關鍵詞(ci):現代難(nan)治病 中(zhong)醫藥療法 文獻特點
現代(dai)難(nan)治病(bing)是本世紀80年代(dai)提出的一種疾病(bing)分類(lei)的新(xin)概念,學者(zhe)們紛(fen)紛(fen)提出不(bu)同的學術見解,見仁見智,各有特(te)(te)色,也有不(bu)少學者(zhe)對某些難(nan)治病(bing)闡發了(le)治療(liao)思路和有效方劑,取得了(le)一定的成績,但是至(zhi)今尚無重大(da)突(tu)破。筆(bi)者(zhe)認為(wei),欲攻克難(nan)治病(bing),首先必須了(le)解其特(te)(te)點共(gong)性,并掌握其要領,才(cai)能洞悉其實質,有的放矢。茲(zi)對現代(dai)難(nan)治病(bing)中醫文獻特(te)(te)點與要素論述于下。
1難治病中醫文獻的(de)特點
難(nan)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)概(gai)念(nian)不同于常(chang)見(jian)(jian)病(bing)(bing)(bing),又(you)有別于罕見(jian)(jian)病(bing)(bing)(bing),是(shi)以(yi)其(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)機錯(cuo)雜(za)、治(zhi)療棘手(shou)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)程(cheng)漫(man)長、難(nan)以(yi)奏效(xiao)等作為其(qi)分類特(te)征,因此一向以(yi)療效(xiao)為報道(dao)依據之(zhi)文獻(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)較為少見(jian)(jian)。在古代(dai)(dai),雖在《素問·腹中(zhong)(zhong)論(lun)》已有“伏梁,難(nan)治(zhi)”之(zhi)記載,但伏梁究(jiu)系何病(bing)(bing)(bing)迄今尚(shang)是(shi)一謎,也罕見(jian)(jian)有關(guan)(guan)伏梁之(zhi)文獻(xian),由此也可見(jian)(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)文獻(xian)之(zhi)難(nan)覓。然(ran)而隨(sui)著時(shi)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)變遷(qian)、醫(yi)者思(si)路之(zhi)開拓、文獻(xian)報道(dao)之(zhi)驟增,難(nan)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)文獻(xian)也隨(sui)著相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應增多,為文獻(xian)研究(jiu)提供了(le)基礎(chu),但難(nan)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)文獻(xian)與其(qi)他文獻(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比,具有下(xia)列(lie)特(te)點(dian)。
1.1難(nan)治(zhi)病文獻的時(shi)代性(xing)
現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)難(nan)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)“現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)”兩(liang)字(zi)界(jie)定了它的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)性(xing),這是(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)醫學家從生物醫學模式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)概(gai)(gai)念中分(fen)(fen)化(hua)出(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類概(gai)(gai)念。除了具有(you)難(nan)治(zhi)性(xing)外(wai),還具有(you)它的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)性(xing),即歷史(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)特點。故現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)難(nan)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)可概(gai)(gai)括一系列遺傳、代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)謝、免疫,以(yi)及生活方式(shi)(shi)、社會(hui)心(xin)理(li)因素等(deng)綜合(he)作用的(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),是(shi)(shi)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)譜已由生物模式(shi)(shi)向生物-心(xin)理(li)-社會(hui)模式(shi)(shi)轉化(hua)的(de)(de)結果。不同的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)均具有(you)其當(dang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)之(zhi)難(nan)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),這是(shi)(shi)難(nan)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)文(wen)獻時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)性(xing)之(zhi)表現(xian)(xian)之(zhi)一。
現(xian)代(dai)難(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)文(wen)(wen)獻時(shi)代(dai)性(xing)的(de)(de)表現(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)二,是當代(dai)中醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)獻報道信(xin)息量的(de)(de)增多及其內容(rong)隨(sui)(sui)時(shi)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)蛻(tui)化。中醫(yi)(yi)期刊在(zai)(zai)1950~1965年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)初創時(shi)期僅《中醫(yi)(yi)雜志(zhi)》、《江西中醫(yi)(yi)藥》、《南京中醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)院學(xue)報》等13種(zhong),如今據(ju)不完全統(tong)計已逾(yu)120種(zhong),文(wen)(wen)獻資料(liao)(liao)也隨(sui)(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)陡增,此(ci)其一(yi);二則在(zai)(zai)所載文(wen)(wen)稿(gao)中,初創時(shi)在(zai)(zai)刊物中,理(li)論探討(tao)與臨(lin)(lin)床報道并舉(ju),而近20年(nian)來,臨(lin)(lin)床資料(liao)(liao)已占有絕對優勢,“學(xue)術探討(tao)”、“理(li)論研(yan)究(jiu)”僅占極少篇(pian)幅,甚(shen)至(zhi)有些期刊徑以“臨(lin)(lin)床雜志(zhi)”命名,有些期刊還開辟了(le)“難(nan)病(bing)辨治(zhi)(zhi)”、“難(nan)癥探頤”、“現(xian)代(dai)難(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)信(xin)息”等專(zhuan)欄,更為(wei)難(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)獻報道爭得了(le)一(yi)席之(zhi)(zhi)地,為(wei)難(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)的(de)(de)中醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)獻研(yan)究(jiu)豐富(fu)了(le)物質基礎。
1.2難治病文獻(xian)的信息性
難治病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)驟增,誠然(ran)為(wei)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)研究提供(gong)了資(zi)(zi)料(liao),但(dan)須認(ren)真地分析一(yi)(yi)(yi)下這些文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)質量。難治病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)都具有(you)信(xin)息之(zhi)特性,雖(sui)然(ran)信(xin)息中(zhong)寓(yu)有(you)確(que)鑿之(zhi)內(nei)容(rong),但(dan)其(qi)可信(xin)度則(ze)有(you)所(suo)消蝕,具有(you)不肯定(ding)性的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)面。如艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個明(ming)證(zheng)。艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)從1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)美(mei)國首批報道后(hou),80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期就有(you)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥治療(liao)艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),在(zai)1986~1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)間發表有(you)關艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)綜述就有(you)9篇之(zhi)多,然(ran)而至(zhi)(zhi)90年(nian)(nian)(nian)底(di)艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)中(zhong)國發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僅(jin)10余人(ren),且(qie)大(da)部分為(wei)外國或港臺(tai)來大(da)陸旅游(you)者,國內(nei)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)者僅(jin)3例,顯然(ran)所(suo)謂治療(liao)艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)并(bing)非都是(shi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)手資(zi)(zi)料(liao),相(xiang)對而言,大(da)都是(shi)二次(ci)、三次(ci)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),都是(shi)起到傳遞信(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代后(hou),艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)例明(ming)顯增多,據(ju)WHO估計(ji)(ji),至(zhi)(zhi)今已有(you)近二千萬(wan)艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒感染者,其(qi)中(zhong)400萬(wan)人(ren)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)例也(ye)有(you)所(suo)增多,相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)也(ye)有(you)所(suo)增加,據(ju)1992~1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)統計(ji)(ji),共42篇,其(qi)中(zhong)三次(ci)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)即有(you)14篇,占1/3。在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)某醫(yi)(yi)院的(de)(de)(de)首例報告,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)艾(ai)滋(zi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)飲食療(liao)法及會議(yi)(yi)報道等信(xin)息,真正的(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)床(chuang)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)不多,在(zai)呂(lv)維柏(bo)(bo)發表的(de)(de)(de)6篇文(wen)稿(gao)中(zhong),也(ye)僅(jin)2篇臨(lin)床(chuang)報道,其(qi)他4篇均為(wei)綜述和(he)會議(yi)(yi)信(xin)息。在(zai)42篇文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong),呂(lv)維柏(bo)(bo)、趙曉(xiao)梅、李國勤、王健4位共發表15篇,占1/3強,其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)些內(nei)容(rong)具有(you)重復(fu)性,由此可見,所(suo)有(you)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)所(suo)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)確(que)鑿資(zi)(zi)料(liao)相(xiang)對較少,
大都是(shi)信息性(xing)質(zhi)的文(wen)獻。其他難(nan)治病的文(wen)獻也都具(ju)有(you)(you)此特性(xing),在一次文(wen)獻中,有(you)(you)些(xie)是(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)理論探討的性(xing)質(zhi),因缺(que)乏(fa)實(shi)踐,往(wang)往(wang)寓有(you)(you)推理性(xing),很可能是(shi)空(kong)中樓(lou)閣、海市蜃樓(lou),也僅可供參考,是(shi)帶有(you)(you)設想性(xing)質(zhi)的信息。
1.3難治病驗案(an)的偶(ou)然性
在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)難治病(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),雖(sui)然也有(you)(you)一(yi)些是(shi)多(duo)發病(bing),但大都數發病(bing)例數偏少,有(you)(you)的(de)是(shi)罕見病(bing),所(suo)以有(you)(you)些學者(zhe)認(ren)為難治病(bing)具有(you)(you)表現(xian)稀奇、怪病(bing)奇證、宿疾頑(wan)癥的(de)特(te)性,由此在(zai)難治病(bing)的(de)文(wen)獻(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),以個案(an)(an)(an)、驗案(an)(an)(an)之報(bao)(bao)道(dao)(dao)多(duo)見,如近年(nian)(nian)帕金森(sen)氏病(bing)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)獻(xian)有(you)(you)增多(duo)之趨勢(shi),于1990~1994年(nian)(nian)五年(nian)(nian)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)獻(xian)43篇(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),就有(you)(you)12篇(pian)為驗案(an)(an)(an)報(bao)(bao)道(dao)(dao);在(zai)1986~1995年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)治療(liao)尿崩癥的(de)45篇(pian)文(wen)獻(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),32篇(pian)為驗案(an)(an)(an)報(bao)(bao)道(dao)(dao),占(zhan)3/4以上,足(zu)見驗案(an)(an)(an)類文(wen)稿(gao)是(shi)難治病(bing)常見的(de)形式。
醫案類文獻(xian),其(qi)是以單體作(zuo)為(wei)一個單元,是以其(qi)罕見性、攻堅性為(wei)特色,由此在很大程(cheng)度上寓有機遇性和偶然(ran)性,因為(wei)在100例(li)或更多的(de)(de)治療病例(li)中,只要(yao)有一例(li)有效(xiao)就可(ke)作(zuo)驗案報(bao)道,無(wu)形中隱匿(ni)了無(wu)法估計的(de)(de)無(wu)效(xiao)病例(li),其(qi)可(ke)信(xin)度存在問題(ti),僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)是可(ke)供參考(kao)的(de)(de)線(xian)索,有效(xiao)的(de)(de)治則和方(fang)藥均有待重復驗證,絕(jue)不能(neng)以此為(wei)據(ju)作(zuo)為(wei)科研成果之(zhi)佳績。
1.4難治(zhi)病(bing)療效的差(cha)異性
臨(lin)床(chuang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)報道(dao)一(yi)般均以(yi)(yi)(yi)其療(liao)效(xiao)作為(wei)取舍依(yi)據(ju)(ju)。在臨(lin)床(chuang)科研中(zhong)對(dui)療(liao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷(duan)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)(yi)(yi)國際或國內公認的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),有(you)(you)一(yi)些(xie)尚無統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)療(liao)效(xiao)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),則可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)全(quan)國性(xing)(xing)(xing)會議討論認可(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)依(yi)據(ju)(ju),若無這些(xie)相關標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),只能自擬(ni)(ni)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),此時,也(ye)(ye)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)(yi)(yi)高標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、嚴要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規格來加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)擬(ni)(ni)定,才符(fu)合科學性(xing)(xing)(xing)、可(ke)信性(xing)(xing)(xing)、先進性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。然而在眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)難治病文獻中(zhong),對(dui)其療(liao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)估差(cha)異性(xing)(xing)(xing)很(hen)大,極少有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化之(zhi)療(liao)效(xiao)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)依(yi)據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。如在艾(ai)滋病臨(lin)床(chuang)報道(dao)文獻中(zhong),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)艾(ai)滋病患者舌炎為(wei)題,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)艾(ai)滋病并發皮膚粘膜感染(ran)為(wei)其臨(lin)床(chuang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析對(dui)象,均未涉及艾(ai)滋病之(zhi)本體(ti);又如帕(pa)金森氏病,雖然在療(liao)效(xiao)判斷(duan)中(zhong)有(you)(you)Webster評(ping)分(fen)法,可(ke)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)Sampson氏錐(zhui)體(ti)外系反(fan)應(ying)(ying)量予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)評(ping)分(fen),但文獻資(zi)(zi)(zi)料中(zhong)言(yan)明用此標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)者很(hen)少,大多數作者都是(shi)自定的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其震(zhen)顫之(zhi)頻(pin)率、程度(du),或其自主活動情(qing)況為(wei)依(yi)據(ju)(ju),即使(shi)是(shi)20例以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)床(chuang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料,各文獻之(zhi)有(you)(you)效(xiao)率自60.7%至96.5%不等,存在著(zhu)(zhu)顯著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異性(xing)(xing)(xing),由此也(ye)(ye)必然影響其可(ke)信度(du)。
1.5難(nan)治病方(fang)藥的(de)爭鳴性
中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)對現(xian)代難(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療,雖有辨證(zheng)論治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)框架,但各(ge)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)見(jian)(jian)仁(ren)見(jian)(jian)智,各(ge)顯神(shen)通(tong),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)各(ge)異,方(fang)藥更是(shi)(shi)五(wu)花(hua)八門,呈現(xian)一(yi)派百(bai)(bai)花(hua)齊放(fang)、百(bai)(bai)家(jia)爭(zheng)鳴之(zhi)態(tai),雖可求大同而(er)存小異,但尚難(nan)統一(yi)。如(ru)尿崩癥(zheng),雖臨床證(zheng)候大體(ti)歸(gui)納為陰(yin)虛燥熱(re)和脾(pi)(pi)(pi)腎(shen)(shen)陽虛兩(liang)型,但治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)各(ge)異,筆者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曾(ceng)收羅自(zi)1957年以(yi)來的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)文(wen)獻,其(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)大體(ti)可劃分(fen)(fen)為辨證(zheng)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、據(ju)癥(zheng)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、辨病(bing)(bing)(bing)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)三類,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)辨證(zheng)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong),又(you)可分(fen)(fen)為滋陰(yin)清熱(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、溫補(bu)脾(pi)(pi)(pi)腎(shen)(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、疏肝(gan)清熱(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)三種,而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)滋陰(yin)清熱(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong),又(you)有滋陰(yin)潤燥法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、清熱(re)生(sheng)津(jin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)別;在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)溫補(bu)脾(pi)(pi)(pi)腎(shen)(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong),又(you)有溫補(bu)腎(shen)(shen)陽法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、健(jian)脾(pi)(pi)(pi)助運法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)異,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)據(ju)癥(zheng)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong),則(ze)有固(gu)脬法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、升提法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、利(li)尿法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、解涸法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)津(jin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、發汗法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、通(tong)便法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等,不僅(jin)如(ru)此,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具體(ti)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療中(zhong)(zhong)對藥物的(de)取舍,各(ge)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)又(you)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)分(fen)(fen)歧,如(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)溫補(bu)腎(shen)(shen)陽法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong),對溫腎(shen)(shen)之(zhi)桂(gui)、附(fu),即存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)取舍之(zhi)分(fen)(fen)歧,有的(de)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)認為腎(shen)(shen)陽虛餒,腎(shen)(shen)關不固(gu),當用(yong)桂(gui)附(fu),且藥后尿量(liang)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)短期內顯著減少;有的(de)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)則(ze)認為尿崩癥(zheng)已有燥熱(re)之(zhi)象,慮(lv)桂(gui)附(fu)辛(xin)熱(re)助陽,有爍陰(yin)傷津(jin)之(zhi)弊,服后有煩渴(ke)加重、低熱(re)不退、飲水及尿次增多現(xian)象,不主(zhu)張使(shi)用(yong)。學(xue)術上之(zhi)分(fen)(fen)歧既反(fan)映(ying)(ying)了治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療措施(shi)(shi)的(de)欠(qian)成熟,也反(fan)映(ying)(ying)了病(bing)(bing)(bing)情證(zheng)候的(de)復雜。目前有些臨床工作者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)熱(re)衷于一(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)一(yi)方(fang)的(de)尋覓,顯然在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)難(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)不現(xian)實(shi)的(de),也是(shi)(shi)不明智的(de),如(ru)今不少學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)普遍(bian)認為單用(yong)一(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)難(nan)以(yi)奏效,須數(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)并用(yong),或隨(sui)其(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)程(cheng)的(de)演變(bian),分(fen)(fen)階段(duan)施(shi)(shi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),看來對難(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)學(xue)術爭(zheng)鳴還需持續一(yi)段(duan)時期。
2現(xian)代難治(zhi)病中(zhong)醫文獻的要素
現代難治病中醫文獻研(yan)究(jiu)由于其(qi)文獻內容之(zhi)不肯定性(xing)(xing)、療(liao)效判(pan)斷之(zhi)欠標準化(hua)、個(ge)案報道之(zhi)機遇性(xing)(xing),影響了(le)文獻內涵的真實性(xing)(xing)及其(qi)可靠性(xing)(xing),甚至有些是鏡花(hua)水月(yue),若(ruo)以此為據進行文獻研(yan)究(jiu),不免有以訛(e)傳訛(e)之(zhi)虞,所以必須予以篩選,掌握(wo)其(qi)研(yan)究(jiu)文獻之(zhi)要素。
2.1病名診斷(duan)的(de)正確性
現代難治病(bing)(bing)(bing)的概念是(shi)(shi)西方(fang)醫學從生物醫學模式的疾病(bing)(bing)(bing)概念中(zhong)分(fen)(fen)化出(chu)來的一種分(fen)(fen)類,它是(shi)(shi)以(yi)西醫病(bing)(bing)(bing)名(ming)為依據的,然而在中(zhong)醫診(zhen)(zhen)治難治病(bing)(bing)(bing)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)中(zhong),往往以(yi)中(zhong)醫病(bing)(bing)(bing)名(ming)或(huo)證(zheng)名(ming)立題,誠(cheng)然中(zhong)西醫病(bing)(bing)(bing)名(ming)中(zhong)有相應(ying)的等同性,諸如狐(hu)惑與(yu)白塞氏病(bing)(bing)(bing),但并(bing)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)都相吻合的,諸如帕(pa)(pa)金森(sen)氏病(bing)(bing)(bing),有些(xie)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)以(yi)中(zhong)醫“震(zhen)顫麻(ma)痹”命名(ming),然震(zhen)顫麻(ma)痹者(zhe)(zhe)并(bing)非(fei)皆是(shi)(shi)帕(pa)(pa)金森(sen)氏病(bing)(bing)(bing),尤其是(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)人,不(bu)(bu)能排除老(lao)(lao)年(nian)性震(zhen)顫,無形(xing)中(zhong)為中(zhong)醫治療帕(pa)(pa)金森(sen)氏病(bing)(bing)(bing)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)摻(chan)假,是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可取的,所以(yi)筆(bi)者(zhe)(zhe)認為難治病(bing)(bing)(bing)撰(zhuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)應(ying)以(yi)難治病(bing)(bing)(bing)之病(bing)(bing)(bing)名(ming)立題,以(yi)保證(zheng)其病(bing)(bing)(bing)名(ming)診(zhen)(zhen)斷之正確性。
在確立西醫病(bing)名診斷(duan)時(shi),尚需注意的(de)(de)(de)是必須(xu)進行必要的(de)(de)(de)鑒(jian)別診斷(duan),以(yi)(yi)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)崩(beng)癥(zheng)為(wei)(wei)例,在中(zhong)醫病(bing)名中(zhong),尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)崩(beng)癥(zheng)與糖尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)均稱之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“消渴(ke)”,在古代(dai)雖(sui)已有所識別,如劉河間曾言:“若飲水多(duo)而(er)小便多(duo)者(zhe)(zhe),名曰(yue)消渴(ke);若飲水多(duo)而(er)甚(shen)饑,小便數而(er)漸溲(sou)者(zhe)(zhe),名曰(yue)消中(zhong)。”但一直未認真區分(fen),現(xian)代(dai)則(ze)可依賴相關(guan)之(zhi)生化檢驗予以(yi)(yi)鑒(jian)別,故在尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)崩(beng)癥(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)資料(liao)中(zhong)無有糖尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)病(bing)之(zhi)病(bing)例混(hun)入。然而(er)筆者(zhe)(zhe)查閱自1957年以(yi)(yi)來的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫治療尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)崩(beng)癥(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)文獻,在98份資料(liao)中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)有2篇個案報道(dao)之(zhi)診斷(duan)存疑,一是原患有腎炎(yan),病(bing)發(fa)時(shi)口干多(duo)飲、尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)頻(pin)量多(duo),尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)比重下降;一是夏暑之(zhi)期大渴(ke)引飲,繼之(zhi)多(duo)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao),日數10次,惜乎(hu)文中(zhong)均未提及有關(guan)禁水試驗、高滲鹽(yan)水試驗等有關(guan)鑒(jian)別診斷(duan)之(zhi)數據,由此不能排除(chu)前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)腎性(xing)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)崩(beng)癥(zheng)、后者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)精神性(xing)煩渴(ke)之(zhi)可能,若以(yi)(yi)此資料(liao)混(hun)入垂體性(xing)尿(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)崩(beng)癥(zheng)相關(guan)資料(liao)及療效的(de)(de)(de)統計分(fen)析,不免會影響和干擾其科學(xue)性(xing)和可信度。
2.2臨(lin)床報(bao)道的真(zhen)實(shi)性
臨床資料報道(dao)應(ying)真實(shi)可靠,絕大多數作(zuo)者都(dou)以(yi)此為(wei)信條,然而中醫臨床報道(dao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)的重復性差,一直是(shi)影響中醫文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)質(zhi)量的一個(ge)問題(ti),其中除有(you)(you)(you)些作(zuo)者有(you)(you)(you)夸(kua)大用詞之弊端外(wai),筆者認為(wei)主要(yao)是(shi)未正確處理(li)文(wen)(wen)稿(gao)內涵(han)與版面容量所(suo)存在的矛盾,即在內容的刪節和壓縮方面有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)忽略。
一是(shi)壓縮性疏漏。難治(zhi)病自身存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著證候錯雜、療(liao)程(cheng)較(jiao)長之(zhi)特征,由此在(zai)(zai)報(bao)道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)可能(neng)將全部病歷直錄,必(bi)須(xu)進行壓縮,然而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)全療(liao)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),方(fang)(fang)劑藥(yao)物(wu)變(bian)更較(jiao)多,如(ru)何摘取(qu)精華要(yao)領(ling)(ling),這(zhe)必(bi)須(xu)全面(mian)領(ling)(ling)會,并深悟(wu)其(qi)(qi)真諦(di),方(fang)(fang)能(neng)不(bu)使其(qi)(qi)精萃有(you)所(suo)遺漏,諸如(ru)筆者在(zai)(zai)診治(zhi)內(nei)分泌(mi)難治(zhi)病的(de)(de)有(you)關報(bao)道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),既(ji)交代隨其(qi)(qi)病程(cheng)和(he)病情變(bian)化的(de)(de)治(zhi)則方(fang)(fang)藥(yao)更替,在(zai)(zai)眾多補(bu)腎(shen)藥(yao)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),又認(ren)真分析其(qi)(qi)各(ge)味藥(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)微小(xiao)差異,在(zai)(zai)報(bao)道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就可突(tu)出其(qi)(qi)不(bu)同階段的(de)(de)用藥(yao)要(yao)領(ling)(ling),如(ru)在(zai)(zai)補(bu)腎(shen)法治(zhi)療(liao)內(nei)分泌(mi)疾病中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),若將菟(tu)絲子(zi)(zi)、肉(rou)蓯蓉、仙靈(ling)脾(pi)、巴戟天、鹿角(jiao)霜(shuang)、補(bu)骨(gu)脂(zhi)等均(jun)為(wei)視為(wei)補(bu)腎(shen)藥(yao)等同起來,在(zai)(zai)文獻(xian)報(bao)道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨意予以刪節,就有(you)可能(neng)產(chan)生誤導作(zuo)用,因(yin)菟(tu)絲子(zi)(zi)、肉(rou)蓯蓉是(shi)補(bu)陰興陽之(zhi)藥(yao)物(wu),仙靈(ling)脾(pi)、巴戟天、鹿角(jiao)霜(shuang)是(shi)溫腎(shen)壯陽之(zhi)藥(yao)物(wu),而(er)(er)補(bu)骨(gu)脂(zhi)則具有(you)雌激素樣(yang)作(zuo)用,各(ge)有(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)用處及其(qi)(qi)適應癥。如(ru)治(zhi)療(liao)高泌(mi)乳(ru)(ru)素血癥,在(zai)(zai)血清泌(mi)乳(ru)(ru)素升(sheng)高時,則必(bi)需投補(bu)骨(gu)脂(zhi)以抑(yi)止泌(mi)乳(ru)(ru)素對性腺(xian)之(zhi)抑(yi)制作(zuo)用,在(zai)(zai)泌(mi)乳(ru)(ru)素恢(hui)復正常后,則補(bu)骨(gu)脂(zhi)當隨其(qi)(qi)月經周期(qi)予以取(qu)舍,若在(zai)(zai)報(bao)道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)刪節這(zhe)有(you)關補(bu)骨(gu)脂(zhi)取(qu)舍的(de)(de)內(nei)容,就可能(neng)全文失去(qu)其(qi)(qi)報(bao)道(dao)之(zhi)意義。在(zai)(zai)壓縮性刪節中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)些文獻(xian)要(yao)領(ling)(ling)可能(neng)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)者或編者無意識的(de)(de)壓縮中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被刪除而(er)(er)漏缺,影響文稿的(de)(de)真實性。
二是(shi)隱匿(ni)性刪節。這是(shi)作者(zhe)故意有(you)(you)(you)意識地予以(yi)刪除的(de)(de),近年來這類文獻(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)所抬頭(tou),誠(cheng)然其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)涉及機(ji)密和知識產(chan)權的(de)(de)問題(ti),但也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)是(shi)作者(zhe)的(de)(de)私(si)心作怪,隱匿(ni)不報,由此其(qi)文章的(de)(de)真實性大打折扣,甚至(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)把主藥(yao)或要藥(yao)隱匿(ni)的(de)(de),則(ze)文獻(xian)(xian)可認為完全失(shi)實,僅是(shi)一則(ze)小道(dao)消(xiao)息而已,如何能使效仿者(zhe)得(de)到同(tong)樣的(de)(de)效果?
臨床資料的(de)真實性(xing)是(shi)關系文(wen)獻(xian)質量的(de)生(sheng)命,在難(nan)治病(bing)(bing)(bing)大樣本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)例資料的(de)統計中(zhong),有些作者僅取其有效病(bing)(bing)(bing)例予以(yi)分析,把眾多的(de)無效病(bing)(bing)(bing)例均排除在外,這也是(shi)使文(wen)獻(xian)失(shi)實的(de)原因,故(gu)在難(nan)治病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)文(wen)獻(xian)研究中(zhong),當注(zhu)意這些魚目混(hun)珠的(de)文(wen)章摻雜(za)。
2.3判斷療效的客觀性(xing)
難治(zhi)病以其治(zhi)療棘手(shou)著稱,難以取得理想的(de)(de)效果(guo)是(shi)其特(te)征,然而(er)(er)臨床(chuang)資料又(you)以其療效為(wei)依據,由此報道文(wen)獻偏少是(shi)必然的(de)(de)結果(guo)。然而(er)(er)作者為(wei)達到文(wen)獻報道的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),在(zai)療效判(pan)斷上做手(shou)腳,常用的(de)(de)筆法是(shi)以其某(mou)(mou)(mou)一癥(zheng)狀做文(wen)章,以點蓋面,冠以“治(zhi)驗”之(zhi)標識,不免有弄虛作假之(zhi)嫌,若(ruo)這些文(wen)稿言明是(shi)某(mou)(mou)(mou)某(mou)(mou)(mou)種(zhong)病之(zhi)某(mou)(mou)(mou)一主(zhu)癥(zheng),坦陳于文(wen)題之(zhi)中,則也是(shi)保(bao)證文(wen)獻質量的(de)(de)一種(zhong)實(shi)事(shi)求是(shi)的(de)(de)態度。
在(zai)難治病(bing)(bing)中(zhong),其(qi)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)繁多,且(qie)有(you)(you)許多都是自覺癥(zheng)狀(zhuang),缺乏客觀(guan)(guan)依(yi)據,因此細究某些所謂療效(xiao)(xiao),實(shi)乃“面子療效(xiao)(xiao)”,是病(bing)(bing)家“安慰(wei)”醫(yi)生(sheng)所陳(chen)述的(de)(de),事(shi)實(shi)上并(bing)未取(qu)得效(xiao)(xiao)果,這也(ye)是影響(xiang)文(wen)獻質量的(de)(de)因素,故療效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)以客觀(guan)(guan)依(yi)據予(yu)以判斷(duan),以反映其(qi)之真實(shi)性(xing)。從文(wen)獻資料中(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)察,使主觀(guan)(guan)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)客觀(guan)(guan)化、標準化的(de)(de)指(zhi)標,大體有(you)(you)三種形式,一是以分(fen)(fen)級符號(+)(++)(+++)反映它的(de)(de)輕重程度;二(er)是以計分(fen)(fen)法對(dui)自覺癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)打分(fen)(fen),治療后根據其(qi)好轉程度減分(fen)(fen),統計總分(fen)(fen)值作出療效(xiao)(xiao)判斷(duan);三是以相應(ying)的(de)(de)實(shi)驗室(shi)指(zhi)標作為佐(zuo)證,由此盡可(ke)(ke)能地使臨床療效(xiao)(xiao)具有(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)比性(xing)、可(ke)(ke)信性(xing)及精確性(xing),既可(ke)(ke)排除面子療效(xiao)(xiao),又(you)可(ke)(ke)避免在(zai)難治病(bing)(bing)療效(xiao)(xiao)中(zhong)經常出現的(de)(de)痊愈、顯效(xiao)(xiao)、有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)之界限(xian)不清。
2.4歸納治驗的規(gui)律性
在(zai)較為(wei)(wei)罕見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)難治病(bing)(bing)文(wen)獻中(zhong),個(ge)案報道(dao)尤為(wei)(wei)突出(chu),似難摸索(suo)其之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治療(liao)(liao)規律(lv),近十(shi)幾年來在(zai)文(wen)獻研究中(zhong),采用(yong)(yong)綜(zong)述文(wen)文(wen)體的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊形式,進行了(le)對(dui)同一(yi)病(bing)(bing)種(zhong)散在(zai)各家所(suo)發(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)驗案類資料(liao)予以(yi)綜(zong)合(he),疊加(jia)(jia)形成總體的(de)(de)(de)“大(da)樣本”資料(liao)統計,從中(zhong)初步探(tan)索(suo)并歸(gui)(gui)納其治療(liao)(liao)規律(lv),使后人可(ke)有所(suo)借假。如(ru)《國(guo)內(nei)1360例非特(te)異性潰瘍性結(jie)(jie)腸(chang)炎臨床分析》就歸(gui)(gui)納了(le)1975~1984年國(guo)內(nei)34篇(pian)(pian)中(zhong)醫文(wen)獻,得(de)出(chu)了(le)“以(yi)中(zhong)藥(yao)灌(guan)腸(chang)治療(liao)(liao)近期療(liao)(liao)效顯著(zhu)”的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)論,從此中(zhong)藥(yao)灌(guan)腸(chang)常成為(wei)(wei)治療(liao)(liao)該病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選方(fang)法(fa);又(you)如(ru)筆者綜(zong)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)《中(zhong)醫藥(yao)治療(liao)(liao)尿(niao)崩癥84例臨床資料(liao)分析》,該文(wen)收集(ji)(ji)1957~1989年50篇(pian)(pian)文(wen)獻84例的(de)(de)(de)資料(liao),發(fa)現本病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫辨證主要分陰虛燥熱(re)型及(ji)(ji)脾腎陽虛型兩(liang)證,用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)涉及(ji)(ji)125味(wei)(wei),其中(zhong)首(shou)選中(zhong)藥(yao)依次為(wei)(wei)生地、熟(shu)地、山藥(yao)、麥(mai)冬等滋腎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao),其次為(wei)(wei)清(qing)熱(re)生津、溫腎縮泉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao),所(suo)涉及(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)味(wei)(wei)可(ke)分別(bie)組成六味(wei)(wei)地黃丸、玉女(nv)煎(jian)、金(jin)匱(kui)腎氣等方(fang)劑,為(wei)(wei)補腎藥(yao)治療(liao)(liao)尿(niao)崩癥奠(dian)定了(le)物質基礎。這種(zhong)臨床資料(liao)類文(wen)獻綜(zong)述的(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)(gui)納,可(ke)有效地了(le)解和掌握中(zhong)醫診治該病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)規律(lv),明顯削減了(le)個(ge)案報道(dao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)偶然性,增加(jia)(jia)了(le)難治病(bing)(bing)治驗的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)信度,也(ye)為(wei)(wei)今后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治療(liao)(liao)發(fa)揮了(le)啟(qi)迪作用(yong)(yong),但這種(zhong)匯總尚(shang)是(shi)回顧性資料(liao),且所(suo)集(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資料(liao)是(shi)否內(nei)容篇(pian)(pian)篇(pian)(pian)精準(zhun)尚(shang)存在(zai)疑問,故(gu)文(wen)獻價值(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)科(ke)學性不(bu)(bu)如(ru)前瞻性研究的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研小(xiao)結(jie)(jie)可(ke)靠,但也(ye)不(bu)(bu)失(shi)為(wei)(wei)罕見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)難治病(bing)(bing)探(tan)索(suo)其治療(liao)(liao)措施的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)。
在匯總難(nan)治(zhi)病驗案規律(lv)性(xing)(xing)時,并非所有(you)文(wen)獻均吻合其(qi)規律(lv)性(xing)(xing),有(you)少(shao)數文(wen)獻之內涵常常獨樹(shu)一幟,雖然(ran)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)不乏學術爭(zheng)鳴,但有(you)些(xie)確是在普(pu)遍性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)特殊性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)反映,如筆(bi)者在匯總中(zhong)(zhong)診治(zhi)甲(jia)狀腺機(ji)減退癥11份資料94例的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫辨(bian)證(zheng)分型中(zhong)(zhong),一般資料均為脾、腎(shen)(shen)兩臟(zang)之氣虛(xu)或陽虛(xu)證(zheng),腎(shen)(shen)虛(xu)者占84%,脾虛(xu)者占71.3%,唯獨有(you)1份報道中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)肝旺脾虛(xu)一證(zheng),肝旺顯系陽亢,有(you)悖于甲(jia)減之陽虛(xu),參(can)見該(gai)作者另一篇治(zhi)療慢性(xing)(xing)淋(lin)巴狀腺炎由甲(jia)亢向甲(jia)減演變(bian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)一過性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)殘存癥狀的(de)(de)表(biao)現,與純屬甲(jia)減之虛(xu)證(zheng)有(you)別(bie),故對這些(xie)有(you)異于一般規律(lv)性(xing)(xing)之文(wen)獻內涵值得深(shen)究。
2.5證實設想(xiang)的科學性
在(zai)難治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)著文獻中(zhong)(zhong),主要是(shi)作(zuo)者對某一難治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)因病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)機、辨證(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)(fen)型、治(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)方(fang)藥諸方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)推理(li)(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)析,誠然理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)是(shi)指(zhi)導臨床實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)依據,但(dan)對難治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)而(er)言,這些(xie)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)探討常(chang)處(chu)于紙上(shang)談兵(bing)、圖紙設計階段,僅僅是(shi)作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)設想(xiang)、推理(li)(li)(li),并不(bu)一定完全能(neng)(neng)(neng)付(fu)諸實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施,所以必(bi)須(xu)經過實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)之(zhi)檢驗(yan),或他(ta)人之(zhi)旁證(zheng)(zheng),才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)提高(gao)其(qi)可信(xin)度及(ji)準確性,證(zheng)(zheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)設想(xiang)之(zhi)科學性,否則(ze)就可能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)浮光掠影或曇花一現(xian)(xian)。如中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)對艾(ai)滋病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)認識,在(zai)最(zui)初階段完全是(shi)純理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)推論(lun)(lun),基于艾(ai)滋病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)涵義是(shi)“獲(huo)得性免(mian)疫缺陷(xian)綜(zong)合征”,從免(mian)疫缺陷(xian)分(fen)(fen)析是(shi)為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)虛(xu),而(er)“獲(huo)得性”三(san)字(zi)更是(shi)“邪之(zhi)所湊,其(qi)氣必(bi)虛(xu)”之(zhi)佐證(zheng)(zheng),故(gu)都從正(zheng)虛(xu)立論(lun)(lun),采用(yong)提高(gao)免(mian)疫功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)補腎(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)藥,初戰告捷,但(dan)在(zai)臨床持續使用(yong)后發(fa)現(xian)(xian),非(fei)但(dan)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)繼續改善病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)情(qing)況,反而(er)使病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)情(qing)加重,免(mian)疫功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)下(xia)降,由此(ci)可見(jian)純虛(xu)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)推理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)欠(qian)正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)。分(fen)(fen)析其(qi)原因,考慮這些(xie)補益(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥不(bu)僅扶正(zheng),同時也(ye)補益(yi)(激活)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du),促使病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)情(qing)發(fa)展。基于此(ci),在(zai)設計中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥防治(zhi)(zhi)艾(ai)滋病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)方(fang)案上(shang),立足于扶正(zheng)祛(qu)邪并舉,即扶正(zheng)與抗(kang)(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)并重,開展了實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究,以清熱解(jie)毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)27種中(zhong)(zhong)藥作(zuo)抗(kang)(kang)HIV作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究,發(fa)現(xian)(xian)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)11種具有(you)抑制HIV作(zuo)用(yong),進一步證(zheng)(zheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)了抑制病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)尚需(xu)清熱解(jie)毒(du)之(zhi)劑(ji),非(fei)純補益(yi)藥所能(neng)(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi),由實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)補充(chong)了原設想(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)不(bu)足。目前抗(kang)(kang)艾(ai)滋病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究主要集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)抗(kang)(kang)感染、抗(kang)(kang)腫瘤(liu)以及(ji)增強(qiang)機體免(mian)疫功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等三(san)類(lei)藥用(yong)植物(wu),但(dan)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)不(bu)一致甚至矛盾的(de)(de)(de)結果,還有(you)待深化(hua)。由此(ci)可見(jian),對難治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)探討,還有(you)待理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)→實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)→理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)→再實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)深化(hua),使其(qi)由設想(xiang)、推理(li)(li)(li)上(shang)升(sheng),升(sheng)華(hua)為(wei)(wei)真理(li)(li)(li),才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)體現(xian)(xian)其(qi)科學性。
總之(zhi),現(xian)代難治病之(zhi)中醫文(wen)(wen)獻,具有其(qi)特殊性,也存(cun)在(zai)一定的(de)缺陷,在(zai)進(jin)行文(wen)(wen)獻研究中,必須以(yi)其(qi)真實性、可靠性、科學性為準繩予以(yi)篩選,以(yi)確保文(wen)(wen)獻研究質量和水平,真正發揮其(qi)文(wen)(wen)獻信(xin)息的(de)啟迪(di)和指導作用。
上(shang)海市中醫文獻(xian)館(上(shang)海,200020)潘文奎 余恒(heng)先
本文地址://n85e38t.cn/zhongyizatan/39022.html.
聲明: 我(wo)們致力于保護作(zuo)者(zhe)版權,注重分享,被(bei)刊(kan)用文(wen)章(zhang)因無法核實(shi)真實(shi)出處,未能及時與作(zuo)者(zhe)取得聯系(xi),或(huo)有(you)版權異議的(de),請聯系(xi)管理員(yuan),我(wo)們會(hui)立即(ji)處理,本(ben)站部分文(wen)字與圖(tu)片資源來自于網絡(luo),轉載是(shi)出于傳遞更多信息之目的(de),若有(you)來源標注錯誤或(huo)侵犯了您的(de)合法權益(yi),請立即(ji)通知我(wo)們(管理員(yuan)郵(you)箱:),情況(kuang)屬實(shi),我(wo)們會(hui)第一(yi)時間予(yu)以刪除,并同時向您表(biao)示歉意,謝(xie)謝(xie)!
上(shang)一(yi)篇: 《遵生八(ba)箋校注》舉正
下一(yi)篇(pian): 《千金翼(yi)方詮譯》正誤