在第三屆國(guo)際傳(chuan)統醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥大會(hui)上,中國(guo)中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)研究院醫(yi)(yi)(yi)史文(wen)獻研究所朱建平研究員(yuan)(yuan)就中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)術語的(de)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)化(hua)進行了(le)簡(jian)短發(fa)言。會(hui)后,記者(zhe)與(yu)朱研究員(yuan)(yuan)就中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)術語規(gui)范(fan)(fan)化(hua)的(de)相關問題進行了(le)探(tan)討,并將他的(de)觀點(dian)整理成文(wen),希望引起廣大讀者(zhe)對(dui)中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)術語的(de)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)化(hua)更多的(de)關注(zhu)。
中醫術語規范化的重要性(xing)
眾所周知,一(yi)個學(xue)科,如果術語(yu)不規范(fan),概念模糊,就會造成學(xue)科理論(lun)體系(xi)的混亂,對(dui)于人(ren)們學(xue)習、應用以及學(xue)科自身(shen)發展,都會產(chan)生巨大障(zhang)礙。一(yi)門術語(yu)混亂的學(xue)科,很難登上國(guo)際(ji)學(xue)術舞臺(tai),甚至使其科學(xue)性遭到懷(huai)疑(yi)。所以,中(zhong)醫術語(yu)的規范(fan)化是中(zhong)醫藥學(xue)一(yi)項重要(yao)的基(ji)礎性系(xi)統工程(cheng)。
在(zai)實際工(gong)作中,不規范的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)詞(ci)術語常(chang)常(chang)見(jian)諸書刊,而(er)在(zai)臨床工(gong)作中,人們對中醫(yi)術語規范化的(de)(de)(de)重視程度(du)也不夠,這樣很容易造成中醫(yi)術語的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)亂。比如胸痹、心(xin)痛(tong)、真心(xin)痛(tong)、胸痛(tong)、厥心(xin)痛(tong)、卒心(xin)痛(tong)、暴心(xin)痛(tong)……在(zai)臨床上的(de)(de)(de)使用相(xiang)當混(hun)亂。白疕(bi),又稱(cheng)蛇虱(shi)、松皮癬、銀屑病(bing),相(xiang)當于西醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)牛(niu)皮癬;而(er)中醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)名(ming)中也有(you)“牛(niu)皮癬”,但并非西醫(yi)所說的(de)(de)(de)“牛(niu)皮癬”,相(xiang)當于西醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)神經(jing)性皮炎。至于藥(yao)名(ming),則更為(wei)雜亂。
中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)現代化的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程需要多學科參與,需要現代科技手段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投入(ru),概念(nian)清(qing)晰、規范(fan)統一的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)術(shu)語在(zai)此過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)顯得(de)尤為重要。譬如(ru)說,“證(zheng)(zheng)”是中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)學一個(ge)很(hen)(hen)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)術(shu)語,雖(sui)然(ran)“證(zheng)(zheng)”與“癥(zheng)”、“征”已有較為明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別,但(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)學術(shu)界對“證(zheng)(zheng)”、“證(zheng)(zheng)候”概念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵,近50年來一直存在(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)識,這(zhe)種(zhong)術(shu)語概念(nian)認(ren)(ren)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異直接(jie)導(dao)致中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)病(bing)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)命名、分類、診(zhen)斷標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)統一。長期以(yi)來,在(zai)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)識不(bu)(bu)(bu)統一的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),各(ge)臨床和研究(jiu)(jiu)單位(wei)開展的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨床、實驗研究(jiu)(jiu)結果很(hen)(hen)難相互交流和取(qu)得(de)共識,也就(jiu)很(hen)(hen)難推動(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)證(zheng)(zheng)研究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)現狀直接(jie)導(dao)致盡管政府和相關部門對中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥相關領域投入(ru)了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)人力、財力、精力,但(dan)投入(ru)與產出不(bu)(bu)(bu)成比例(li),造成了(le)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源浪費。又(you)如(ru),20多年來,計算(suan)機在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥領域中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷拓(tuo)展,取(qu)得(de)了(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)成績,但(dan)在(zai)名老專家診(zhen)療系統、方藥數據庫等方面也出現不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)問題,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因很(hen)(hen)多,而名詞術(shu)語不(bu)(bu)(bu)規范(fan)是其(qi)重要原因之一。
由此可(ke)見,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)術語規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)學制定行(xing)業標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(如(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)質量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)療(liao)效評價(jia)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)等(deng)(deng))、學科規范(fan)、建立我國(guo)醫(yi)學科技基本(ben)條件平臺(tai)(如(ru)科技數(shu)據共(gong)享、自然科技資源共(gong)享、科技文獻資源建設與共(gong)享服務等(deng)(deng))的(de)基礎(chu)性(xing)工作,對于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)知識的(de)傳(chuan)播,國(guo)內外醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)交(jiao)流,學科與行(xing)業間的(de)溝通(tong),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)科技成(cheng)果的(de)推廣使用和(he)生產技術的(de)發展,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)書(shu)書(shu)刊(kan)和(he)教材(cai)的(de)編輯(ji)出版(ban),特別是對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)現代化(hua)(hua)、國(guo)際化(hua)(hua),都具(ju)有(you)十(shi)分重要(yao)而深遠的(de)意義。由于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)術語形成(cheng)的(de)歷(li)史性(xing)和(he)特殊性(xing),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)術語規范(fan)成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)現代化(hua)(hua)、國(guo)際化(hua)(hua)的(de)關鍵(jian)問題之一,應當引起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)行(xing)業的(de)高度(du)重視(shi)。
中醫(yi)術語體系及其特點
中(zhong)醫學是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)傳(chuan)統科學技術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)惟一完整保留(liu)至今并以(yi)自身獨(du)(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)體系(xi)(xi)仍在繼續發展的(de)(de)(de)學科,有(you)很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命力。這種(zhong)生(sheng)命力來自于(yu)它(ta)所具有(you)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)(du)特(te)理論體系(xi)(xi)和確切的(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)床(chuang)療效。中(zhong)醫獨(du)(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)理論是(shi)(shi)由獨(du)(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian)構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de),而這些概(gai)念(nian)是(shi)(shi)由中(zhong)國(guo)獨(du)(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)所構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫術(shu)(shu)(shu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)來表述的(de)(de)(de)。中(zhong)醫術(shu)(shu)(shu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)有(you)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)(du)特(te)性,它(ta)不同于(yu)其他自然(ran)科學(我國(guo)絕(jue)大(da)多數自然(ran)科學的(de)(de)(de)術(shu)(shu)(shu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)來源于(yu)外(wai)國(guo),主要是(shi)(shi)統一術(shu)(shu)(shu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)漢譯名(ming)(ming)),大(da)多數中(zhong)醫名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)術(shu)(shu)(shu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)形成于(yu)古代(dai),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)甚至有(you)數千年的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史,并且構(gou)成了自己的(de)(de)(de)術(shu)(shu)(shu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)體系(xi)(xi)。概(gai)括而言(yan),中(zhong)醫術(shu)(shu)(shu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)有(you)四個方面的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian):
一(yi)、歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)性:由于(yu)中醫(yi)藥學成形于(yu)古(gu)(gu)代,具(ju)有一(yi)定的歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)性,名詞(ci)術語多(duo)為古(gu)(gu)代漢語,有時字(zi)即是詞(ci),如氣;有時短句也視(shi)作一(yi)個(ge)詞(ci),如木克土(tu)、肺(fei)主氣、心開竅(qiao)于(yu)舌等;更有古(gu)(gu)今詞(ci)義的演變以及古(gu)(gu)文的現代表述等。
二、人文(wen)性:中(zhong)醫學(xue)是(shi)以生物(wu)學(xue)為基礎,與(yu)(yu)理化(hua)數學(xue)交融,與(yu)(yu)人文(wen)哲學(xue)相滲透的學(xue)科,尤其是(shi)人文(wen)哲學(xue)對(dui)古代中(zhong)醫學(xue)的深刻影響,直接反(fan)映在(zai)名詞(ci)術語(yu)上,諸(zhu)如(ru)陰陽、五行、母病(bing)(bing)及(ji)子、子病(bing)(bing)及(ji)母、釜底(di)抽(chou)薪、提壺揭蓋之類,中(zhong)國傳統(tong)文(wen)化(hua)味(wei)很濃(nong)。
三、定(ding)性(xing)描(miao)述:如實(shi)喘、虛喘、冷哮、熱哮等。很少(shao)用定(ding)量描(miao)述。
四、抽象的(de)(de)概念(nian)用具體的(de)(de)名(ming)詞(ci)來表述:如五(wu)行的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)、火、土、金(jin)、水,木(mu)(mu)生(sheng)火、火生(sheng)土、木(mu)(mu)克(ke)土,火克(ke)金(jin)……
總之(zhi),中醫(yi)(yi)藥學歷史悠久,加上我國(guo)地域遼闊,方(fang)言眾多(duo)(duo),中國(guo)傳(chuan)統文化(hua)特色濃厚(hou),以及少數民族醫(yi)(yi)學、外來(lai)醫(yi)(yi)學的(de)影響,有(you)相(xiang)當部(bu)分的(de)中醫(yi)(yi)學名(ming)詞(ci)(ci)術(shu)語外延寬(kuan)泛,內涵(han)不清,常出現(xian)(xian)一詞(ci)(ci)多(duo)(duo)義(yi)、一義(yi)多(duo)(duo)詞(ci)(ci)、詞(ci)(ci)義(yi)演變等(deng)現(xian)(xian)象。中醫(yi)(yi)藥名(ming)詞(ci)(ci)術(shu)語所(suo)表述的(de)概(gai)念形式與現(xian)(xian)代醫(yi)(yi)學也不同,很難用“種加屬差”的(de)方(fang)法來(lai)規定,使得中醫(yi)(yi)藥名(ming)詞(ci)(ci)術(shu)語規范化(hua)工(gong)作的(de)任務(wu)更為艱巨。
中(zhong)醫術語規范化取(qu)得的成就
建國(guo)后(hou)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)術語(yu)(yu)規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)作(zuo),主要從三方面展開:第(di)一是組織(zhi)編(bian)纂(zuan)全(quan)國(guo)高等中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)校教(jiao)材(cai),40多年來我國(guo)先后(hou)編(bian)纂(zuan)出版了1~6版教(jiao)材(cai),幾乎(hu)覆蓋所(suo)有(you)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)分支(zhi)學科;第(di)二是編(bian)纂(zuan)出版各(ge)類工(gong)具書,如《中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)術語(yu)(yu)選(xuan)釋》、《簡明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)辭(ci)典(dian)(dian)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)辭(ci)典(dian)(dian)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)大(da)辭(ci)典(dian)(dian)》、《針灸大(da)辭(ci)典(dian)(dian)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學百(bai)科全(quan)書》中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學各(ge)分卷、《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大(da)百(bai)科全(quan)書·中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學》、《中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)學主題詞(ci)(ci)(ci)表》、《漢(han)英雙(shuang)解中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)辭(ci)典(dian)(dian)》等;第(di)三是進行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)術語(yu)(yu)規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)研(yan)究,制定行(xing)(xing)業標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、國(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),如《中(zhong)(zhong)華人民共和國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)(dian)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)病證診斷療效標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、《經穴部位》、《耳穴名(ming)(ming)稱與部位》、《中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)病證分類與代碼》、《中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)臨床診療術語(yu)(yu)》。這些(xie)工(gong)作(zuo)以及所(suo)取得(de)的(de)成就為當前進一步(bu)做(zuo)好(hao)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)術語(yu)(yu)規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)建設打下了較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)基礎。
新世紀以來(lai),國(guo)(guo)家對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥術(shu)(shu)語(yu)標準(zhun)工(gong)作(zuo)更加重視,重點開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)兩個方面的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)。一是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥學(xue)(xue)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)規范(fan)與審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)。2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)家成立全(quan)國(guo)(guo)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技術(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)委員會中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥學(xue)(xue)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)委員會,負責中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥學(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)的(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)與審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),總體計劃分三步(bu)(bu)走:第一步(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥基(ji)本(ben)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)術(shu)(shu)語(yu);第二步(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)基(ji)本(ben)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之外各科(ke)(ke)(ke)所有的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)術(shu)(shu)語(yu);第三步(bu)(bu)修訂(ding)已公布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)新出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。2000年(nian)(nian)(nian),國(guo)(guo)家科(ke)(ke)(ke)技部(bu)(bu)專(zhuan)門開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥基(ji)本(ben)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)規范(fan)化研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)”,由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)牽(qian)頭(tou)實施。2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)我國(guo)(guo)已完成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥基(ji)本(ben)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)5284個術(shu)(shu)語(yu)的(de)(de)(de)規范(fan),包括漢文名(ming)(ming)、英文名(ming)(ming)和注釋。2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)底相關內容將(jiang)(jiang)由科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)出(chu)版社出(chu)版,全(quan)國(guo)(guo)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技術(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)委員會公布(bu)。2004年(nian)(nian)(nian),國(guo)(guo)家科(ke)(ke)(ke)技部(bu)(bu)支(zhi)持(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)相關項目(mu)組(zu)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)內、婦、兒(er)科(ke)(ke)(ke)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)規范(fan)與審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”專(zhuan)題(ti)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),此(ci)后,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)外科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)、皮膚(fu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)、肛腸科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)、骨傷科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)、眼科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)耳鼻喉科(ke)(ke)(ke)等學(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)名(ming)(ming)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)也將(jiang)(jiang)步(bu)(bu)入議事日程。2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)4月,項目(mu)組(zu)已向WHO建議制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥學(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)國(guo)(guo)際標準(zhun),受(shou)到WHO西(xi)太區的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)重視,并于10月在北京(jing)召開了(le)(le)(le)相關主題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)第一次研(yan)(yan)討會,啟動了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)項工(gong)作(zuo)。
二是國家術(shu)(shu)語標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。日(ri)前(qian)國家標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)——《中(zhong)醫基礎理(li)論術(shu)(shu)語》研究已通(tong)過(guo)驗收(shou),將報請國家標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化管理(li)委員會批準(zhun)、發布。該標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)收(shou)錄(lu)術(shu)(shu)語1130條。
中醫術(shu)語規范(fan)化任重道遠(yuan)
中醫(yi)的(de)語言不(bu)同于其他(ta)學科(ke)的(de)語言,這(zhe)使中醫(yi)術語的(de)規(gui)范(fan)化工作(zuo)變得(de)非(fei)常(chang)復雜(za)而繁重。首先,一(yi)個中醫(yi)術語的(de)規(gui)范(fan)與審定,并不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)簡單(dan)確(que)定用哪一(yi)個詞的(de)問題(ti),術語的(de)確(que)定必須把它放在學科(ke)的(de)概(gai)念(nian)體(ti)系中,既不(bu)能游離于本(ben)學科(ke)之外,又(you)不(bu)能在本(ben)學科(ke)體(ti)系內出現交叉或疊加,因此是(shi)一(yi)項難度較大(da)的(de)工作(zuo)。
其(qi)次(ci),中(zhong)醫藥(yao)現(xian)代(dai)化需要(yao)(yao)多學(xue)科(ke)(ke)參與,這(zhe)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)求中(zhong)醫術語(yu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)現(xian)代(dai)的語(yu)言來表述(shu)。規范的中(zhong)醫術語(yu),不(bu)僅為中(zhong)醫藥(yao)行業(ye)使用(yong),也要(yao)(yao)為相(xiang)關學(xue)科(ke)(ke)使用(yong)。所以這(zhe)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)求在科(ke)(ke)學(xue)性(xing)的前提下(xia),用(yong)現(xian)代(dai)語(yu)言來表述(shu),同時(shi)又(you)不(bu)能丟失中(zhong)醫術語(yu)原有(you)的信息。
第三,中(zhong)(zhong)醫術(shu)語(yu)的英譯規范(fan)。由于中(zhong)(zhong)醫術(shu)語(yu)的特殊性,其(qi)規范(fan)本(ben)身就有相(xiang)當(dang)難度,這給中(zhong)(zhong)醫術(shu)語(yu)的英譯規范(fan)增加了更多的困(kun)(kun)難。一是(shi)(shi)它依賴于中(zhong)(zhong)醫術(shu)語(yu)漢名(ming)的規范(fan)程度,二是(shi)(shi)尋找恰當(dang)的英文對譯名(ming),要“雅(ya)、信、達”,不僅(jin)要形(xing)似,更要神似,這是(shi)(shi)很困(kun)(kun)難的。譬如,有關(guan)“經絡(luo)”、“經脈”的英譯就有channel、meridian、meridian and collateral、vessel。可見,中(zhong)(zhong)醫術(shu)語(yu)英譯規范(fan)的工(gong)作(zuo)還有很長的路要走(zou)。
由此可(ke)(ke)見,中醫(yi)術語規范化(hua)工作有相當的難度,任重(zhong)道遠。因此,要求(qiu)研(yan)究者(zhe)應(ying)本(ben)著將權威性(xing)寓于廣(guang)泛性(xing)之中的原則,在規范的過程中,邀請盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)多(duo)的專(zhuan)家參(can)與,組織(zhi)反復多(duo)次(ci)的專(zhuan)題研(yan)討,征求(qiu)專(zhuan)家們的意(yi)見和建(jian)議,最后(hou)(hou)產(chan)生共識。這種征詢意(yi)見的過程,實際(ji)上也為日后(hou)(hou)規范術語的應(ying)用推廣(guang)鋪平道路。
中醫(yi)術(shu)語(yu)規范化工作不是(shi)一蹴而就的,而且是(shi)有階段性的。隨著時代的發展,中醫(yi)術(shu)語(yu)的意義也(ye)會發生變化,所以要進行(xing)不斷的修訂(ding),但更要保持一定時期(qi)的確定性和穩定性。
《國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)通(tong)用語(yu)言(yan)(yan)文(wen)字(zi)法》第(di)二十五條規定:“外國(guo)(guo)人名(ming)(ming)、地名(ming)(ming)等專有(you)名(ming)(ming)詞和科學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)譯(yi)成(cheng)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)通(tong)用語(yu)言(yan)(yan)文(wen)字(zi),由國(guo)(guo)務院語(yu)言(yan)(yan)文(wen)字(zi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)部門或者其他有(you)關(guan)(guan)部門組織審定。”全國(guo)(guo)科學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)詞審定委員會就是代(dai)表國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)審定公(gong)布科技(ji)(ji)(ji)名(ming)(ming)詞的權威(wei)性機(ji)構,經其公(gong)布的科技(ji)(ji)(ji)名(ming)(ming)詞,我國(guo)(guo)各科研(yan)、教育、生產、經營(ying)、新(xin)(xin)聞(wen)出版單位均應(ying)(ying)遵照使(shi)用。因此(ci),作(zuo)(zuo)為代(dai)表國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)進行中醫(yi)藥名(ming)(ming)詞術(shu)(shu)語(yu)規范與審定的中醫(yi)藥學(xue)名(ming)(ming)詞審定委員會,應(ying)(ying)按中醫(yi)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)學(xue)的要求,以(yi)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)高(gao)度負責和不斷(duan)創新(xin)(xin)的精神(shen)來開展這項工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。在(zai)此(ci),筆者呼吁(yu)中醫(yi)藥全行業對(dui)中醫(yi)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)規范化的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)予以(yi)高(gao)度關(guan)(guan)注,也希望國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)有(you)關(guan)(guan)部門繼續支持中醫(yi)藥術(shu)(shu)語(yu)規范化工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。
人物鏈接
朱建平,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)研究院(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)醫(yi)史文獻(xian)研究所副所長,博(bo)士生導師。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)醫(yi)史雜志(zhi)》編委會(hui)(hui)常(chang)委,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)學會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)史分會(hui)(hui)常(chang)委,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)學會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)文化分會(hui)(hui)常(chang)委,全國(guo)科學技術名(ming)詞(ci)審(shen)定委員會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)學名(ming)詞(ci)審(shen)定委員會(hui)(hui)委員、秘書長兼辦公室主任。
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