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第四節消渴

醫(yi)案日記 2023-05-16 09:43:03

第四節 消渴

消渴病是由于先天稟賦不足,復因情志失調(diao)、飲(yin)食不節等原因所導致(zhi)的(de)以陰(yin)虛燥熱(re)為(wei)基本病機,以多尿(niao)、多飲(yin)、多食、乏力、消瘦(shou),或尿(niao)有甜(tian)味為(wei)典(dian)型臨床表現的(de)一種(zhong)疾病。

消渴病(bing)是一(yi)種發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率高、病(bing)程長、并(bing)發(fa)(fa)癥多(duo),嚴(yan)重危害人類健康的病(bing)證(zheng),近年(nian)來發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率更(geng)有增高的趨勢。中(zhong)醫(yi)藥在改(gai)善癥狀、防(fang)治并(bing)發(fa)(fa)癥等(deng)方面均有較(jiao)好(hao)的療效。

在(zai)世(shi)界醫(yi)學史中,中醫(yi)學對本病(bing)的(de)認識最(zui)早,且論述(shu)甚詳。消(xiao)(xiao)渴之名,首見于《素問,奇(qi)病(bing)論》,根據病(bing)機及癥狀的(de)不同,《內經》還有消(xiao)(xiao)癉(dan)、膈消(xiao)(xiao)、肺消(xiao)(xiao)、消(xiao)(xiao)中等名稱的(de)記(ji)載。

《內經》認為五臟虛弱,過(guo)食肥甘,情志失(shi)調是引起消(xiao)渴(ke)的(de)原因,而內熱是其主要病機。《金匱要略》立(li)專篇(pian)討論,·并(bing)最早提出治療方藥。

《諸病源候論·消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)(ke)候》論述(shu)其并發癥(zheng)說(shuo):“其病變(bian)多發癰疽。”《外臺(tai)秘要,消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)中消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)暑腎消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)》引《古今錄(lu)驗(yan)》說(shuo):“渴(ke)(ke)(ke)而飲(yin)水多,小(xiao)便(bian)數(shu),……甜者,皆是消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)(ke)病也。”又說(shuo):“每發即小(xiao)便(bian)至甜”;“焦枯消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)瘦”,對消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)臨床特點作了(le)(le)明確的(de)(de)(de)論述(shu)。劉河間對其并發癥(zheng)作了(le)(le)進(jin)一(yi)步論述(shu),《宣(xuan)明論方·消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)(ke)總(zong)論》說(shuo):消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)(ke)一(yi)證(zheng)“可變(bian)為雀目或(huo)內障”,《儒門事親·三消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)論》說(shuo):“夫(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)(ke)者,多變(bian)聾盲、瘡癬、痤癘之類”,“或(huo)蒸熱虛汗,肺痿勞嗽(sou)”。《證(zheng)治準繩·消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)癉》在前(qian)人論述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,對三消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)臨床分類作了(le)(le)規(gui)范,“渴(ke)(ke)(ke)而多飲(yin)為上消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(經(jing)謂(wei)膈(ge)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)),消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)谷善饑為中消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(經(jing)謂(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)中),渴(ke)(ke)(ke)而便(bian)數(shu)有膏為下消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(經(jing)謂(wei)腎消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao))”。明清(qing)及(ji)其之后,對消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)治療原則及(ji)方藥,有了(le)(le)更為廣泛(fan)深入的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)。

本節之消渴(ke)病與(yu)西(xi)醫學(xue)的糖尿病基本一(yi)致。西(xi)醫學(xue)的尿崩癥(zheng),因具有多尿、煩渴(ke)的臨床特點,與(yu)消渴(ke)病有某些相似之處(chu),可參(can)考本節辨證論治。

【病因病機】

1.稟賦(fu)不足(zu)早在(zai)春秋戰國時(shi)代,即已認識到先天稟賦(fu)不足(zu),是引起消(xiao)渴(ke)病的(de)重(zhong)要內(nei)在(zai)因素。《靈樞(shu)·五變》說:“五臟(zang)皆(jie)柔弱者,善病消(xiao)癉(dan)”,其中尤以(yi)陰(yin)虛體質最(zui)易罹患。

2.飲(yin)食(shi)(shi)失節長期(qi)過食(shi)(shi)肥甘(gan),醇酒(jiu)厚味,辛辣香燥,損傷(shang)脾胃(wei),致脾胃(wei)運化(hua)失職,積熱內蘊,化(hua)燥傷(shang)津,消谷耗液(ye),發為消渴。《素(su)問·奇(qi)病論》說(shuo):“此(ci)肥美之所發也(ye),此(ci)人必數食(shi)(shi)甘(gan)美而多肥也(ye),肥者令(ling)人內熱,甘(gan)者令(ling)人中滿(man),故其氣上溢,轉為消渴。”

3.情(qing)志失調(diao)長期過度的精神(shen)刺激(ji),如郁怒傷肝,肝氣郁結,或(huo)勞心竭慮,營(ying)謀強思等,以致郁久化火,火熱內(nei)燔,消(xiao)灼(zhuo)肺胃陰(yin)津而發(fa)為消(xiao)渴。正如《臨證指南(nan)醫(yi)案(an)·三消(xiao)》說:“心境愁郁,內(nei)火自燃,乃消(xiao)癥大病(bing)。”

4.勞(lao)欲過(guo)度(du)房室不節,勞(lao)欲過(guo)度(du),腎(shen)(shen)精虧損,虛(xu)火內生(sheng),則火因水(shui)竭益烈(lie),水(shui)因火烈(lie)而益干(gan),終(zhong)致腎(shen)(shen)虛(xu)肺(fei)燥胃熱(re)俱現(xian),發(fa)為(wei)消(xiao)渴。如《外臺秘(mi)要·消(xiao)渴消(xiao)中》說:“房勞(lao)過(guo)度(du),致令腎(shen)(shen)氣虛(xu)耗,下(xia)焦生(sheng)熱(re),熱(re)則腎(shen)(shen)燥,腎(shen)(shen)燥則渴。”

消(xiao)渴病(bing)的病(bing)機(ji)主(zhu)要在于陰(yin)(yin)津虧損,燥熱(re)偏盛(sheng),而(er)以陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)為(wei)(wei)本,燥熱(re)為(wei)(wei)標(biao),兩者互為(wei)(wei)因果,陰(yin)(yin)愈(yu)(yu)虛(xu)(xu)則燥熱(re)愈(yu)(yu)盛(sheng),燥熱(re)愈(yu)(yu)盛(sheng)則陰(yin)(yin)愈(yu)(yu)虛(xu)(xu)。消(xiao)渴病(bing)變的臟腑主(zhu)要在肺、胃、腎,尤以腎為(wei)(wei)關鍵。三臟之(zhi)中,雖(sui)可有所偏重,但往往又互相(xiang)影(ying)響。

肺(fei)主氣(qi)為水之上源,敷布(bu)津(jin)(jin)液(ye)。肺(fei)受燥(zao)熱所傷,則(ze)(ze)(ze)津(jin)(jin)液(ye)不能敷布(bu)而(er)直(zhi)趨下行(xing)。隨(sui)小(xiao)(xiao)便排出體外,故小(xiao)(xiao)便頻數量多;肺(fei)不布(bu)津(jin)(jin)則(ze)(ze)(ze)口渴多飲。正如《醫學(xue)綱目·消癉門(men)》說:“蓋肺(fei)藏(zang)氣(qi),肺(fei)無(wu)病(bing)則(ze)(ze)(ze)氣(qi)能管攝津(jin)(jin)液(ye)之精(jing)微,而(er)津(jin)(jin)液(ye)之精(jing)微者(zhe)收養筋(jin)骨血(xue)脈,余者(zhe)為溲。肺(fei)病(bing)則(ze)(ze)(ze)津(jin)(jin)液(ye)無(wu)氣(qi)管攝,而(er)精(jing)微者(zhe)亦隨(sui)溲下。”

胃(wei)(wei)為水(shui)谷(gu)(gu)之海,主腐熟水(shui)谷(gu)(gu),脾為后(hou)天之本,主運化(hua),為胃(wei)(wei)行其津液。脾胃(wei)(wei)受燥熱所(suo)傷,胃(wei)(wei)火熾(chi)盛,脾陰不足,則(ze)口渴(ke)多(duo)飲,多(duo)食善饑(ji);脾氣虛不能轉(zhuan)輸水(shui)谷(gu)(gu)精微,則(ze)水(shui)谷(gu)(gu)精微下(xia)流注入小便(bian),故小便(bian)味(wei)甘(gan);水(shui)谷(gu)(gu)精微不能濡養肌(ji)肉,故形(xing)體日漸消(xiao)瘦。

腎為先天之(zhi)本,主藏(zang)精而(er)寓(yu)元陰元陽。腎陰虧虛(xu)則(ze)虛(xu)火內生,上燔心肺則(ze)煩(fan)渴多飲(yin),中灼脾胃則(ze)胃熱(re)消谷,腎失濡養,開闔(he)固(gu)攝失權,則(ze)水谷精微直趨下泄,隨小便而(er)排出體外,故尿多味甜。

消渴病(bing)雖(sui)有在(zai)肺(fei)、胃、腎(shen)的不同,但常(chang)常(chang)互相(xiang)影響,如(ru)肺(fei)燥津傷(shang)(shang),津液失于敷(fu)布,則脾胃不得濡養(yang),腎(shen)精不得滋助;脾胃燥熱(re)偏(pian)盛,上可灼(zhuo)傷(shang)(shang)肺(fei)津,下可耗傷(shang)(shang)腎(shen)陰;腎(shen)陰不足則陰虛火(huo)旺,亦(yi)可上灼(zhuo)肺(fei)胃,終至(zhi)肺(fei)燥胃熱(re)腎(shen)虛,故“三多(duo)”之證(zheng)常(chang)可相(xiang)互并見。

消(xiao)渴(ke)病(bing)(bing)日久(jiu),則(ze)易發(fa)生以下兩(liang)種病(bing)(bing)變:一是陰(yin)(yin)損及陽(yang)(yang),陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)(yang)俱虛(xu)(xu)。消(xiao)渴(ke)雖以陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本,燥(zao)熱為(wei)(wei)(wei)標,但由于(yu)陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)(yang)互根,陽(yang)(yang)生陰(yin)(yin)長,若病(bing)(bing)程日久(jiu),陰(yin)(yin)損及陽(yang)(yang),則(ze)致陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)(yang)俱虛(xu)(xu)。其中以腎陽(yang)(yang)虛(xu)(xu)及脾陽(yang)(yang)虛(xu)(xu)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)見。二是病(bing)(bing)久(jiu)人絡,血脈瘀滯。消(xiao)渴(ke)病(bing)(bing)是一種病(bing)(bing)及多(duo)(duo)個臟腑的疾病(bing)(bing),影響氣(qi)血的正常運行,且陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)內(nei)熱,耗傷津液,亦使血行不暢而致血脈瘀滯。血瘀是消(xiao)渴(ke)病(bing)(bing)的重要病(bing)(bing)機之(zhi)一,且消(xiao)渴(ke)病(bing)(bing)多(duo)(duo)種并(bing)發(fa)癥的發(fa)生也與血瘀密切有關。

【臨床表現】

消(xiao)渴(ke)病起病緩慢,病程漫長。本(ben)病以多(duo)尿、多(duo)飲、多(duo)食、倦怠(dai)乏(fa)(fa)力,形(xing)體(ti)消(xiao)瘦,或(huo)尿有甜(tian)味為其證(zheng)候特征。但患(huan)者(zhe)“三多(duo)”癥狀的顯著程度有較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的差別。消(xiao)渴(ke)病的多(duo)尿,表(biao)現(xian)為排尿次(ci)數增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo),尿量增(zeng)(zeng)加。有的患(huan)者(zhe)是(shi)因夜尿增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)而(er)發現(xian)本(ben)病。與多(duo)尿同時出現(xian)的是(shi)多(duo)飲,喝水量及(ji)次(ci)數明顯增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)。多(duo)食易饑,食量超出常人,但患(huan)者(zhe)常感疲乏(fa)(fa)無力,日久(jiu)則形(xing)體(ti)消(xiao)瘦。但現(xian)代的消(xiao)渴(ke)病患(huan)者(zhe),有的則在較(jiao)(jiao)長時間內表(biao)現(xian)為形(xing)體(ti)肥胖。

【診斷】

1.凡以口渴多飲、多食易饑、尿頻量多、形體消瘦或尿有甜味(wei)為(wei)臨(lin)床(chuang)特征者,即可診斷為(wei)消渴病。本病多發于(yu)中年以后,以及(ji)嗜(shi)食膏粱厚(hou)味(wei)、醇(chun)酒炙博(bo)之人。若有青(qing)少年期即罹患本病者,一般病情(qing)較(jiao)重。

2.初起可“三多”癥狀不(bu)著,病(bing)久常(chang)并發眩暈、肺(fei)癆、胸痹心痛(tong)、中風、雀(que)目、瘡癰等。嚴重者可見煩渴、頭痛(tong)、嘔吐、腹(fu)痛(tong)、呼吸短促,甚或(huo)昏迷厥脫危象。由于本病(bing)的(de)發生(sheng)與(yu)稟賦不(bu)足有較為(wei)密切的(de)關系,故消渴病(bing)的(de)家族史可供(gong)診斷參考。

3.查空(kong)腹、餐后2小時血糖和尿(niao)(niao)糖,尿(niao)(niao)比重,葡(pu)萄糖耐量(liang)試驗(yan)等,有助于確定(ding)診斷。必要時查尿(niao)(niao)酮體,血尿(niao)(niao)素氮,肌酐,二氧化碳(tan)結(jie)合力及(ji)血鉀、鈉、鈣、氯化物等。

【鑒別診斷】

1.口(kou)渴(ke)(ke)癥(zheng)口(kou)渴(ke)(ke)癥(zheng)是指口(kou)渴(ke)(ke)飲水的(de)一個臨床(chuang)癥(zheng)狀,可出現于多(duo)種疾病(bing)過程中,尤以外感熱病(bing)為多(duo)見。但這類口(kou)渴(ke)(ke)各隨其所患病(bing)證的(de)不同而出現相應的(de)臨床(chuang)癥(zheng)狀,不伴多(duo)食、多(duo)尿(niao)(niao)、尿(niao)(niao)甜(tian)、瘦削(xue)等消渴(ke)(ke)的(de)特點。

2.癭病癭病中(zhong)氣郁化(hua)火(huo)、陰虛(xu)火(huo)旺(wang)的(de)類(lei)(lei)型,以情(qing)緒(xu)激動,多食易饑(ji),形(xing)體(ti)日(ri)漸消瘦,心悸,眼突,頸部(bu)一側或兩側腫大為特征。其中(zhong)的(de)多食易饑(ji)、消瘦,類(lei)(lei)似消渴(ke)病的(de)中(zhong)消,但(dan)眼球突出,頸前生長癭腫則(ze)與消渴(ke)病有別,且無消渴(ke)病的(de)多飲、多尿(niao)、尿(niao)甜(tian)等(deng)癥。

【辨證論治】

辨證要點

1.辨病位(wei)消渴病的(de)三多(duo)(duo)癥(zheng)狀,往(wang)往(wang)同(tong)時存在,但根據其表現程度(du)的(de)輕(qing)重不同(tong),而有上、中、下(xia)三消之分,及肺(fei)燥、胃熱、腎虛之別。通(tong)常把以(yi)肺(fei)燥為主,多(duo)(duo)飲癥(zheng)狀較突出(chu)者(zhe),稱(cheng)為上消;以(yi)胃熱為主,多(duo)(duo)食(shi)癥(zheng)狀較為突出(chu)者(zhe),稱(cheng)為中消;以(yi)腎虛為主,多(duo)(duo)尿癥(zheng)狀較為突出(chu)者(zhe),稱(cheng)為下(xia)消。

2.辨標(biao)本本病以陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)為主(zhu),燥(zao)熱(re)為標(biao),兩(liang)者互為因果,常因病程長短及病情輕重的(de)不同,而陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)和燥(zao)熱(re)之(zhi)表現(xian)各有側(ce)重。一般初病多(duo)以燥(zao)熱(re)為主(zhu),病程較長者則陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)與燥(zao)熱(re)互見,日久則以陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)為主(zhu)。進而由于陰(yin)(yin)損及陽,可(ke)見氣陰(yin)(yin)兩(liang)虛(xu),并可(ke)導致陰(yin)(yin)陽俱虛(xu)之(zhi)證。

3.辨本(ben)(ben)(ben)證(zheng)(zheng)與并(bing)發癥(zheng)多(duo)飲、多(duo)食、多(duo)尿和乏力、消(xiao)瘦為(wei)消(xiao)渴(ke)病本(ben)(ben)(ben)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)臨(lin)床表現(xian),而易發生諸多(duo)并(bing)發癥(zheng)為(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)病的(de)另一特點。本(ben)(ben)(ben)證(zheng)(zheng)與并(bing)發癥(zheng)的(de)關系,一般以本(ben)(ben)(ben)證(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)主,并(bing)發癥(zheng)為(wei)次。多(duo)數患者(zhe),先見本(ben)(ben)(ben)證(zheng)(zheng),隨(sui)病情(qing)的(de)發展而出現(xian)并(bing)發癥(zheng)。但亦有少數患者(zhe)與此相反(fan),如少數中老年患者(zhe),“三多(duo)”及消(xiao)瘦的(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)證(zheng)(zheng)不明顯,常(chang)因癰疽、眼疾、心腦病癥(zheng)等為(wei)線索,最后確(que)診(zhen)為(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)病。

治療原則

本(ben)(ben)病(bing)的基本(ben)(ben)病(bing)機是陰(yin)虛為本(ben)(ben),燥(zao)熱為標(biao),故清熱潤燥(zao)、養陰(yin)生(sheng)津(jin)為本(ben)(ben)病(bing)的治療大法。

《醫學心悟(wu),三消(xiao)(xiao)》說:“治上(shang)消(xiao)(xiao)者,宜潤其肺(fei),兼(jian)清其胃”;“治中消(xiao)(xiao)者,宜清其胃,兼(jian)滋(zi)其腎”;“治下消(xiao)(xiao)者,宜滋(zi)其腎,兼(jian)補其肺(fei)”,可謂深得治療(liao)消(xiao)(xiao)渴之要旨。

由(you)于(yu)本(ben)病(bing)常發生血(xue)脈瘀滯及陰損(sun)及陽的病(bing)變,以及易并發癰疽、眼疾、勞(lao)嗽(sou)等癥(zheng),故還應針(zhen)對具體病(bing)情,及時合(he)理地選用活血(xue)化瘀、清熱解毒(du)、健脾益氣、滋補腎陰、溫補腎陽等治法。

分證論治

『上消』

·肺熱津傷

癥(zheng)狀:煩渴多(duo)飲,口干舌燥,尿頻量多(duo),舌邊尖(jian)紅,苔薄黃,脈洪數(shu)。

治(zhi)法:清熱潤肺,生津止渴。

方藥:消渴方。

方(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)重用(yong)(yong)(yong)天花粉以生(sheng)津(jin)清(qing)熱(re)(re),佐(zuo)黃連清(qing)熱(re)(re)降火,生(sheng)地黃、藕汁等養(yang)陰(yin)增液,尚(shang)可(ke)酌加葛根(gen)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)以加強生(sheng)津(jin)止(zhi)渴(ke)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。若煩渴(ke)不止(zhi),小便(bian)頻數,而脈數乏(fa)力者,為肺熱(re)(re)津(jin)虧,氣(qi)陰(yin)兩(liang)傷,可(ke)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)玉泉丸(wan)或二冬(dong)(dong)湯。玉泉丸(wan)中(zhong)(zhong),以人(ren)參、黃芪、茯苓益氣(qi),天花粉、葛根(gen)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、烏梅、甘(gan)草等清(qing)熱(re)(re)生(sheng)津(jin)止(zhi)渴(ke)。二冬(dong)(dong)湯中(zhong)(zhong),重用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)參益氣(qi)生(sheng)津(jin),天冬(dong)(dong)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、天花粉、黃芩(qin)、知母清(qing)熱(re)(re)生(sheng)津(jin)止(zhi)渴(ke)。二方(fang)同中(zhong)(zhong)有異,前(qian)者益氣(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較強,而后者清(qing)熱(re)(re)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較強,可(ke)根(gen)據臨(lin)床(chuang)需要加以選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

中消

·胃熱熾盛

癥狀:多食易饑,口渴,尿多,形體消瘦,大便干(gan)燥,苔(tai)黃,脈滑實(shi)有(you)力。

治法:清胃瀉(xie)火,養陰(yin)增(zeng)液。;

方藥:玉女煎。

方(fang)(fang)中以(yi)生石膏(gao)、知(zhi)母(mu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)肺胃(wei)之熱(re)(re),生地黃(huang)、麥冬(dong)滋(zi)肺胃(wei)之陰,川牛膝活血化瘀,引熱(re)(re)下行。可(ke)加黃(huang)連、梔子清(qing)(qing)(qing)熱(re)(re)瀉火(huo)。大便(bian)秘結不行,可(ke)用增(zeng)液承氣湯潤燥通(tong)腑(fu)、“增(zeng)水行舟”,待大便(bian)通(tong)后,再轉上方(fang)(fang)治療(liao)。本證亦可(ke)選用白虎(hu)加人參(can)湯。方(fang)(fang)中以(yi)生石膏(gao)、知(zhi)母(mu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)肺胃(wei)、除煩熱(re)(re),人參(can)益(yi)氣扶正,甘(gan)草(cao)、梗(geng)米益(yi)胃(wei)護津(jin)(jin),共奏益(yi)氣養胃(wei)、清(qing)(qing)(qing)熱(re)(re)生津(jin)(jin)之效。

對于(yu)病(bing)程較久,以(yi)及過用(yong)(yong)寒涼而(er)致脾(pi)(pi)胃氣虛,表(biao)現口渴(ke)(ke)(ke)引飲(yin),能食與便(bian)溏并見,或飲(yin)食減少,精神不振(zhen),四(si)肢乏(fa)力,舌淡,苔白而(er)于(yu),脈(mo)弱者(zhe),治宜健(jian)脾(pi)(pi)益氣、生(sheng)(sheng)津止渴(ke)(ke)(ke),可用(yong)(yong)七味白術(shu)散。方(fang)中用(yong)(yong)四(si)君子湯(tang)健(jian)脾(pi)(pi)益氣,木香、藿香醒脾(pi)(pi)行氣散津,葛(ge)根升清(qing)生(sheng)(sheng)津止渴(ke)(ke)(ke)。《醫宗金(jin)鑒》等(deng)書將本方(fang)列為治消渴(ke)(ke)(ke)病(bing)的常用(yong)(yong)方(fang)之一。

『下消』

·腎陰虧虛

癥狀:尿(niao)頻量多,混濁如脂膏,或尿(niao)甜,腰膝酸軟(ruan),乏(fa)力,頭暈耳鳴,口干(gan)唇燥,皮膚干(gan)燥、瘙(sao)癢,舌紅苔,脈細數(shu)。

治法:滋陰補腎,潤(run)燥止渴。·

方藥:六味地黃丸。

方中以(yi)熟地滋腎填(tian)精為(wei)主藥;山萸肉固(gu)(gu)腎益精,山藥滋補脾陰、固(gu)(gu)攝精微(wei),該二藥在治療(liao)時用量可稍大;茯苓健脾滲濕,澤瀉、丹皮清泄肝腎火(huo)熱(re),共奏滋陰補腎,補而不膩(ni)之(zhi)效(xiao)。

陰(yin)虛(xu)火旺而煩躁,五心煩熱(re),盜(dao)汗,失眠者(zhe),可(ke)加知母、黃(huang)柏滋陰(yin)瀉火。尿量多而混濁(zhuo)者(zhe),加益(yi)智仁、桑(sang)螵(piao)蛸、五味子等益(yi)腎縮泉。氣(qi)陰(yin)兩虛(xu)而伴困倦,氣(qi)短乏力,舌質(zhi)淡紅(hong)者(zhe),可(ke)加黨參、黃(huang)芪、黃(huang)精補益(yi)正(zheng)氣(qi)。

·陰陽兩虛

癥狀(zhuang):小(xiao)便頻數(shu),混濁如膏,甚(shen)至飲一溲一,面容憔悴(cui),耳輪(lun)干枯(ku),腰膝酸(suan)軟,四肢(zhi)欠溫,畏寒肢(zhi)冷,陽痿或月經不調,舌苔(tai)淡(dan)白而干,脈沉細無(wu)力(li)。

治法:溫陽(yang)滋陰(yin),補腎固攝。

方藥:金匱腎氣丸。

方中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)六味(wei)(wei)地黃丸(wan)滋(zi)陰(yin)補(bu)腎,并用(yong)(yong)附子、肉桂以(yi)溫補(bu)腎陽(yang)。本方以(yi)溫陽(yang)藥(yao)和滋(zi)陰(yin)藥(yao)并用(yong)(yong),正如《景岳(yue)全書(shu)·新方八略(lve)》所說(shuo):“善(shan)補(bu)陽(yang)者(zhe),必于陰(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)求陽(yang),則(ze)陽(yang)得(de)陰(yin)助(zhu),而(er)生化無(wu)窮;善(shan)補(bu)陰(yin)者(zhe),必于陽(yang)中(zhong)(zhong)求陰(yin),則(ze)陰(yin)得(de)陽(yang)長,而(er)泉源不(bu)竭。”而(er)《醫(yi)貫(guan)·消渴論》更(geng)對本方在消渴病中(zhong)(zhong)的應用(yong)(yong)作了較詳細的闡述:“蓋因命門火(huo)衰(shuai),不(bu)能蒸腐(fu)水谷,水谷之(zhi)氣,不(bu)能熏蒸上潤乎肺,如釜底無(wu)薪,鍋蓋干燥,故渴。至于肺亦(yi)無(wu)所稟,不(bu)能四布水津(jin),并行五經(jing),其所飲之(zhi)水,未(wei)經(jing)火(huo)化,直人(ren)膀胱,正謂飲一(yi)升(sheng)溲(sou)一(yi)升(sheng),飲一(yi)斗(dou)溲(sou)一(yi)斗(dou),試嘗其味(wei)(wei),甘而(er)不(bu)咸可知矣。故用(yong)(yong)附子、肉桂之(zhi)辛熱(re),壯其少火(huo),灶底加(jia)薪,枯籠蒸溽,稿禾得(de)雨,生意維(wei)新。”

對消渴而癥見陽虛(xu)畏寒的(de)患者,可酌加鹿茸粉0.5g,以啟動元陽,助全身陽氣(qi)之氣(qi)化。本證見陰陽氣(qi)血俱虛(xu)者,則可選(xuan)用鹿茸丸以溫(wen)腎滋陰,補益氣(qi)血。上述(shu)兩方均(jun)可酌加覆盆(pen)子(zi)、桑(sang)螵(piao)蛸、金櫻子(zi)等以補腎固攝。

消渴多伴有瘀(yu)血的病變(bian),故(gu)對于(yu)上述各(ge)種證型,尤其是對于(yu)舌質紫(zi)暗,或(huo)(huo)有瘀(yu)點瘀(yu)斑,脈澀或(huo)(huo)結或(huo)(huo)代,及兼見其他瘀(yu)血證候(hou)者,均可酌加(jia)活(huo)血化瘀(yu)的方(fang)藥(yao)。如(ru)丹(dan)參(can)、川芎(xiong)、郁(yu)金(jin)、紅花、山楂等,或(huo)(huo)配用降糖活(huo)血方(fang)。方(fang)中用丹(dan)參(can)、川芎(xiong)、益母草活(huo)血化瘀(yu),當(dang)歸、赤(chi)白芍養血活(huo)血,木香行氣導(dao)滯,葛(ge)根生津止(zhi)渴。

消渴容易發(fa)(fa)生多種(zhong)并發(fa)(fa)癥,應(ying)在治療本(ben)病的同時,積極治療并發(fa)(fa)癥。白內(nei)障、雀盲、耳聾,主要(yao)病機為(wei)肝(gan)腎精血不足,不能上(shang)承耳目所致,宜滋補肝(gan)腎,益精補血,可用杞菊地黃,丸(wan)或(huo)明目地黃丸(wan)。對(dui)于并發(fa)(fa)瘡毒(du)癰(yong)疽(ju)(ju)者,則治宜清熱(re)解毒(du),消散癰(yong)腫,用五味消毒(du)飲。在癰(yong)疽(ju)(ju)的恢復階段,則治療上(shang)要(yao)重視托毒(du)生肌。并發(fa)(fa)肺癆、水腫、中風者,則可參(can)考有關章節(jie)辨證論治。

【轉歸預后】

消渴(ke)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)常(chang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)及多個臟腑,病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)影響廣泛,未及時醫治以(yi)及病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)情嚴重的(de)患者(zhe),常(chang)可(ke)(ke)并發(fa)(fa)(fa)多種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)證,如肺(fei)失滋養,日久可(ke)(ke)并發(fa)(fa)(fa)肺(fei)癆;腎(shen)陰(yin)(yin)虧損(sun),肝失濡養,肝腎(shen)精血不能上承(cheng)于耳(er)目,則(ze)可(ke)(ke)并發(fa)(fa)(fa)白內障(zhang)、雀目、耳(er)聾;燥熱內結(jie),營(ying)陰(yin)(yin)被(bei)灼,脈(mo)(mo)絡(luo)瘀(yu)阻(zu),蘊毒成膿,則(ze)發(fa)(fa)(fa)為(wei)瘡(chuang)癤癰疽(ju);陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)燥熱,煉(lian)液(ye)成痰,以(yi)及血脈(mo)(mo)瘀(yu)滯,痰瘀(yu)阻(zu)絡(luo),蒙蔽心(xin)竅(qiao),則(ze)發(fa)(fa)(fa)為(wei)中風偏癱;陰(yin)(yin)損(sun)及陽,脾腎(shen)衰敗,水(shui)濕潴(zhu)留(liu),泛濫肌膚,則(ze)發(fa)(fa)(fa)為(wei)水(shui)腫。綜觀消渴(ke)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)自然發(fa)(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)過(guo)程,常(chang)以(yi)陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)燥熱為(wei)始,病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)程日久,可(ke)(ke)導致陰(yin)(yin)損(sun)及陽,血行瘀(yu)滯,而形成陰(yin)(yin)陽兩虛(xu)(xu)(xu),或以(yi)陽虛(xu)(xu)(xu)為(wei)主,并伴血脈(mo)(mo)瘀(yu)阻(zu)的(de)重證,且常(chang)出現各(ge)種(zhong)嚴重的(de)并發(fa)(fa)(fa)癥。

消(xiao)渴(ke)病(bing)是(shi)現(xian)代社會中發(fa)病(bing)率甚高的(de)一(yi)種疾(ji)病(bing),尤以中老(lao)年(nian)發(fa)病(bing)較多(duo)。“三多(duo)”和消(xiao)瘦(shou)的(de)程度,是(shi)判斷(duan)病(bing)情輕重(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)標(biao)志。早期(qi)發(fa)現(xian)、堅持長期(qi)治(zhi)療(liao)、生活規律、飲食控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)患(huan)者(zhe),其預后較好。兒(er)童患(huan)本(ben)病(bing)者(zhe),大多(duo)病(bing)情較重(zhong)。并發(fa)癥是(shi)影響(xiang)病(bing)情、損傷患(huan)者(zhe)勞動力和危及(ji)患(huan)者(zhe)生命(ming)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素,故應十(shi)分注意及(ji)早防治(zhi)各種并發(fa)癥。

【預防與調攝】

本病除藥物治療(liao)外,注意生活(huo)調攝具有(you)十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)意義。正(zheng)如《儒門事(shi)親,三(san)(san)消(xiao)之說當從(cong)火斷》說:“不(bu)減滋味,不(bu)戒(jie)嗜欲(yu),不(bu)節(jie)喜怒,病已(yi)而復作。能從(cong)此三(san)(san)者,消(xiao)渴(ke)亦不(bu)足憂矣。”其(qi)中,尤其(qi)是節(jie)制(zhi)飲食,具有(you)基礎(chu)治療(liao)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用(yong)。在保證(zheng)機體(ti)合理需要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)情況下,應限制(zhi)糧(liang)食、油脂的(de)(de)攝人(ren),忌食糖類,飲食宜(yi)以適量米、麥(mai)、雜糧(liang),配以蔬菜、豆類、瘦肉、雞蛋等,定時定量進餐。戒(jie)煙酒(jiu)、濃(nong)茶及咖(ka)啡等。保持情志平(ping)和(he),制(zhi)訂并實施有(you)規(gui)律(lv)的(de)(de)生活(huo)起居(ju)制(zhi)度。

【結語】

消(xiao)(xiao)渴病是(shi)以多飲(yin)、多食、多尿及(ji)(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)瘦(shou)為臨(lin)床(chuang)特(te)征的(de)一種慢性(xing)內傷疾病。前三個癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang),也是(shi)作(zuo)為上消(xiao)(xiao)、中消(xiao)(xiao)、下(xia)(xia)消(xiao)(xiao)臨(lin)床(chuang)分類(lei)的(de)側重癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。其病位主要(yao)與(yu)肺、胃(脾)、腎(shen)有關(guan),尤與(yu)腎(shen)的(de)關(guan)系(xi)最為密切。在治(zhi)療(liao)上,以清熱潤燥、養陰生(sheng)津為基本治(zhi)則,對上、中、下(xia)(xia)消(xiao)(xiao)有側重潤肺、;養胃(脾)、益腎(shen)之別(bie)。但上中下(xia)(xia)三消(xiao)(xiao)之間有著十分密切的(de)內在聯系(xi),其病機性(xing)質是(shi)—致的(de),正如(ru)《圣濟總(zong)錄,消(xiao)(xiao)渴門》所(suo)說:“原其本貝卜,推其標有三。”由于消(xiao)(xiao)渴易發生(sheng)血脈瘀滯、陰損及(ji)(ji)陽的(de)病變,及(ji)(ji)發生(sheng)多種并發癥,故(gu)應(ying)注(zhu)意及(ji)(ji)時發現、診斷和治(zhi)療(liao)。

【文獻摘要】

《素問(wen)·通(tong)評虛實論》:“凡治消癉、仆擊、偏枯、痿厥,氣滿發逆,肥貴人(ren),則(ze)膏(gao)粱(liang)之疾也。”

《靈樞·五變(bian)》:“五臟(zang)皆柔弱者(zhe),善病消癉(dan)。”

《景(jing)岳全(quan)書(shu)·三消干(gan)渴》:“凡治消之法(fa),最當先辨虛實,若察其脈證(zheng),果為實火(huo)致耗津液者(zhe),但去(qu)其火(huo)則(ze)(ze)津液自生,而(er)消渴自止(zhi)。若由真(zhen)水不(bu)足,則(ze)(ze)悉(xi)屬陰(yin)虛,無(wu)論上、中(zhong)、下,急宜治腎,必使陰(yin)氣漸充,精血(xue)漸復,則(ze)(ze)病必自愈。若但知清(qing)火(huo),則(ze)(ze)陰(yin)無(wu)以生,而(er)日(ri)漸清(qing)敗(bai),益以困矣。”

《醫(yi)學心悟·三(san)消(xiao)(xiao)》:“三(san)消(xiao)(xiao)之(zhi)癥(zheng),皆燥(zao)熱結聚也。大(da)法治上(shang)(shang)消(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe),宜(yi)(yi)潤其(qi)肺(fei),兼(jian)(jian)清(qing)其(qi)胃(wei),二冬湯(tang)主之(zhi);治中(zhong)消(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe),宜(yi)(yi)清(qing)其(qi)胃(wei),兼(jian)(jian)滋(zi)其(qi)腎(shen),生地(di)八物湯(tang)主之(zhi);治下(xia)(xia)消(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe),宜(yi)(yi)滋(zi)其(qi)腎(shen),兼(jian)(jian)補其(qi)肺(fei),地(di)黃湯(tang)、生脈散并(bing)主之(zhi)。夫(fu)上(shang)(shang)消(xiao)(xiao)清(qing)胃(wei)者(zhe)(zhe),使(shi)胃(wei)火不(bu)(bu)得傷肺(fei)也;中(zhong)消(xiao)(xiao)滋(zi)腎(shen)者(zhe)(zhe),使(shi)相火不(bu)(bu)得攻胃(wei)也;下(xia)(xia)消(xiao)(xiao)清(qing)肺(fei)者(zhe)(zhe),滋(zi)上(shang)(shang)源以生水也。三(san)消(xiao)(xiao)之(zhi)法,不(bu)(bu)必(bi)專執本經,而滋(zi)其(qi)化源,則病易痊(quan)矣。”

《臨證指南醫案·三消》:“如病在中(zhong)上(shang)者,膈(ge)膜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,而(er)成燎原之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)場(chang),即用景岳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玉女(nv)煎,六(liu)味之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)加二冬(dong)、龜甲、旱(han)蓮,一以清陽(yang)明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熱,以滋少陰;一以救(jiu)心(xin)肺(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰,而(er)下(xia)顧(gu)真液。如元(yuan)陽(yang)變動(dong)而(er)為消爍者,即用河(he)間(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甘(gan)露飲,生津清熱,潤燥養(yang)陰,甘(gan)緩和胃是也。至于(yu)壯水以制陽(yang)光,則(ze)有六(liu)味補三陰,而(er)加車(che)前、牛膝導引肝腎(shen)。斟(zhen)酌變通,斯誠(cheng)善矣。”

【現代研究】

·糖尿病的病因病機及辨證分型研(yan)究;

1.病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)因病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)(ji)的(de)研究(jiu)近年來,對糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原因的(de)看法較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一致(zhi),認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主要有(you)(you)過(guo)食肥甘、五志過(guo)極、房室不節(jie)、熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)火燥及先(xian)天稟賦不足幾(ji)個方面。對病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)(ji)的(de)認識(shi),主要有(you)(you)以(yi)下幾(ji)種(zhong):①陰(yin)虛(xu)燥熱(re)學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo):認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其本在(zai)(zai)陰(yin)虛(xu),燥熱(re)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)標;②氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛(xu)學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo):認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)關(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)于肺脾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛(xu),重點在(zai)(zai)于脾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛(xu);③氣(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)兩虛(xu)學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo):目前最具有(you)(you)代(dai)表性,認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)(ji)理為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)燥熱(re)傷陰(yin),陰(yin)損氣(qi)(qi)(qi)耗,致(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)兩虛(xu);④瘀(yu)血學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo):此說(shuo)(shuo)經祝(zhu)氏(shi)提出,引起了廣泛的(de)注意,許(xu)多人通(tong)過(guo)臨床觀(guan)察及實驗研究(jiu)后認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),瘀(yu)血為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貫(guan)穿糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)始終的(de)重要病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)(ji);⑤肝郁肝火學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo)。以(yi)卜幾(ji)種(zhong)學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo),在(zai)(zai)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)中(zhong)均可存在(zai)(zai),分之(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)有(you)(you)局限,合之(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)完(wan)善(shan)。西苑醫院程氏(shi)等認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)患者(zhe)(zhe)常(chang)因情緒緊(jin)張而加重病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)情,患者(zhe)(zhe)發(fa)生酸中(zhong)毒(du)和昏迷常(chang)與情緒障礙(ai)有(you)(you)關(guan)。

肝(gan)(gan)主疏泄,調(diao)暢氣機(ji)(ji)(ji),若肝(gan)(gan)的(de)疏泄功能正(zheng)常,則(ze)(ze)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)凋暢,水津(jin)(jin)輸布正(zheng)常;如肝(gan)(gan)失疏泄,則(ze)(ze)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)不暢、水津(jin)(jin)輸布失常,如在(zai)(zai)(zai)此基礎上(shang),或五志過極,或肝(gan)(gan)郁(yu)化火,則(ze)(ze)上(shang)損肺津(jin)(jin),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傷(shang)(shang)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)液,下耗(hao)腎(shen)(shen)水,可發為(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)。故認(ren)為(wei),肝(gan)(gan)氣郁(yu)結是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)的(de)主要病(bing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)一,治(zhi)(zhi)當(dang)重(zhong)視(shi)疏肝(gan)(gan)解郁(yu)、調(diao)暢氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)[江蘇中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫1997;(9):35L黃氏等認(ren)為(wei),腎(shen)(shen)主蒸騰,腎(shen)(shen)陽在(zai)(zai)(zai)人體(ti)水津(jin)(jin)代謝中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)起主導作用,腎(shen)(shen)陽虛(xu)可見(jian)于(yu)消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)病(bing)的(de)任何階(jie)段,腎(shen)(shen)陽虛(xu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)病(bing)發病(bing)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占有十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要的(de)地(di)位,臨床治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)時應(ying)(ying)隨時注意保護腎(shen)(shen)陽,即使陰虛(xu)熱盛明顯(xian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)滋陰清(qing)熱時,也應(ying)(ying)稍佐(zuo)以(yi)溫補(bu)腎(shen)(shen)陽之(zhi)晶[中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫研究1997;(5):8]。雷氏認(ren)為(wei),消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)病(bing)的(de)病(bing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不是(shi)(shi)以(yi)腎(shen)(shen)虛(xu)為(wei)本(ben),而(er)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熱為(wei)本(ben);不是(shi)(shi)燥熱為(wei)標,而(er)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)氣虛(xu)和陰傷(shang)(shang)為(wei)標。胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熱是(shi)(shi)因,氣虛(xu)和陰傷(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)果,不論任何原因引起的(de)消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)病(bing),必經過胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熱這個(ge)關(guan)鍵環(huan)節,胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熱是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)病(bing)的(de)根(gen)本(ben)所在(zai)(zai)(zai),治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)消(xiao)(xiao)渴(ke)(ke)病(bing),不外清(qing)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熱、益脾氣、養陰津(jin)(jin)三者,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)清(qing)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熱是(shi)(shi)關(guan)鍵環(huan)節Ij匕京中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥大學(xue)學(xue)報1997;(6):10]。

2.辨(bian)證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)型(xing)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)有根(gen)(gen)(gen)據(ju)氣血(xue)陰(yin)陽(yang)辨(bian)證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)型(xing)者,有根(gen)(gen)(gen)據(ju)寒(han)熱虛(xu)實分(fen)型(xing)者,也有根(gen)(gen)(gen)據(ju)臟腑及(ji)三焦辨(bian)證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)型(xing)者。對糖尿(niao)病(bing)(bing)的(de)辨(bian)證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)型(xing)雖(sui)然種類(lei)較多,但目前采用最多的(de)是(shi)衛(wei)生部制定(ding)發布(bu)的(de)《中藥新藥治療消渴(ke)病(bing)(bing)(糖尿(niao)病(bing)(bing))的(de)臨床研(yan)究(jiu)指導原則》中所制定(ding)的(de)分(fen)型(xing)標準,即分(fen)為陰(yin)虛(xu)熱盛證(zheng)(zheng)、氣陰(yin)兩虛(xu)證(zheng)(zheng)、陰(yin)陽(yang)兩虛(xu)證(zheng)(zheng)和血(xue)瘀氣滯證(zheng)(zheng)四型(xing)。

3.糖尿(niao)病(bing)證(zheng)(zheng)候客(ke)觀化(hua)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)在(zai)(zai)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)糖尿(niao)病(bing)的(de)辨(bian)證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)型時,不少單位(wei)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了“證(zheng)(zheng)”與客(ke)觀指標(biao)間(jian)的(de)相(xiang)互關系,認為(wei)糖尿(niao)病(bing)不同(tong)(tong)證(zheng)(zheng)型與病(bing)程、血(xue)(xue)(xue)糖、胰(yi)島素(su)(su)、胰(yi)升血(xue)(xue)(xue)糖素(su)(su)、環核苷酸(suan)、血(xue)(xue)(xue)漿(jiang)皮(pi)質醇、性激素(su)(su)水(shui)平(ping)、血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂、血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板、糖化(hua)血(xue)(xue)(xue)紅蛋白、尿(niao)17羥、尿(niao)17酮、尿(niao)3-甲羥基苦杏(xing)仁酸(suan)(VMA)、血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)流變(bian)(bian)學(xue)、甲皺微(wei)循環、凝血(xue)(xue)(xue)指標(biao)之間(jian)存在(zai)(zai)一定的(de)關系,并著重研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了糖尿(niao)病(bing)血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)證(zheng)(zheng)候實質。對血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)證(zheng)(zheng)實質的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),大(da)致可以(yi)歸納為(wei)四個方面:①某些(xie)器(qi)官的(de)大(da)體(ti)觀察;②有關凝血(xue)(xue)(xue)機(ji)制指標(biao)的(de)觀察;③血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)流變(bian)(bian)學(xue)變(bian)(bian)化(hua);④微(wei)循環改變(bian)(bian)。以(yi)上研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)初步顯示,糖尿(niao)病(bing)的(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)辨(bian)證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)型與客(ke)觀指標(biao)之間(jian)存在(zai)(zai)一定的(de)關系,中(zhong)醫(yi)對糖尿(niao)病(bing)的(de)不同(tong)(tong)辨(bian)證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)型是有一定物質基礎(chu)的(de)。

·糖尿病的中醫藥(yao)治療(liao)

1.辨證(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)祝氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)通過上千(qian)例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)的觀察,將(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)總(zong)結為(wei)七(qi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)進行(xing)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao):①陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):滋陰(yin)(yin)(yin)生津(jin)兼活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),用(yong)(yong)(yong)沙(sha)(sha)參(can)(can)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、梔(zhi)子、當歸、生熟(shu)(shu)地、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)參(can)(can)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng);②陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)火(huo)(huo)旺(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):滋陰(yin)(yin)(yin)降(jiang)(jiang)火(huo)(huo)兼活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),上方(fang)酌加(jia)(jia)知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng);③氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):益(yi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)養陰(yin)(yin)(yin)活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、玄(xuan)參(can)(can)、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)參(can)(can)、山藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、黨參(can)(can)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、生熟(shu)(shu)地、五(wu)(wu)味(wei)子、茯苓等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng);④氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)火(huo)(huo)旺(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):益(yi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)養陰(yin)(yin)(yin)降(jiang)(jiang)火(huo)(huo),兼以(yi)(yi)(yi)活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),上方(fang)酌加(jia)(jia)知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)、龍膽草(cao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng);⑤陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):溫陽(yang)育(yu)陰(yin)(yin)(yin),配以(yi)(yi)(yi)活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),用(yong)(yong)(yong)桂(gui)枝(zhi)、山藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、山萸(yu)肉、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮、澤(ze)瀉、生熟(shu)(shu)地、制附(fu)片、茯苓、葛(ge)(ge)(ge)根(gen)(gen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng);⑥陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)火(huo)(huo)旺(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):溫陽(yang)育(yu)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)降(jiang)(jiang)火(huo)(huo),兼以(yi)(yi)(yi)活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),用(yong)(yong)(yong)上方(fang)加(jia)(jia)知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo);⑦瘀(yu)(yu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)行(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)主(zhu),兼以(yi)(yi)(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)木香、當歸、川(chuan)芎、益(yi)母(mu)(mu)草(cao)、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)參(can)(can)、赤芍、葛(ge)(ge)(ge)根(gen)(gen)、生熟(shu)(shu)地等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)[上海中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)雜(za)志1982;(6):5L藍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)張以(yi)(yi)(yi)脾(pi)(pi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)為(wei)主(zhu)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)不同(tong)情況辨證(zheng)分(fen)(fen)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)健脾(pi)(pi)為(wei)主(zhu),用(yong)(yong)(yong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)消(xiao)六味(wei)湯加(jia)(jia)減進行(xing)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)[陜西中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1987;(10):454)。程(cheng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)(fen)為(wei):①脾(pi)(pi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)肺(fei)胃(wei)蘊熱(re)(re)(re)(re)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)清熱(re)(re)(re)(re)瀉火(huo)(huo),健脾(pi)(pi)運津(jin);②脾(pi)(pi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)健脾(pi)(pi)培本(ben)(ben),益(yi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生津(jin);③脾(pi)(pi)腎(shen)(shen)(shen)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)健脾(pi)(pi)補腎(shen)(shen)(shen);④脾(pi)(pi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)瘀(yu)(yu)滯型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)化(hua)瘀(yu)(yu),健脾(pi)(pi)除滯[江蘇中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1981;(2):5L潘氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)胃(wei)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)傷陰(yin)(yin)(yin)、腎(shen)(shen)(shen)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)損兩(liang)大類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),分(fen)(fen)別用(yong)(yong)(yong)麥(mai)(mai)門冬(dong)(dong)湯和八味(wei)腎(shen)(shen)(shen)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)丸(wan)(wan)加(jia)(jia)減治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)[中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)雜(za)志1986;(6):10]。蔣(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)7個證(zheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)進行(xing)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao):氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)湯,濕熱(re)(re)(re)(re)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)阻(zu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)甘露消(xiao)毒丹(dan)(dan)(dan),陽(yang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)不固型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)腎(shen)(shen)(shen)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)丸(wan)(wan),陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)失斂(lian)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)六味(wei)地黃(huang)(huang)(huang)丸(wan)(wan)合五(wu)(wu)子衍宗丸(wan)(wan),肝(gan)郁(yu)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)梔(zhi)逍遙散,燥熱(re)(re)(re)(re)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)六味(wei)地黃(huang)(huang)(huang)湯合白(bai)(bai)虎承氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)湯,陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虧(kui)三消(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)甘露飲合白(bai)(bai)虎湯加(jia)(jia)減[中(zhong)(zhong)西醫(yi)結合研(yan)究資料1981;(20):28L李氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)為(wei)本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虧(kui)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)灼為(wei)主(zhu),故用(yong)(yong)(yong)六味(wei)地黃(huang)(huang)(huang)湯加(jia)(jia)減[新中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1981;(11):24)。高氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)生津(jin)潤(run)燥清熱(re)(re)(re)(re)為(wei)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則,均獲(huo)較滿意的近(jin)期療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)效(xiao)[天津(jin)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)1978;(5):233L師氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)擬基(ji)本(ben)(ben)方(fang)(黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)參(can)(can)、葛(ge)(ge)(ge)根(gen)(gen)、山藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、天花粉(fen)、知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、北(bei)沙(sha)(sha)參(can)(can)、石韋、牡蠣、玉竹)加(jia)(jia)味(wei)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)170例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),按辨證(zheng)分(fen)(fen)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)燥熱(re)(re)(re)(re),肝(gan)腎(shen)(shen)(shen)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)燥熱(re)(re)(re)(re)加(jia)(jia)生石膏、·生熟(shu)(shu)地、元(yuan)參(can)(can);肝(gan)腎(shen)(shen)(shen)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)(jia)山萸(yu)肉、熟(shu)(shu)地炒(chao)白(bai)(bai)芍;陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)(jia)紅參(can)(can)、生熟(shu)(shu)地、肉蓯(cong)蓉。治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)后有(you)(you)90例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(53%)近(jin)期治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愈,有(you)(you)效(xiao)72例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(42%),無(wu)效(xiao)8例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(4.5%)[甘肅中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1996~(2):15]。鄒氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)參(can)(can)麗(li)降(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)口服液(黨參(can)(can)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、五(wu)(wu)味(wei)子、生地)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)64例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),顯效(xiao)36例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(56.25%),有(you)(you)效(xiao)18例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),總(zong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)94%[四(si)川(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1999;(9):2q)。楊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)益(yi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)養陰(yin)(yin)(yin)活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)法(黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、五(wu)(wu)味(wei)子、知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)、玉竹、白(bai)(bai)術(shu)(shu)、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、枸杞、山藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)參(can)(can)、葛(ge)(ge)(ge)根(gen)(gen))辨證(zheng)加(jia)(jia)味(wei)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)Ⅱ型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)35例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),顯效(xiao)11例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(31.4%),有(you)(you)效(xiao)19例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),總(zong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)85.7%[四(si)川(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1999;(8):40L陳氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)疏(shu)肝(gan)滋陰(yin)(yin)(yin)煎(柴(chai)胡、白(bai)(bai)芍、山藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、熟(shu)(shu)地、生地、玄(xuan)參(can)(can)、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮、山萸(yu)肉、葛(ge)(ge)(ge)根(gen)(gen)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、龍骨、牡蠣、蒼術(shu)(shu))加(jia)(jia)味(wei),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)Ⅱ型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)64例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),結果(guo)臨床(chuang)緩解18例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(28.13%),顯效(xiao)27例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(42.19%),有(you)(you)效(xiao)9例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(14.06%),無(wu)效(xiao)10例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),總(zong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)84.38%[四(si)川(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1999;(3):16)信姬氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)降(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(生地、熟(shu)(shu)地、麥(mai)(mai)冬(dong)(dong)、石斛、天花粉(fen)、鬼(gui)箭羽、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)參(can)(can)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、山藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、蒼術(shu)(shu)、知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo))加(jia)(jia)味(wei)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)Ⅱ型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)50例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),總(zong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)94%[四(si)川(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)1999;(3):25)。游(you)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)疏(shu)肝(gan)活(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(柴(chai)胡、白(bai)(bai)芍、川(chuan)棟子、蒺藜、淮(huai)山、茯苓、玄(xuan)參(can)(can)、葛(ge)(ge)(ge)根(gen)(gen)、麥(mai)(mai)芽、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)參(can)(can)、益(yi)母(mu)(mu)草(cao)、地龍)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)Ⅱ型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)糖(tang)尿病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)72例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),顯效(xiao)46例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(63.89%),有(you)(you)效(xiao)20例(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(27,78%),總(zong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)91。67%[湖(hu)南(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)導報1999;

(4):16L丁(ding)氏以(yi)花芪參(can)(can)湯(tang)(天花粉(fen)、紅花、銀(yin)花、黃(huang)芪、丹參(can)(can)、太(tai)子(zi)參(can)(can)、沙參(can)(can)、玄參(can)(can)、知母、石(shi)斛(hu)、仙(xian)靈脾(pi)、玉米(mi)須、益母草)加味治療Ⅱ型糖尿(niao)病36例,總(zong)有效(xiao)率為97.2%[湖南中醫藥(yao)導報1999;(4):28)。李氏等以(yi)降(jiang)糖康復(fu)方(黃(huang)芪、黃(huang)精(jing)、丹參(can)(can)、山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)、玄參(can)(can)、生山(shan)(shan)楂(zha)、花粉(fen)、雞內金、黃(huang)連、大(da)黃(huang))辨(bian)證加味治療糖尿(niao)病51例,總(zong)有效(xiao)率為94.1%[實用中醫藥(yao)雜志1999;(10):8]

2.專(zhuan)方(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)近年來,國內外(wai)許多(duo)(duo)學者在尋求既符合中(zhong)(zhong)醫理論,又具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)方(fang)專(zhuan)藥方(fang)面做了(le)不少工作。熊氏(shi)等(deng)(deng)以(yi)加(jia)味桃核承氣湯(片)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing),用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥后(hou)(hou)血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、血(xue)脂均明顯下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),血(xue)液流變學指標明顯改善[新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)醫1988;(4):53;(7):51L田氏(shi)等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)抑糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)湯治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)215例(li)(li)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)患者,總(zong)(zong)有(you)(you)(you)效率(lv)為70%[吉林中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥1983;(5):X]。程氏(shi)等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)消渴平片(黃芪(qi)、人(ren)(ren)參(can)(can)、葛根(gen)、花粉、知(zhi)母、天冬、丹參(can)(can)、五味子等(deng)(deng))治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)333例(li)(li)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)患者,有(you)(you)(you)效率(lv)達81.08%[山東中(zhong)(zhong)醫學院學報1985;(3):7L李氏(shi)等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)丸(紅參(can)(can)、茯苓、白術、黃芪(qi)、葛根(gen)、黃精(jing)、大黃、黃連、五味子等(deng)(deng))治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)20例(li)(li)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)患者,對血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)有(you)(you)(you)明顯降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)[中(zhong)(zhong)醫雜(za)志(zhi)1983;(10):30L王氏(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)甘芍降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)片治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)214例(li)(li),總(zong)(zong)有(you)(you)(you)效率(lv)為了(le)8。8%[中(zhong)(zhong)西醫結(jie)(jie)合雜(za)志(zhi)1986;(10):503)信(xin)吳氏(shi)等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)滋腎蓉精(jing)丸(黃精(jing)、肉蓯蓉、何首烏(wu)、山藥、金(jin)櫻(ying)子、五味子等(deng)(deng))治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)130例(li)(li),總(zong)(zong)有(you)(you)(you)效率(lv)為87.6%[湖(hu)南中(zhong)(zhong)醫雜(za)志(zhi)1987;(6):8)信(xin)另外(wai),應用(yong)(yong)(yong)古方(fang)六味地黃丸、八味地黃丸、八仙(xian)長壽丸、玉液湯等(deng)(deng)方(fang),以(yi)及一(yi)些研究(jiu)者新(xin)擬訂的(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)方(fang)進行觀察(cha),亦有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)效果。近年來,有(you)(you)(you)許多(duo)(duo)單位用(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)方(fang)專(zhuan)藥治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)消渴病(bing)(bing)(bing),療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)效較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)。如:竇氏(shi)等(deng)(deng)以(yi)固本消渴方(fang)(薏(yi)苡仁(ren)、山藥、人(ren)(ren)參(can)(can)、黑大豆(dou)、小麥(mai)(mai)麩皮、木耳(er)、胡桃仁(ren)、麥(mai)(mai)冬、:五味子、綠豆(dou))并配合糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)飲食(shi),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)Ⅱ型糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)332例(li)(li),取得(de)較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)效[中(zhong)(zhong)國鄉村醫生1998;(7):43L張氏(shi)等(deng)(deng)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)鱔沖劑(鱔魚、郁金(jin)、紫菀等(deng)(deng)組成(cheng))并加(jia)服優降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)結(jie)(jie)果發現,治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)后(hou)(hou)兩組患者的(de)(de)空腹(fu)血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)均明顯降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di),兩組血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)值(zhi)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)無(wu)顯著(zhu)性差異(P>0,05)。然而,治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)組患者餐后(hou)(hou)2h血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)由治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)前(qian)的(de)(de)19.20土6.10mmol/L降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至10.10±3.90mmol/L,對照組患者的(de)(de)餐后(hou)(hou)2h血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)則(ze)由21,30±7.60mmol/L降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)為14.80±6.50mmol/L。治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)組的(de)(de)餐后(hou)(hou)2h血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)顯著(zhu)低(di)于對照組(P

3.單味藥治(zhi)(zhi)療糖(tang)尿病(bing)國外文獻報道苦(ku)瓜(gua)(gua)能提高(gao)糖(tang)耐量,降低血糖(tang),國內張氏(shi)用(yong)(yong)苦(ku)瓜(gua)(gua)粗提取物對61例(li)糖(tang)尿病(bing)患(huan)者進行治(zhi)(zhi)療,有(you)效率(lv)為70,5%[山東中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)院學(xue)報1982;(2):56)。北(bei)京醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)院附屬醫(yi)(yi)院用(yong)(yong)亞腰葫蘆(lu)治(zhi)(zhi)療26例(li)[中(zhong)(zhong)華內科雜志1977;(3):136)。廣西醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)院用(yong)(yong)番(fan)石榴(liu)片(pian)治(zhi)(zhi)療166例(li)[新醫(yi)(yi)藥學(xue)雜志1978;(4):34):倪氏(shi)等用(yong)(yong)黃連素治(zhi)(zhi)療60例(li)糖(tang)尿病(bing)患(huan)者,均獲(huo)較好療效[中(zhong)(zhong)西醫(yi)(yi)結合雜志1988;(12):711L.

4.對糖尿(niao)病(bing)(bing)并發癥的治(zhi)療(liao)黃(huang)(huang)氏(shi)等應用自擬(ni)消渴(ke)痹痛湯(tang)(黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、雞血(xue)藤、生地(di)黃(huang)(huang)、牛膝(xi)、川(chuan)芎、赤(chi)(chi)芍(shao)、地(di)龍、山(shan)(shan)萸肉、當(dang)歸(gui)、桃仁、三(san)七、桂(gui)枝(zhi))加(jia)(jia)減(jian)治(zhi)療(liao)糖尿(niao)病(bing)(bing)并周圍神(shen)經病(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)26例(li)(li),并與西藥對照組(zu)10例(li)(li)進行對比觀察。結果(guo):消渴(ke)痹痛湯(tang)治(zhi)療(liao)總有效(xiao)率為92.3%,效(xiao)果(guo)顯著優于對照組(zu),提示益氣養陰、活血(xue)通絡法對本病(bing)(bing)有較(jiao)好的治(zhi)療(liao)作(zuo)用[新(xin)中(zhong)醫1996;(12):21]。郭氏(shi)等以補(bu)陽還五湯(tang)化裁(黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、當(dang)歸(gui)、赤(chi)(chi)芍(shao)、桃仁、紅花(hua)、地(di)龍、山(shan)(shan)萸肉、雞血(xue)藤、丹參、玄參、葛根)加(jia)(jia)味(wei)治(zhi)療(liao)糖尿(niao)病(bing)(bing)多(duo)發性神(shen)經炎13例(li)(li),四(si)肢(zhi)麻木、身體(ti)疼痛等癥狀消失者7例(li)(li),減(jian)輕者3例(li)(li),無(wu)效(xiao)者3例(li)(li)[四(si)川(chuan)中(zhong)醫1998;(8):19]。畢氏(shi)等以中(zhong)藥為主(zhu),治(zhi)療(liao)組(zu)加(jia)(jia)益氣化瘀湯(tang)(黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、丹參、生地(di)、龜板、牛膝(xi)、赤(chi)(chi)芍(shao)、當(dang)歸(gui)、山(shan)(shan)萸肉、川(chuan)芎、甘草、三(san)七)治(zhi)療(liao)糖尿(niao)病(bing)(bing)性視網膜病(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)24例(li)(li),網膜水腫加(jia)(jia)茯苓;口渴(ke)難(nan)解加(jia)(jia)沙參、麥冬;滲(shen)出多(duo)加(jia)(jia)昆(kun)布(bu)、山(shan)(shan)楂(zha);神(shen)疲(pi)乏力,氣短多(duo)汗加(jia)(jia)白術、山(shan)(shan)藥,結果(guo)顯效(xiao)17例(li)(li)(70.8%),有效(xiao)6例(li)(li),總有效(xiao)率95.8%,效(xiao)果(guo)優于對照組(zu)[四(si)川(chuan)中(zhong)醫1997;(11):51]。

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