土(tu)家(jia)醫(yi)認為人(ren)活(huo)的(de)(de)就是(shi)一口氣(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)口氣(qi)(qi)就是(shi)生(sheng)命(ming)之氣(qi)(qi)，是(shi)構成人(ren)體生(sheng)命(ming)活(huo)動的(de)(de)基本物質(zhi)，失去了這(zhe)口氣(qi)(qi)生(sheng)命(ming)就會(hui)終止。土(tu)家(jia)醫(yi)將氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)產生(sheng)歸屬于上中(zhong)下三元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，但主要是(shi)上元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。上元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)包括心、肺(fei)、腦(nao)，人(ren)體氣(qi)(qi)血(xue)由此(ci)而(er)生(sheng)。上元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)統攝氣(qi)(qi)血(xue)、神志(zhi)，為三元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之首(shou)；中(zhong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)肚(du)、腸、肝(gan)為氣(qi)(qi)血(xue)不(bu)斷地補充(chong)營養(yang)，使氣(qi)(qi)得以(yi)旺盛。下元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為腰子、精脬、尿脬、養(yang)兒腸等，為氣(qi)(qi)血(xue)之根(gen)。氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用主要是(shi)三元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相互協調(diao)，融合(he)貫通，以(yi)維持人(ren)體臟器(qi)、四肢、十竅、肌(ji)肉(rou)筋骨的(de)(de)正常(chang)生(sheng)理活(huo)動。所以(yi)人(ren)體每時每刻(ke)都離不(bu)開(kai)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。
1、氣病的病因病機
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)主要(yao)是人體(ti)的三(san)元之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，筋脈之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與天地之(zhi)風(feng)、寒、濕、火等(deng)外來之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相合(he)而(er)(er)生(sheng)產濕氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、寒氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、火氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，使(shi)體(ti)內某(mou)一臟器或(huo)某(mou)一部位(wei)的功能(neng)活動愛到破壞而(er)(er)導(dao)致氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)的發生(sheng)，進(jin)而(er)(er)出現一系(xi)列(lie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)的病(bing)(bing)理變(bian)化及臨床表現。土家醫民間流(liu)傳著“百病(bing)(bing)都生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”之(zhi)說。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)在人體(ti)任何均(jun)可(ke)發生(sheng)，譬如氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)滯(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)腦易患(huan)(huan)癲狂癇(xian)、慪(ou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)、頭痛病(bing)(bing)等(deng)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)阻于(yu)(yu)(yu)胸患(huan)(huan)岔氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、悶氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)、肝(gan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雍(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)肚(du)腸(chang)患(huan)(huan)肚(du)脹氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、肚(du)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)、胃氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)痛等(deng)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)停于(yu)(yu)(yu)肌(ji)肉關節(jie)患(huan)(huan)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、走氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)、濕氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)等(deng)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)停于(yu)(yu)(yu)胸肺患(huan)(huan)隔氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)、肺脹氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、咯病(bing)(bing)等(deng)。風(feng)、寒、濕、火、勞傷過度、慪(ou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)久病(bing)(bing)大病(bing)(bing)之(zhi)后均(jun)可(ke)導(dao)致氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)的發生(sheng)。
2、氣病的分類
土(tu)家醫將氣(qi)(qi)病分(fen)為24種(zhong)，即有氣(qi)(qi)病、岔氣(qi)(qi)、肚(du)(du)腸氣(qi)(qi)、疝氣(qi)(qi)、憂(you)氣(qi)(qi)、腫氣(qi)(qi)、肚(du)(du)中(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)、心氣(qi)(qi)痛、肚(du)(du)氣(qi)(qi)痛、慪氣(qi)(qi)、中(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)、走氣(qi)(qi)痛、氣(qi)(qi)囊脬、寒氣(qi)(qi)、濕氣(qi)(qi)、炎氣(qi)(qi)、風氣(qi)(qi)、隔氣(qi)(qi)、冷氣(qi)(qi)、氣(qi)(qi)腫、氣(qi)(qi)虛、熱(re)氣(qi)(qi)虛、肝氣(qi)(qi)虛、氣(qi)(qi)陷等。
3、氣病的主要(yao)臨床(chuang)表現
氣病(bing)根(gen)據(ju)其所患部位不同(tong)而臨床表現(xian)各異，現(xian)將幾(ji)種主(zhu)要氣病(bing)臨床表現(xian)例舉(ju)如下：
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)虛見(jian)(jian)頭昏眼花、少氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無力、拖腳不(bu)走(zou)起(qi)(qi)，經常汗出(chu)、面色(se)蒼白(bai)；心(xin)(xin)(xin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)見(jian)(jian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)窩偏左悶(men)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甚者(zhe)突然(ran)錐刺痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)、指甲(jia)殼變烏色(se)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)夠用等(deng)(deng)；肚(du)(du)(du)腸(chang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)(jian)肚(du)(du)(du)子(zi)飽脹不(bu)適(shi)，時(shi)(shi)有(you)脹痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在肚(du)(du)(du)腸(chang)中(zhong)走(zou)竄，打膈、噯氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、不(bu)欲(yu)食等(deng)(deng)；肚(du)(du)(du)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)見(jian)(jian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)窩部(bu)常隱隱作痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、饑餓時(shi)(shi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)劇(ju)、吐(tu)清水(shui)，食少等(deng)(deng)；肝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)見(jian)(jian)右排(pai)叉(cha)骨下疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，呃逆、體倦無力、口(kou)苦(ku)食少等(deng)(deng)；岔氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)(jian)兩排(pai)叉(cha)骨及(ji)背部(bu)突然(ran)發(fa)生如(ru)刀絞樣刺痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，動(dong)則(ze)加劇(ju)，呼吸時(shi)(shi)亦痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甚，痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)外不(bu)定有(you)走(zou)動(dong)。時(shi)(shi)發(fa)時(shi)(shi)止；慪(ou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病見(jian)(jian)胸悶(men)、心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)、煩躁(zao)、心(xin)(xin)(xin)里如(ru)物(wu)梗(geng)著一個坨(tuo)，嘆氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，不(bu)想食東西，夜間難入睡，夢(meng)(meng)多等(deng)(deng)；帥氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)(jian)整個囊(nang)脬或(huo)(huo)(huo)一側腫大，皮色(se)不(bu)變或(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)紅色(se)，時(shi)(shi)發(fa)時(shi)(shi)消，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)肚(du)(du)(du)子(zi)脹痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，活動(dong)后加重等(deng)(deng)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)囊(nang)脬見(jian)(jian)整個囊(nang)服或(huo)(huo)(huo)肌(ji)肌(ji)迅(xun)速腫大疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，色(se)紅發(fa)亮(liang)，灼熱、行(xing)路不(bu)便(bian)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便(bian)澀痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)難解等(deng)(deng)；冷(leng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)肚(du)(du)(du)子(zi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)臍(qi)周冷(leng)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，手足(zu)冷(leng)涼，全身清冷(leng)，食差、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便(bian)清長等(deng)(deng)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)窒見(jian)(jian)肚(du)(du)(du)子(zi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)兩排(pai)叉(cha)骨脹痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，竄走(zou)不(bu)定，疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)輕時(shi)(shi)重，慪(ou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)勞(lao)累后痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加劇(ju)等(deng)(deng)；火氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是肚(du)(du)(du)子(zi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，解大便(bian)硬結，有(you)時(shi)(shi)大便(bian)帶血，口(kou)干燥、欲(yu)飲冷(leng)涼水(shui)、喉嚨痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、鼻子(zi)干、口(kou)中(zhong)起(qi)(qi)泡、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便(bian)黃(huang)等(deng)(deng)；膽氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)虛見(jian)(jian)膽小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)怕事(shi)，夢(meng)(meng)中(zhong)驚嚇(xia)，做怪夢(meng)(meng)惡(e)夢(meng)(meng)，遇(yu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)事(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)緊等(deng)(deng)；風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)(jian)四肢(zhi)關節竄走(zou)疼痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)變化或(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)累或(huo)(huo)(huo)寒(han)冷(leng)時(shi)(shi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)易復(fu)發(fa)，重者(zhe)有(you)關節紅腫變形等(deng)(deng)。
4、氣病的治法
以調節(jie)體內氣(qi)(qi)血平衡，使三(san)元功(gong)能協調，氣(qi)(qi)血通暢無(wu)阻，一(yi)(yi)般用(yong)行氣(qi)(qi)、理氣(qi)(qi)、破氣(qi)(qi)、降氣(qi)(qi)等法治(zhi)(zhi)之。治(zhi)(zhi)療氣(qi)(qi)病的主要藥(yao)物(wu)補氣(qi)(qi)藥(yao)有：小(xiao)人參(can)、白三(san)七(qi)(qi)、綠升麻(ma)、肉羅漢、竹根(gen)七(qi)(qi)、七(qi)(qi)葉膽、八月瓜(gua)、兒(er)多(duo)母苦、高梁七(qi)(qi)等；趕氣(qi)(qi)藥(yao)有：九(jiu)牛造、巴巖香(xiang)、八角蓮、土(tu)防風、四方(fang)消(xiao)、木姜子(zi)(zi)、青木香(xiang)、香(xiang)藤(teng)野(ye)胡蔥、見風消(xiao)、麝、蘿卜籽等；理氣(qi)(qi)藥(yao)有：柑(gan)子(zi)(zi)皮、辣子(zi)(zi)七(qi)(qi)、開(kai)喉箭、隔(ge)山(shan)(shan)消(xiao)、見腫消(xiao)、尋骨風、艾蒿、水(shui)菖蒲、趕山(shan)(shan)鞭等；破氣(qi)(qi)藥(yao)有：狗(gou)屎柑(gan)、青柑(gan)子(zi)(zi)、牛血蓮、陣(zhen)天雷(lei)、土(tu)蟲、馬蹄香(xiang)、大(da)救駕、土(tu)當歸(gui)等；降氣(qi)(qi)藥(yao)有阿魏、百味蓮、柿柄把(ba)、東古殼(ke)、三(san)步跳、山(shan)(shan)苦瓜(gua)、回頭青、吳萸(yu)子(zi)(zi)、收山(shan)(shan)虎等。用(yong)法：：一(yi)(yi)般用(yong)干(gan)品5～15g、生藥(yao)加倍，水(shui)煎服(fu)或做成(cheng)蜜丸(wan)或研末吞服(fu)亦(yi)可泡酒服(fu)。如麝香(xiang)昂貴用(yong)量(liang)小(xiao)，一(yi)(yi)般用(yong)2～6分，不(bu)入煎劑，沖服(fu)。三(san)步跳有小(xiao)毒，用(yong)時宜制。
總之(zhi)土家醫(yi)對氣病(bing)(bing)從病(bing)(bing)因病(bing)(bing)理、臨床(chuang)表現、治法、方藥及服用方法等方面有比較全面認(ren)識。此文僅作(zuo)一簡要論(lun)述(shu)，供同道參考。
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