隨著醫(yi)學模式的(de)轉(zhuan)變,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質(zhi)量(liang)(或稱生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)質(zhi)量(liang)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活質(zhi)量(liang),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)質(zhi)素等,qualityoflife,QOL)的(de)概(gai)念(nian)引(yin)入醫(yi)學研(yan)究(jiu)中,尤其近20年(nian)來,健康(kang)(kang)相關生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質(zhi)量(liang)(health-relatedqualityoflife)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)引(yin)人注目,歐美一些發達國家已將其廣泛應用(yong)于臨床試驗、衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)政策的(de)制定(ding)、衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資源效益(yi)的(de)評(ping)價等〔1〕,主(zhu)要(yao)涉及(ji)癌癥、心腦血管(guan)病(bing)、老年(nian)病(bing)及(ji)其他慢(man)性病(bing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)測評(ping),人群和患(huan)者的(de)健康(kang)(kang)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)評(ping)價,臨床治療方案的(de)評(ping)價與(yu)選擇,預防性干預及(ji)保健措施(shi)的(de)效果(guo)評(ping)價,并影響著衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資源配(pei)置與(yu)利用(yong)的(de)決策等〔2,3〕。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)病(bing)又稱卒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),《內經》有(you)"仆擊"、"大厥(jue)"、"薄厥(jue)"、"偏(pian)(pian)枯"、"偏(pian)(pian)風(feng)(feng)"、"痱風(feng)(feng)"、"身(shen)偏(pian)(pian)不用"之稱。張仲景《金匱要略(lve)》則專(zhuan)立"中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)病(bing)篇",對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)病(bing)的病(bing)機、脈證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)論(lun)述頗(po)詳(xiang),且根據臨床證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)候及病(bing)情(qing)的輕重將(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)分(fen)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)絡、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腑、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)臟。《諸病(bing)源候論(lun)》更是將(jiang)(jiang)"中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)候"等(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)有(you)關內容列(lie)為全書篇首(shou),詳(xiang)論(lun)其病(bing)因、證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)候、治(zhi)(zhi)法(針(zhen)灸)及預后。厥(jue)后,經過孫思(si)邈(miao)、戴思(si)恭、沈金鰲、劉(liu)完素、李東(dong)垣(yuan)、李中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)梓、葉天士、王清任等(deng)許多(duo)醫家對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)病(bing)進行(xing)了(le)不斷(duan)研(yan)究(jiu),對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)病(bing)病(bing)因病(bing)機、分(fen)類證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)候、預后方面的認識逐漸深入,治(zhi)(zhi)法方藥上積(ji)累(lei)了(le)豐富的經驗(yan)。
1中(zhong)風病生存質量的測定方(fang)法
關(guan)于生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的測(ce)定(ding)方法(fa)(fa),萬(wan)崇華歸納為訪談(tan)法(fa)(fa)、觀察法(fa)(fa)、主觀報告法(fa)(fa)、癥狀定(ding)式檢查(cha)法(fa)(fa)、標準化量(liang)(liang)表(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa)5種(zhong)〔2〕;國外則將中(zhong)風患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的測(ce)定(ding)方法(fa)(fa)分為數量(liang)(liang)估計法(fa)(fa)、配對比較(jiao)法(fa)(fa)、目測(ce)或(huo)圖表(biao)(biao)類比分級法(fa)(fa)、分類評(ping)分法(fa)(fa)(或(huo)稱(cheng)量(liang)(liang)表(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa))4種(zhong)〔4〕。目前,生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的測(ce)定(ding)有(you)問卷(juan)、訪談(tan)、信訪等(deng)形式,而問卷(juan)是(shi)必不可少(shao)的,問卷(juan)中(zhong)又以量(liang)(liang)表(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa)最為常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)標準化量(liang)(liang)表(biao)(biao)評(ping)定(ding)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)目前國內外廣為采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的方法(fa)(fa),鄭良成等(deng)〔5〕對腦梗死患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)行調查(cha)以及徐曉云等(deng)〔6〕對腦梗死患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)康復期生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)行研究時均采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了標準量(liang)(liang)表(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa)。但也有(you)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)訪談(tan)與信訪者(zhe)(zhe),如黃(huang)力平等(deng)〔7〕對130例腦卒中(zhong)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)活滿意(yi)度進(jin)行調查(cha)時即采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)郵(you)寄調查(cha)量(liang)(liang)表(biao)(biao)和(he)訪談(tan)方式相結(jie)合;張駿(jun)等(deng)〔8〕對150例中(zhong)風患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)發病后(hou)6~9個月的生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)行調查(cha)時采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了訪談(tan)法(fa)(fa)。
應(ying)(ying)注意,量(liang)表(biao)應(ying)(ying)由(you)患者自(zi)己(ji)填(tian)寫(xie),即使采用訪談(tan)法(fa),亦應(ying)(ying)讓患者自(zi)己(ji)作出生(sheng)存質量(liang)與健康的(de)有關判(pan)斷,而不宜由(you)他(ta)人代(dai)理填(tian)表(biao)。確因病(bing)情只能由(you)他(ta)人代(dai)填(tian)時(shi),他(ta)人填(tian)寫(xie)的(de)量(liang)表(biao)不宜納入患者填(tian)寫(xie)的(de)自(zi)評量(liang)表(biao)一(yi)起統計分(fen)析。
2量表的應用與研究
量(liang)表是(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)生存質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)工(gong)具和(he)尺度,目前(qian)在中(zhong)(zhong)風病生存質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)常用的(de)量(liang)表有(you)生存質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)指(zhi)(zhi)數(QLI)、EuroQOL調查(cha)表、疾病影響問卷(SIP)、Nottingham健康問卷(NHP)、健康測量(liang)量(liang)表MOSSF-36、Karnofsky操(cao)作量(liang)表(KPSS)、健康質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)量(liang)表(QWBS)、Niemi的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)風生存質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)研(yan)究(jiu)量(liang)表、Frenchay活動指(zhi)(zhi)數(FAI)等10余種,其中(zhong)(zhong)后二者為中(zhong)(zhong)風專(zhuan)用量(liang)表。
蔡亞平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔9〕在(zai)(zai)對(dui)自然人群(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)194例腦(nao)血(xue)管病(bing)存活(huo)(huo)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)進行(xing)(xing)隨訪時(shi)(shi)應用了(le)Spitzer-QLI評(ping)分(fen)(fen)表。鄭良(liang)成(cheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔5〕在(zai)(zai)對(dui)69例腦(nao)梗死患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)治療后2周和(he)8周生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)進行(xing)(xing)比較分(fen)(fen)析時(shi)(shi),亦采(cai)用Spitzer-QLI。高(gao)謙(qian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔10〕認(ren)為QLI測定(ding)腦(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)有效,且簡(jian)單、易用,患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完成(cheng)率高(gao)。徐曉云等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔6〕在(zai)(zai)探(tan)討腦(nao)梗死患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)康(kang)復期認(ren)知(zhi)改(gai)變與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)和(he)保護因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),使用何成(cheng)松等(deng)(deng)(deng)編制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)表等(deng)(deng)(deng)。黃力平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔7〕對(dui)腦(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后長期存活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)130例患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)滿意度(du)進行(xing)(xing)調查(cha)時(shi)(shi)采(cai)用Fugl-Meyer量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)表。日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)能力是反應中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要指標(biao),朱冬勝等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔11〕在(zai)(zai)治療腦(nao)出血(xue)時(shi)(shi),采(cai)用BartheIndex量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)表對(dui)該指標(biao)進行(xing)(xing)對(dui)比觀察。劉(liu)朝杰等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔12〕則是采(cai)用日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)表(ADL)、情感平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)表和(he)社會健康(kang)指標(biao)對(dui)47例腦(nao)血(xue)管病(bing)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)進行(xing)(xing)了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)評(ping)價。袁鴻江等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔13〕在(zai)(zai)對(dui)腦(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后6~9個月與2a的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)進行(xing)(xing)比較時(shi)(shi)運用了(le)健康(kang)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)表SF-36(簡(jian)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)36條目(mu)問卷(juan)),并認(ren)為SF-36反映(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康(kang)維度(du)廣,簡(jian)單易行(xing)(xing),患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)容易接受(shou),可用于評(ping)估中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。李凌江等(deng)(deng)(deng)〔14〕編制(zhi)了(le)慢(man)性(xing)腦(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)評(ping)估問卷(juan)(QOLI-CAP),包括(kuo)軀體(ti)健康(kang)、社會功能、疾病(bing)癥狀維度(du)、心(xin)理健康(kang)4個維度(du),并評(ping)價信度(du)、效度(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng),認(ren)為可用于慢(man)性(xing)腦(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)評(ping)價。
從以上可(ke)見(jian),目(mu)前(qian)國內(nei)使用的中風病的生存質(zhi)量(liang)量(liang)表多數為國外翻譯過(guo)來的量(liang)表,亦有一些(xie)量(liang)表是國內(nei)學者自己(ji)制定(ding)的,是否得到同行的認可(ke),目(mu)前(qian)尚無(wu)定(ding)論,有待進一步研究。
3生存質量測定的內(nei)容
由于對生(sheng)存質(zhi)量(liang)概(gai)念(nian)的理解不(bu)(bu)同,測(ce)定方(fang)式或(huo)研(yan)(yan)究目的有別,生(sheng)存質(zhi)量(liang)測(ce)定的內(nei)容可能(neng)不(bu)(bu)盡相同。WHOQOL-100是個普適性(xing)量(liang)表(biao),主要就生(sheng)理、心(xin)理、獨立性(xing)、社(she)會(hui)(hui)關(guan)系(xi)、環(huan)境和(he)精神或(huo)宗教(jiao)信(xin)仰6個領域(yu)24個方(fang)面進(jin)行評(ping)價(jia)〔15〕。WHOQOL-BREF則(ze)將其簡化為生(sheng)理、心(xin)理、社(she)會(hui)(hui)關(guan)系(xi)、環(huan)境4個領域(yu)。Spitzer-QLI評(ping)分(fen)(fen)(fen)表(biao)從勞動能(neng)力、日常生(sheng)活能(neng)力、健康狀(zhuang)況、照顧(gu)及(ji)情緒5個方(fang)面綜合(he)評(ping)價(jia)患(huan)(huan)者各個時期的生(sheng)存質(zhi)量(liang)。SF-36包(bao)括(kuo)總體(ti)健康、軀體(ti)功能(neng)、生(sheng)理性(xing)角色功能(neng)受(shou)限(xian)、情感性(xing)角色功能(neng)受(shou)限(xian)、社(she)會(hui)(hui)功能(neng)、疼痛(tong)、活力、精神健康8個領域(yu)。Niemi的中風生(sheng)存質(zhi)量(liang)研(yan)(yan)究量(liang)表(biao)將QOL分(fen)(fen)(fen)為工作條件(jian)、家務活動、家庭(ting)(ting)關(guan)系(xi)、閑暇和(he)戶外活動4大(da)類(lei)40項(xiang),每項(xiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)下降(或(huo)惡化)、無變(bian)化、提高(發展)3級分(fen)(fen)(fen)別計(ji)1、0、1分(fen)(fen)(fen)。何成(cheng)松等編制的腦卒中患(huan)(huan)者生(sheng)活質(zhi)量(liang)量(liang)表(biao)包(bao)括(kuo)工作和(he)經濟(ji)狀(zhuang)況、家務活動、家庭(ting)(ting)關(guan)系(xi)、休(xiu)閑活動及(ji)戶外活動、心(xin)理評(ping)估5個因子,共計(ji)25個條目,每個條目分(fen)(fen)(fen)6個級別〔16〕。
綜合用(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)病(bing)生(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)研究的(de)(de)疾病(bing)專(zhuan)表(biao)和普適性量(liang)表(biao)涉及10余個(ge)(ge)領域(yu),其核(he)心內(nei)(nei)容為軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)、心理功(gong)(gong)能(neng)、社會關系、經濟(ji)條件或(huo)環境領域(yu)、疾病(bing)癥狀(zhuang)、獨立生(sheng)活能(neng)力等,另設(she)總體(ti)(ti)(ti)生(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、總體(ti)(ti)(ti)健(jian)康狀(zhuang)況等。就中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)病(bing)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容而言(yan),有(you)一(yi)部分(如偏癱(tan)(tan)、飲食、睡眠等)散見于(yu)軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)、疾病(bing)癥狀(zhuang)等維度(du)(du)內(nei)(nei),但目前用(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)病(bing)生(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)測定的(de)(de)量(liang)表(biao)幾(ji)乎沒有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)辨證施治(zhi)用(yong)的(de)(de)特征性內(nei)(nei)容(如口舌歪斜(xie)、語(yu)言(yan)謇(jian)澀(se)、口角流涎(xian)、腰膝酸軟(ruan)(ruan)、肢(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)強痙或(huo)癱(tan)(tan)軟(ruan)(ruan)、畏寒肢(zhi)冷、五心煩熱、便秘、口干(gan)、口苦等),而這些內(nei)(nei)容卻不同程度(du)(du)地影(ying)響著患者的(de)(de)生(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。筆者認(ren)為,制訂適用(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)研究的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)病(bing)生(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)量(liang)表(biao)勢(shi)在(zai)必行(xing),制訂量(liang)表(biao)時,當須考慮加(jia)入有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)特色的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容,并宜設(she)立一(yi)個(ge)(ge)獨立的(de)(de)維度(du)(du),如此則既可以(yi)用(yong)于(yu)評估中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)治(zhi)法方藥(yao)(yao)等干(gan)預因素對中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)病(bing)生(sheng)存(cun)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)影(ying)響,又可以(yi)和國外或(huo)國內(nei)(nei)西醫(yi)同類(lei)研究進行(xing)比較。
4影響中風病(bing)生存質量因素(su)的研究
研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)有(you)利于(yu)采取各(ge)種預防或(huo)干(gan)預措(cuo)施,促進生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)。目前此類(lei)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)報(bao)道頗(po)多,其(qi)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)結(jie)論不(bu)盡相同(tong)(tong)(tong),通常認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)有(you)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)別、發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)年齡(ling)(ling)、發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)部位、中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)類(lei)型(出(chu)血(xue)或(huo)缺(que)血(xue))、病(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)狀態(tai)、軀體(ti)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)環境(jing)、經(jing)(jing)濟條(tiao)件、各(ge)種治療干(gan)預措(cuo)施、康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)、護(hu)理(li)(li)應用(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。King〔17〕認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)后(hou)(hou)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)均有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)程(cheng)度下降,年長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)較(jiao)年齡(ling)(ling)偏小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)下降更為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明顯(xian);Neau等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔18〕則認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)缺(que)損(sun)、社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)心理(li)(li)障礙(ai)、性(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)壓抑等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)嚴重影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。顏艷等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔19〕通過(guo)對278例中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)回(hui)顧性(xing)(xing)調查發(fa)現(xian),患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)病(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)迅(xun)速下降,半(ban)年內開始回(hui)升(sheng),以后(hou)(hou)趨于(yu)穩定,但仍(reng)明顯(xian)低于(yu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)前;在對可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)27個(ge)(ge)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(年齡(ling)(ling)、性(xing)(xing)別、文化(hua)程(cheng)度、同(tong)(tong)(tong)住(zhu)成(cheng)員、婚姻(yin)(yin)狀況(kuang)、經(jing)(jing)濟收(shou)入(ru)、卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型、門診(zhen)次數(shu)、住(zhu)院次數(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))進行模型擬(ni)合和方差分(fen)析后(hou)(hou)發(fa)現(xian),影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)主要因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腦(nao)(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型(出(chu)血(xue)性(xing)(xing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)更大(da))、年齡(ling)(ling)、家庭護(hu)理(li)(li)誤(wu)工(gong)數(shu)、喪失勞動力天數(shu),并認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)加強急(ji)性(xing)(xing)期后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)作(zuo)、促進各(ge)種功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)障礙(ai)的(de)(de)恢復(fu)(fu)十分(fen)重要。劉(liu)朝杰等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔12〕分(fen)析了年齡(ling)(ling)、性(xing)(xing)別、文化(hua)程(cheng)度、婚姻(yin)(yin)狀況(kuang)、家庭人(ren)口數(shu)、住(zhu)址、職業、人(ren)均收(shou)入(ru)、費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)負擔形式、病(bing)(bing)(bing)程(cheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)?蛩(qiong)囟隕嬤柿康(kang)(kang)(kang)撓(nao)跋旌蠓⑾鄭渲?個(ge)(ge)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)有(you)統計(ji)學差異,這7個(ge)(ge)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)是年齡(ling)(ling)、文化(hua)程(cheng)度、婚姻(yin)(yin)狀況(kuang)(有(you)偶者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)優(you)于(yu)無偶者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe))、住(zhu)址、職業、人(ren)均收(shou)入(ru)、費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)負擔形式(非自費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)優(you)于(yu)自費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)、心理(li)(li)康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)、社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)要同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)進行。鄭良(liang)成(cheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔5〕在對17個(ge)(ge)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)改善腦(nao)(nao)梗死(si)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)進行分(fen)析后(hou)(hou)發(fa)現(xian),病(bing)(bing)(bing)變部位、收(shou)入(ru)、臨(lin)床(chuang)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)、MESSS評(ping)分(fen)、糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)5個(ge)(ge)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)是影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)腦(nao)(nao)梗死(si)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)改善的(de)(de)主要因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)。各(ge)種干(gan)預因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)如中(zhong)(zhong)西藥物、治法、針灸、推拿(na)、按摩等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)都(dou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)〔2,10〕。夏四元(yuan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔20〕將(jiang)96例患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)組對照(zhao)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)后(hou)(hou)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),腦(nao)(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)護(hu)理(li)(li)對神(shen)經(jing)(jing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)恢復(fu)(fu)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)改善有(you)一(yi)定作(zuo)用(yong),康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)護(hu)理(li)(li)絕不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)僅(jin)僅(jin)停留(liu)在神(shen)經(jing)(jing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方面,更需加強生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)護(hu)理(li)(li)。倪(ni)朝民等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔21〕通過(guo)臨(lin)床(chuang)對照(zhao)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)后(hou)(hou)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),早期康(kang)(kang)(kang)復(fu)(fu)可(ke)明顯(xian)降低急(ji)性(xing)(xing)腦(nao)(nao)卒(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)殘疾,提(ti)高(gao)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。顏丹紅等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔22〕對腦(nao)(nao)血(xue)管病(bing)(bing)(bing)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)進行調查后(hou)(hou)發(fa)現(xian),患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)明顯(xian)下降,尤(you)以勞動工(gong)作(zuo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力、日(ri)常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力、健康(kang)(kang)(kang)狀況(kuang)明顯(xian),病(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)期影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong),提(ti)示應根(gen)據患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)特(te)點采取相應的(de)(de)措(cuo)施。張運克(ke)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)〔23〕認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),盡力改善或(huo)保留(liu)機體(ti)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、調節(jie)和克(ke)服心理(li)(li)障礙(ai)、加強患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)自理(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)訓練、創造良(liang)好社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)環境(jing)、締結(jie)良(liang)好社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)關系是提(ti)高(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)重要措(cuo)施。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)數千年(nian)來一直在(zai)對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風的(de)(de)病(bing)因、病(bing)機、治(zhi)法(fa)、方(fang)藥(yao)不(bu)斷進(jin)行探索,在(zai)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風患(huan)者的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量方(fang)面積累了豐富(fu)經驗(yan),然(ran)(ran)而這些畢竟與現代(dai)(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)內(nei)涵不(bu)盡相同。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)采(cai)(cai)用問診形式了解患(huan)者生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量情(qing)況,而不(bu)是讓患(huan)者自己(ji)填(tian)表(biao)(biao);中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)治(zhi)療中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風病(bing)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量雖然(ran)(ran)療效頗(po)佳,但由于沒有(you)(you)運(yun)(yun)用當(dang)今世界(jie)上(shang)普遍(bian)采(cai)(cai)用的(de)(de)科學評價方(fang)法(fa)對其(qi)資料(liao)進(jin)行處理,因而難以得到(dao)國(guo)際醫(yi)學界(jie)的(de)(de)認(ren)可。如能在(zai)WHO的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量量表(biao)(biao)研制(zhi)原則指導(dao)下制(zhi)訂有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)特色的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風病(bing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量量表(biao)(biao),以現代(dai)(dai)方(fang)法(fa)開(kai)展中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風病(bing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)臨床研究,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)新藥(yao)評價中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)(yun)用生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)質(zhi)量指標等(deng),將對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)現代(dai)(dai)化和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)走出國(guo)門產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)重要影(ying)響。
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作(zuo)者簡介:胡學(xue)軍(1961-),男(漢族),湖南(nan)省瀏陽市人,副主(zhu)任醫(yi)(yi)師(shi),博士研究(jiu)生,從事(shi)中西醫(yi)(yi)結合(he)內科臨床與科研工作(zuo),主(zhu)要研究(jiu)方向為(wei)腦血(xue)管病(bing)、震顫麻痹、神經(jing)癥(zheng)等神經(jing)內科疾病(bing)。急救快車(.00026000W03.)
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