBL途徑和替代途徑激活于感染早期，參與固有免疫；經典途徑激活于感染后期，參與體液免疫。117.什么是生物安全？國際衛生組織對病原生物是如何分類和界定的？所謂生物安全一般指由現代生物技術開發和應用所能造成的對生態環境和人體健康產生的潛在威脅，及對其所采取的一系列有效預防和控制措施。按照其危險度等級分為4級：危險度1級（無或低個體及群體風險）：不太可能引起人或動物致病的微生物，一般不構成個體和群體危險危險度2級（中等個體風險，低群體風險）：能夠對人或動物致病，但對實驗室工作人員、社區、牲畜或環境不易導致嚴重危害的微生物。實驗室暴露可能引起嚴重感染，但對感染有有效的預防和治療措施，并且疾病傳播的危險有限。危險度3級（高個體風險，低群體風險）：引起人或動物的嚴重疾病的微生物，但一般不會發生感染個體向其他個體的傳播，并且對感染有有效的預防和治療措施。危險度4級（高個體風險，高群體風險）：能引起人或動物的嚴重疾病，并且很容易發生個體之間的直接或間接傳播的微生物，對感染一般沒有有效的預防和治療措施。118.病毒的致病機制有哪些？其感染類型如何界定和分類的？體會人類免疫系統在其中的作用及其可能產生什么后果，并作出你的評價。一、病毒對宿主細胞的直接作用：1、殺細胞效應2、穩定狀態感染3、包涵體的形成4、細胞凋亡5、基因整合與細胞轉化二、病毒感染的免疫病理作用：1、抗體介導的免疫病理作用2、細胞介導的免疫病理作用3、致炎性細胞因子的病理作用4、免疫抑制作用感染類型：1、隱性感染：病毒在宿主細胞內增殖但不出現臨床癥狀（無臨床癥狀，但仍可獲得對該病毒的特異性免疫而終止感染）2、顯性感染：①急性病毒感染：機體感染病毒后，潛伏期短，發病急，恢復快，機體往往不再有病毒。 ②持續性病毒感染：病毒在機體內持續時間較長。A、 慢性病毒感染 b、潛伏性病毒感染 c、慢病毒感染 評價兩者是矛盾的，存在對立和斗爭，就好像矛和盾的關系，只有短時間哪個厲害，不存在長久的某一方優勢119.如何觀察細菌形態？具體有哪些方法，它們各自的適用范圍是什么？答：1、無染色標本檢測法：一般用于活菌的直接觀察，可觀察細菌的動力或運動狀態。2、染色標本檢測法：①單染色法：觀察細菌的形態、大小和排列方式，不能用來鑒別 ②復染色法：既可以觀察形態，又可以對細菌進行鑒別。1、革蘭染色法2、抗酸染色法：用于鑒別結核分枝桿菌，麻風分枝桿菌等抗酸菌3、特殊染色：針對芽胞的孔雀綠-番紅花紅染色法、針對鞭毛的鍍銀染色法，以及針對異染顆粒的奈瑟染色法。120.比較各類主要寄生蟲病的病原體種類，生活史和宿主類別，試歸納其危害性取決于哪些因素？答：一、瘧疾：由瘧原蟲引起的，宿主主要是人和按蚊，生活史分為在人體內發育和按蚊體內發育， 人體內發育：1、紅細胞外期：有子孢子的雌性按蚊吸人血，子孢子隨唾液進入肝細胞，產生大量紅細胞外期裂殖子，成熟紅細胞外期裂殖體脹破肝細胞后被釋出，開始紅細胞內期發育。2、紅細胞內期：進入紅細胞后，先形成環狀體，后發育為大滋養體，裂殖體。裂殖體成熟后紅細胞破裂，裂殖體釋出，其中一部分侵入其他正常紅細胞，重復該過程。 按蚊體內發育：雌性按蚊吸帶蟲者血液，紅內期原蟲隨血液進入蚊胃，但僅有雌雄配子體能在蚊胃內繼續發育，成為雌雄配子，其他被消化，雌雄配子結合成合子，然后逐漸轉變成動合子，動合子到蚊胃彈性纖維膜下形成卵囊，卵囊發育長大，其內核和胞質反復分裂增殖，形成子孢子。 危害性取決于：二、血吸蟲病：主要由日本血吸蟲致病，宿主主要是人及牛、羊、兔、貓、狗等動物生活史：卵細胞內毛蚴發育后，分泌溶組織物質并透過卵殼，引起組織炎癥和壞死，部分蟲卵排出體外。蟲卵入水后，孵出毛蚴，侵入中間宿主釘螺體內，發育增殖，形成尾蚴，成熟尾蚴逸出螺體，浮出水面。當宿主與含有尾蚴的水接觸是，尾蚴經皮侵入宿主體內轉變成童蟲，童蟲發育為成蟲。危害性取決于：1、尾蚴：引起皮炎，多為I型超敏反應。2、童蟲：肺部引起血管炎，毛細血管栓塞、破裂3、成蟲：分泌物和代謝物和表膜可形成免疫復合物，造成嚴重的損傷。4、蟲卵：血吸蟲病的病變主要由蟲卵所致，引起組織肉芽腫和纖維化。機制主要是Ⅳ型超敏反應121.試對原核生物.真核生物.病毒的結構.傳播方式.繁殖規律.致病機制.感染類型及與宿主的免疫關系進行橫向比較？你覺得人類可以具體采取哪些方法有效控制它們，分別適合于哪些場合，能否列表具體說明？病原生物是如何應對人類這些措施及各種不良環境的，你覺得人類在與病原生物的較量中有多少勝算，說說理由？ 答：控制方式：1、物理方法：1）熱力滅菌法 a、干熱滅菌法b、濕熱滅菌法 2）輻射滅菌法 3）其他：a、濾過除菌法b、干燥法c、低溫2、化學方法：1）化學消毒劑2）化學治療劑：抗生素3、機體自身免疫病原生物1、產生抗藥性2、芽胞的生成（細菌在有利的生長環境中，控制芽胞形成的基因通常不表達，一旦這一阻遏消除，如營養缺乏，就可導致芽胞形成）常用消毒劑和使用范圍：你是否對生活中的消毒劑有完整的了解呢？讓我來給你們普及一下吧：1、高錳酸鉀; 弱氧化劑，用于皮膚，尿道消毒，蔬菜，水果消毒 2、過氧化氫 口腔粘膜消毒 3、過氧乙酸塑料，玻璃，人造纖維消毒，皮膚消毒（洗手） 4、漂白粉:地面,廁所物消毒空氣,物品表面5、漂粉精;消毒地面,墻壁,家具消毒,飲水消毒
6、氯胺;室內空(kong)氣及表(biao)面消(xiao)毒7、碘酒(jiu); 刺激皮膚，皮膚消(xiao)毒名人介紹(shao)當今人類終于消(xiao)滅(mie)了可怕的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳染病天(tian)(tian)花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，不(bu)禁懷(huai)念牛痘接種法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)始人、偉大的(de)(de)(de)(de)英國醫(yi)生琴納。琴納從牧場擠(ji)奶女(nv)工在患牛痘的(de)(de)(de)(de)母牛上感(gan)染牛痘后，而不(bu)會染上天(tian)(tian)花(hua)這一發現上得(de)到啟(qi)發。經(jing)過20多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)索(suo)、研究，發現接種牛痘漿是預防生天(tian)(tian)花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確而有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑，牛痘疫(yi)苗從此產生了。牛痘接種的(de)(de)(de)(de)成功，為(wei)免(mian)疫(yi)學開創(chuang)了廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)領域，在國際上，琴納贏得(de)了極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)贊譽(yu)。

第2章：免疫系統(tong)的基本概(gai)念和組成2021-04-11

宿主防御(yu)系統(tong)的(de)基本特征包(bao)括作為第一道防線的(de)先天組成(cheng)部分(fen)(fen)和(he)需要更長時(shi)間動員(yuan)但具有特異(yi)性(xing)和(he)記憶力的(de)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)組成(cheng)部分(fen)(fen)。如(ru)(ru)上(shang)圖(tu)所示，兩(liang)個部分(fen)(fen)并非相互獨立，而以(yi)各(ge)種關鍵的(de)方式在(zai)功(gong)能(neng)上(shang)相互關聯，如(ru)(ru)通過一些可溶性(xing)的(de)效應(ying)分(fen)(fen)子的(de)作用(yong)，這些效應(ying)分(fen)(fen)子被(bei)稱(cheng)為細胞因子

先天免疫系統在大多數生物體中以某種形式存在，它的運行遵循幾個重要原則。首先，它的速度很快。與需要幾天時間才能動員的適應性免疫不同，先天免疫系統的各個方面都能非常迅速地動員起來。例如，吞噬細胞-尤其是駐留在組織中的巨噬細胞-將通過模式識別分子檢測入侵微生物上的結構來識別感染。 Toll樣受體(TLRs) 是天然免疫系統細胞使用的一種模式識別分子。TLR可識別在一系列微生物上發現的各種物質，但不會識別宿主細胞上的物質。模式識別分子的另一個例子是補體系統的 甘露聚糖結合凝集素(MBL) ，它(ta)識別(bie)細菌、真菌和病毒表面含有甘露糖(tang)的糖(tang)分(fen)子，并幫助(zhu)激活補體級聯反應(ying)（見第20章)。MBL以溶液(ye)形式存在于血(xue)漿中(zhong)。這種模式識別(bie)分(fen)子的使用是(shi)先天系統(tong)的一個關鍵特征(zheng)。

先(xian)天系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)除了利用補體系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的血清蛋白等分子外，還(huan)利用吞噬(shi)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，主要(yao)是中(zhong)性(xing)粒細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)和(he)巨噬(shi)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，它們可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)直接與某(mou)(mou)些(xie)(xie)微生物相互(hu)作(zuo)用以(yi)(yi)保護(hu)宿主。此(ci)外，還(huan)有(you)一些(xie)(xie)在先(xian)天反應中(zhong)起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用的細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，如自然殺(sha)傷(NK)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(見(jian)第22章)，它可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過誘導程序性(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)死亡(凋亡)來檢測和(he)殺(sha)死某(mou)(mou)些(xie)(xie)病(bing)毒(du)(du)感(gan)染(ran)的細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)。另一組重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的可(ke)(ke)溶性(xing)分子也是天然防(fang)御系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的一部分，那就是干(gan)擾(rao)素(su)(見(jian)第20章)。病(bing)毒(du)(du)感(gan)染(ran)會觸發受感(gan)染(ran)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)產生干(gan)擾(rao)素(su)，干(gan)擾(rao)素(su)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)抑(yi)制許多病(bing)毒(du)(du)的復(fu)制，并(bing)且不是病(bing)原(yuan)體特異性(xing)的。

許(xu)多先(xian)天(tian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)成分(fen)--例如補體(ti)、干擾素(su)、細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)因子或(huo)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，如巨(ju)噬細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)--可以影響特定的適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)免(mian)疫系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)另一個重(zhong)要(yao)的發(fa)現-先(xian)天(tian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)相互(hu)聯系(xi)和(he)有重(zhong)合(he)的。適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)通常是(shi)(shi)由先(xian)天(tian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)觸發(fa)，只(zhi)有當先(xian)天(tian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)未能戰勝入(ru)侵的微(wei)生物，或(huo)者(zhe)入(ru)侵的微(wei)生物找到了避(bi)免(mian)與(yu)先(xian)天(tian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)相互(hu)作用的方法時，適(shi)應(ying)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)才會發(fa)揮作用。本書(shu)對先(xian)天(tian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行了比較，病(bing)原(yuan)體(ti)用來避(bi)免(mian)被免(mian)疫系(xi)統(tong)(tong)檢測的機制是(shi)(shi)后面討論的主題。

適應性(xing)免疫(yi)(yi)系統(tong)首次是(shi)在脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)物進化樹(shu)中觀察到(dao)的(de)。適應性(xing)免疫(yi)(yi)系統(tong)能夠(gou)特異性(xing)地區分自我(wo)(wo)和非我(wo)(wo)。這(zhe)是(shi)通過創建(jian)包(bao)(bao)含特異性(xing)識(shi)(shi)別(bie)分子(zi)的(de)預(yu)期防御系統(tong)來實(shi)現的(de)，該(gai)識(shi)(shi)別(bie)分子(zi)能與外來的(de)非我(wo)(wo)抗原(yuan)相(xiang)互作用。脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)物基因組包(bao)(bao)含幾個可以編碼數以百萬計抗原(yuan)識(shi)(shi)別(bie)分子(zi)的(de)基因，這(zhe)些包(bao)(bao)括抗原(yuan)受(shou)體在內的(de)基因家(jia)族能夠(gou)識(shi)(shi)別(bie)任何特定的(de)抗原(yuan)(Fig2.1)。

未成(cheng)熟的適應(ying)性(xing)免(mian)疫系統細胞“剪切并粘貼(tie)”(重組(zu))受(shou)體(ti)(ti)基因片段，從而產生這(zhe)種具(ju)有巨大多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)的受(shou)體(ti)(ti)(見第6章)。此外(wai)，一些分子機制使某些受(shou)體(ti)(ti)(或(huo)抗體(ti)(ti))在(zai)免(mian)疫反應(ying)過程中能夠在(zai)體(ti)(ti)細胞水平上進行修飾，以產生更合適的受(shou)體(ti)(ti)，也就是說(shuo)使結(jie)合更具(ju)特異性(xing)。

脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)產(chan)生(sheng)針對非自我實體的預期防御系(xi)統的能(neng)力是通過在生(sheng)殖系(xi)中復制這(zhe)些基因(yin)來增強的，這(zhe)些基因(yin)編碼的蛋白質具有結合位點(dian)并可(ke)作為受體發揮功(gong)能(neng)(Fig2.2)。

這個理解非我分子識(shi)別和響應能力(li)發展(zhan)的模型(xing)被稱為(wei)克(ke)隆選擇理論(見Fig1.3)。第(di)6章(zhang)(zhang)、第(di)7章(zhang)(zhang)、第(di)14章(zhang)(zhang)和第(di)15章(zhang)(zhang)將進一(yi)(yi)步闡述了這一(yi)(yi)理論的各個方面。

適應性免疫反應的主要特征是特異性、多樣性和記憶性。它的反應是特殊的，因為它區分不同的分子實體；它的多樣性是因為它幾乎有能力對任何可能遇到的抗原做出反應；它具有記憶性是因為它可以回憶起以前與抗原接觸的情況，并在第二次表現出更強的反應。最后一個特征是接種疫苗的基礎，如Box2.1所示。
免疫(yi)系統利用細(xi)胞(bao)(Fig2.4)和可溶性分子作(zuo)為效應(ying)器來保護宿主。它(ta)由許多(duo)不(bu)同類型的(de)細(xi)胞(bao)組成(cheng)，但都(dou)是白(bai)細(xi)胞(bao)，它(ta)們專門執行不(bu)同的(de)功能。例如，吞噬(shi)細(xi)胞(bao)，中性粒細(xi)胞(bao)和巨噬(shi)細(xi)胞(bao)等被用來非(fei)特異性地破壞(huai)入侵的(de)微(wei)生物。

成(cheng)熟細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)可以(yi)出(chu)現在血液或組(zu)織(zhi)中(zhong)，如(ru)血液中(zhong)的淋(lin)巴細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和組(zu)織(zhi)中(zhong)的樹突狀細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。淋(lin)巴細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(B細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和T細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao))提供特(te)異性免疫(yi)。B細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的產物(wu)-抗(kang)體是(shi)可溶性分子，有時被稱為(wei)(wei)體液免疫(yi)系統。細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)外的病原(yuan)(yuan)體主要被抗(kang)體清除(chu)，而細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)內的病原(yuan)(yuan)體則需要T細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和巨噬(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)來(lai)清除(chu)。與體液免疫(yi)或抗(kang)體介導的免疫(yi)相比(bi)，T細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的功能(neng)有時被稱為(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)免疫(yi)。抗(kang)原(yuan)(yuan)提呈細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)（Antigen-presenting cells，APC)，如(ru)樹突狀細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和巨噬(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(見Fig2.5)，在啟動B和T細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的激活中(zhong)至關重要。

在第10章中將介紹抗原的處理和提呈。簡而言之，APC(如巨噬細胞)吸收抗原，并使其在細胞的各個隔室中發生蛋白水解降解。這些事件被稱為抗原處理，它們是必需的，因為盡管B細胞抗原受體可以直接與抗原結合，但T細胞的抗原受體只能識別APC表面提呈的處理過的抗原。抗原肽結合在MHC分子的多肽結合槽中(見第8章)。
一(yi)些(xie)生(sheng)物體試(shi)圖(tu)逃避免疫(yi)系統，但是免疫(yi)系統已經發展出了一(yi)些(xie)反擊的方法(Box2.2)

免疫(yi)(yi)可(ke)被進一步劃分為兩種。主動(dong)免疫(yi)(yi)發生在(zai)(zai)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)對抗原起到直接作(zuo)用(yong)時(shi)--例如，在(zai)(zai)遇(yu)到病毒(du)之后(見Box4.1)。這(zhe)與被動(dong)免疫(yi)(yi)形成對比(bi)(bi)，在(zai)(zai)被動(dong)免疫(yi)(yi)中，通過(guo)將免疫(yi)(yi)細(xi)胞或(huo)血清從免疫(yi)(yi)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)轉移到未(wei)免疫(yi)(yi)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)來達到免疫(yi)(yi)目(mu)的(例如，在(zai)(zai)被狗(gou)咬(yao)傷后注射抗狂犬(quan)病抗體(ti)(ti)；見Box4.2)。狂犬(quan)病病毒(du)的抗體(ti)(ti)是在(zai)(zai)其他個(ge)體(ti)(ti)身上(shang)產生的，作(zuo)用(yong)是提供保護，這(zhe)比(bi)(bi)受傷個(ge)體(ti)(ti)自己制(zhi)造必要(yao)的抗體(ti)(ti)更快。

主動免疫(yi)應(ying)答(da)由幾個(ge)(ge)步(bu)驟或(huo)階(jie)段(duan)組成(Fig2.6)。首先(xian)是(shi)識(shi)(shi)別抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)的(de)識(shi)(shi)別階(jie)段(duan)-抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)與(yu)帶有與(yu)抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)相匹配的(de)受體細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)相遇。然后這個(ge)(ge)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)被(bei)激(ji)活并(bing)(bing)增殖(見第(di)(di)11章)。接著產(chan)生越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多的(de)相同(tong)克隆細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，這是(shi)激(ji)活階(jie)段(duan)。這些(xie)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)會(hui)(hui)經歷(li)各種(zhong)變化，即分化，以(yi)產(chan)生應(ying)答(da)。例如(ru)，B細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)經歷(li)了不同(tong)的(de)發(fa)育階(jie)段(duan)后(見第(di)(di)14章)形成了一個(ge)(ge)全新的(de)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，稱(cheng)為漿細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，它可以(yi)合(he)成并(bing)(bing)分泌大量用于清(qing)除(chu)(chu)抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)的(de)抗(kang)(kang)體分子，這是(shi)第(di)(di)三個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)，稱(cheng)為效應(ying)階(jie)段(duan)。一旦抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)被(bei)清(qing)除(chu)(chu)，就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)采取各種(zhong)步(bu)驟來降低應(ying)答(da)。這些(xie)步(bu)驟旨在調(diao)節應(ying)答(da)，防(fang)止應(ying)答(da)在抗(kang)(kang)原(yuan)或(huo)微生物被(bei)中(zhong)和或(huo)消除(chu)(chu)后繼(ji)續進行。

入(ru)(ru)侵病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)體(ti)可(ke)(ke)(ke)從動物(wu)學(xue)上分為病(bing)(bing)毒(du)、細(xi)(xi)(xi)菌(jun)、真菌(jun)、原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)或蠕蟲(chong)。例如，腸道或呼吸系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)管腔(qiang)表面(mian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)被蠕蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)入(ru)(ru)侵，皮(pi)膚表面(mian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)會受到節肢(zhi)動物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)攻擊。細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)間隙可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)會被細(xi)(xi)(xi)菌(jun)或真菌(jun)侵入(ru)(ru)。此外(wai)，病(bing)(bing)毒(du)、一(yi)些細(xi)(xi)(xi)菌(jun)和(he)寄生(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)內。一(yi)般(ban)說來，免疫系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成部(bu)分可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)根據入(ru)(ru)侵病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)棲息地(di)產生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)種(zhong)不同(tong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)免疫反應。Table2.1總(zong)結了這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)種(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)反應。重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)種(zhong)免疫反應都可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)導致非常(chang)常(chang)見疾病(bing)(bing)。隨著學(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)深入(ru)(ru)，你會讀到更多關(guan)于(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)種(zhong)類(lei)型應答的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)內容。

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染可導致短期疾病，如典型的黃疸，或慢性疾病如肝硬化、肝癌，或死亡。在美國，每年約有125萬人患有慢性乙型肝炎，約5000人死于此病。同樣，HBV通過接觸感染者的體液傳播。有一種疫苗是由酵母細胞中的質粒表達而成的重組蛋白(乙肝表面抗原[HBsAg])。在疫苗中，重組的HBsAg蛋白自組裝成病毒樣顆粒(VLPs)。在宿主免疫系統中，VLP類似于HBV，但它們不含病毒基因，也不能繁殖。
典型的疫苗接種計劃是三次肌肉注射，通常在出生時、1個月和2個月時注射。對于高危人群，如醫科學生，在接種疫苗后抽取血液樣本，以確保疫苗接受者的血液中存在足夠的HBsAg抗體。必須有10mIU/mL的HBsAg抗體才能起到保護作用。Fig2.7展示了三劑量疫苗在體內引起的抗體含量變化的曲線圖。如果一個人體內沒有10mIU/mL或更多的HBsAg抗體，就需要重復接種疫苗。
Fig2.7還說(shuo)明了初(chu)次暴(bao)露和(he)二次暴(bao)露或隨后暴(bao)露于抗原時抗體反應的差異(yi)。最初(chu)，初(chu)級反應相對較(jiao)慢，水平(ping)較(jiao)低。在(zai)隨后的免疫中，反應更(geng)快(kuai)，幅度更(geng)大。

微生物以多種方式進化以逃避免疫系統，而免疫系統也同樣發展出多種方式來反擊。先天免疫系統包括兩類細胞，它們可以對抗特殊類型的逃避機制。
寄生蟲已經適應了寄主內部的粘膜表面，尤其是腸道。這些表面是許多免疫系統機制無法觸及的，而且這種大型的多細胞蠕蟲很難攻擊。肥大細胞和嗜酸性粒細胞是先天免疫系統細胞，它們存在于粘膜表面或被招募到粘膜表面，能夠識別蠕蟲。在此過程中，它們刺激了受影響器官的粘液分泌和平滑肌收縮，于是蠕蟲失去了抓地力，而被宿主驅逐。
此外，一些病毒進化出了逃避T細胞識別適應性免疫系統的機制。例如，皰疹病毒可以抑制感染細胞中主要組織相容性復合體(MHC)分子的表達。因為T細胞使用MHC分子來檢測抗原，所以皰疹病毒感染可能無法識別。自然殺傷(NK)細則進化到能夠檢測細胞上MHC的表達水平。如果細胞上MHC的表達減少，NK細胞就能夠殺死該細胞。因此，NK細此有助于克服皰疹病毒的免疫逃避機制。
肥大細(xi)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xi)胞和NK細(xi)胞都(dou)將(jiang)在(zai)第22章詳細(xi)描述(shu)。

toll-like receptor是什(shen)么(me)意思？

病毒侵染哺乳動物會激發天然免疫反應。Toll樣受體（TLRs）表現出介導對多種病原體的識別，這其中也包括病毒。病毒基因組擁有哺乳動物基因組所沒有的特性，比如高含量的CpG和雙鏈RNA。這些基因組核酸作為和病毒侵染偶聯的分子特征。這里我們展示TLR7對單鏈RNA病毒（口蹄疫病毒和流感病毒）的識別。漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞和B細胞通過TLR7對這些病毒的識別導致協同刺激分子的激活和細胞因子的產生。另外，識別需要通過經典內吞途徑（intact endocytic pathways）。具有TLR7和TLR7受體蛋白MyD88任一缺陷的老鼠對體內口蹄疫病毒侵染的應答水平下降。這些結果說明TLR7對微生物配體的識別和提供了對天然免疫細胞在病毒病原體識別途徑中的更為深入的認識。

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