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戰國至東漢時期(3)醫學理論的形成

醫案日記 2023-05-11 03:52:44

醫學理論的形成 戰國至秦漢時期,由于醫學實踐經驗的不斷積累和日益豐富,一些重要的醫學典籍相繼問世。其中《黃帝內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian),標志(zhi)(zhi)著(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)基礎(chu)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng);《傷寒(han)雜病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)世,則表(biao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)辨證論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)治(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立。《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國現(xian)存最(zui)(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、全(quan)面(mian)總(zong)結(jie)秦(qin)漢(han)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),并(bing)(bing)奠定(ding)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)基礎(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)。關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)年代,歷(li)代醫(yi)(yi)(yi)家、學(xue)(xue)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見分歧(qi)很大,各(ge)種不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同觀(guan)點(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭(zheng)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)已(yi)持續數百年,至今仍未(wei)(wei)(wei)達成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming),最(zui)(zui)早出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西漢(han)劉歆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《七略》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),但(dan)該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)已(yi)失傳(chuan)。現(xian)存文(wen)獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)早記載,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)東漢(han)班(ban)固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《漢(han)書(shu)(shu)(shu)·藝(yi)文(wen)志(zhi)(zhi)》。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖然(ran)記有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》十八卷(juan),但(dan)并(bing)(bing)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)提到(dao)該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)年代及作(zuo)者。通過對(dui)(dui)(dui)書(shu)(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)、書(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)記時(shi)(shi)(shi)、名(ming)(ming)詞術語的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究,現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)多(duo)數學(xue)(xue)者比較一(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)(kan)法認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei),《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》并(bing)(bing)非(fei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手筆,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)既有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)戰國時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篇(pian)章(zhang),也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)秦(qin)漢(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)后(hou)(hou)世隋唐和(he)(he)(he)宋(song)代醫(yi)(yi)(yi)家整理(li)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)注(zhu)所(suo)(suo)補(bu)(bu)充(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)。由(you)此(ci)(ci)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei),《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》大約產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)戰國時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),后(hou)(hou)又經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過秦(qin)漢(han)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整理(li)、補(bu)(bu)充(chong)、修改,逐(zhu)步充(chong)實豐富其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)流(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》包括《素(su)問(wen)》和(he)(he)(he)《靈樞(shu)(shu)》兩部分。《素(su)問(wen)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)名(ming)(ming)最(zui)(zui)早見于(yu)(yu)(yu)東漢(han)末(mo)年張仲景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《傷寒(han)雜病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)戰亂(luan)頻繁,《素(su)問(wen)》流(liu)傳(chuan)到(dao)唐代時(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)殘缺不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)全(quan)。唐朝太仆王冰(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)行收(shou)集整理(li),增補(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)第七卷(juan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)元紀大論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)”等(deng)(deng)七篇(pian)。到(dao)了(le)(le)宋(song)代,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)官(guan)(guan)高(gao)保衡(heng)、林億等(deng)(deng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)王冰(bing)補(bu)(bu)注(zhu)整理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《素(su)問(wen)》加以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)刊行,定(ding)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)《重廣補(bu)(bu)注(zhu)黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)素(su)問(wen)》。此(ci)(ci)版本(ben)(ben)流(liu)傳(chuan)至今。《靈樞(shu)(shu)》之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)最(zui)(zui)早見于(yu)(yu)(yu)王冰(bing)所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)素(su)問(wen)注(zhu)》序中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),《靈樞(shu)(shu)》被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)《九(jiu)(jiu)卷(juan)》、《針經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》,隋唐時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《九(jiu)(jiu)靈》、《九(jiu)(jiu)墟》等(deng)(deng)名(ming)(ming)稱。《靈樞(shu)(shu)》在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)較長時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)曾(ceng)失傳(chuan),直到(dao)北宋(song)元祐年間,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)高(gao)麗傳(chuan)回《黃(huang)帝(di)針經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國才(cai)重新有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)較完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《針經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。南宋(song)紹興(xing)二十五年(公元1155年),史(shi)崧(song)把“家藏舊(jiu)本(ben)(ben)《靈樞(shu)(shu)》九(jiu)(jiu)卷(juan)”加以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)版,稱為(wei)(wei)《靈樞(shu)(shu)》,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)現(xian)存最(zui)(zui)早版本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《靈樞(shu)(shu)》。《黃(huang)帝(di)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)觀(guan)點(dian) 整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)觀(guan)念《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)自(zi)然(ran)環境之(zhi)(zhi)間具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)密(mi)切(qie)關(guan)系。依照《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點(dian),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個部分都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孤立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。臟、腑(fu)、皮、肉、筋、骨、脈等(deng)(deng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)組(zu)(zu)織,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及口(kou)、鼻、舌、目、前(qian)后(hou)(hou)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)等(deng)(deng)五官(guan)(guan)九(jiu)(jiu)竅,通過經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)絡都可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)互(hu)相(xiang)聯系起來,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)分割的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)各(ge)臟腑(fu)、組(zu)(zu)織和(he)(he)(he)器(qi)官(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)互(hu)相(xiang)聯系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),共(gong)同完成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)能活(huo)動(dong)(dong)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou),則各(ge)臟腑(fu)、組(zu)(zu)織、器(qi)官(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)間又會(hui)互(hu)相(xiang)影響。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)診斷疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)時(shi)(shi)(shi),能夠通過五官(guan)(guan)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、色脈等(deng)(deng)外在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)表(biao)現(xian)來了(le)(le)解體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臟腑(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)。《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》還(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)志(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)觀(guan),指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)對(dui)(dui)(dui)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)志(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)作(zuo)用。“氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)而(er)(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),津液相(xiang)成(cheng),神(shen)乃(nai)自(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian),情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)志(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)調(diao)(diao)節作(zuo)用。“志(zhi)(zhi)意者,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)御(yu)精(jing)神(shen)、收(shou)魂魄、適寒(han)溫、和(he)(he)(he)喜怒(nu)者也(ye)”。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci),《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》十分注(zhu)重通過調(diao)(diao)節情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)志(zhi)(zhi)來消(xiao)除(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua),恢復人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)功能。同樣,《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》十分重視人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)自(zi)然(ran)環境之(zhi)(zhi)間所(suo)(suo)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)切(qie)聯系,由(you)此(ci)(ci)提出(chu)(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)斷。并(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《素(su)問(wen)·寶命全(quan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)結(jie)了(le)(le)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)(yu)外環境統一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系,認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei):“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),四時(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)法成(cheng)。”說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)暑(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)汗(han)、少尿;天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)寒(han)少汗(han)、多(duo)尿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)表(biao)現(xian),而(er)(er)(er)(er)當(dang)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能與(yu)(yu)外界變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)適應(ying)(ying)時(shi)(shi)(shi),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)四季氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同,疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)流(liu)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang)也(ye)各(ge)異,并(bing)(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)四季多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、常(chang)見病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)作(zuo)了(le)(le)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)描述。《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》還(huan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同區域人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)習慣、體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)質狀況(kuang)、疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)流(liu)行情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及對(dui)(dui)(dui)壽命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響作(zuo)了(le)(le)詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)述。因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)家除(chu)研究醫(yi)(yi)(yi)道之(zhi)(zhi)外,必須要(yao)“上知天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen),下(xia)(xia)知地(di)理(li),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)知人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事”,這(zhe)(zhe)樣才(cai)能取(qu)(qu)得(de)滿意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)效果。陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個基本(ben)(ben)觀(guan)點(dian)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)。書(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)確指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)立統一(yi)(yi)(yi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命活(huo)動(dong)(dong)過程,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)立雙方在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)矛盾運動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷取(qu)(qu)得(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)兩方面(mian)始終(zhong)處在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)狀態(tai)(tai)(tai),這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《素(su)問(wen)·生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)通天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》所(suo)(suo)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“陰(yin)(yin)(yin)平(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)秘,精(jing)神(shen)乃(nai)治(zhi)(zhi)”。并(bing)(bing)且,《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》特(te)別強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)“動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)求平(ping)(ping)(ping)”和(he)(he)(he)“動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)求秘”,說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)絕對(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)和(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦這(zhe)(zhe)種陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)被(bei)破(po)壞,出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)勝偏(pian)衰,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。如(ru)果進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)裂(lie),出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)“陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)離決,精(jing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)乃(nai)絕”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang),病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)惡化(hua)(hua)(hua),甚至出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)死亡。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci),《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》將人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失調(diao)(diao),看(kan)(kan)成(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)基本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin),而(er)(er)(er)(er)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)基本(ben)(ben)法則就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)調(diao)(diao)整陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)。邪(xie)(xie)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)斗爭(zheng)《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei),疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)邪(xie)(xie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)互(hu)斗爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),邪(xie)(xie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)雖然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)引起疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin),但(dan)也(ye)與(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能力有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)密(mi)切(qie)關(guan)系。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)什么疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),盡管有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)千變(bian)萬化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨床表(biao)現(xian),但(dan)總(zong)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歸結(jie)為(wei)(wei)邪(xie)(xie)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)斗爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式。《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》對(dui)(dui)(dui)邪(xie)(xie)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)斗爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果作(zuo)了(le)(le)兩種總(zong)結(jie),即(ji)“正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)存內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei),邪(xie)(xie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)干”和(he)(he)(he)“邪(xie)(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)湊,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)必虛(xu)”。強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)邪(xie)(xie)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)斗爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勝負,對(dui)(dui)(dui)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)轉歸有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)決定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)預(yu)防(fang)《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》十分重視對(dui)(dui)(dui)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)防(fang)。認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)術高(gao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)都應(ying)(ying)該(gai)做到(dao)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)未(wei)(wei)(wei)然(ran),即(ji)所(suo)(suo)謂“上工(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)(wei)(wei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)”。《內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)篇(pian)章(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都闡述了(le)(le)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、養生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性和(he)(he)(he)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)方法。如(ru):“是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)治(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)(wei)(wei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)亂(luan)治(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)(wei)(wei)亂(luan),此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)謂也(ye)。夫病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)已(yi)成(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)藥之(zhi)(zhi),亂(luan)已(yi)成(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)治(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi),譬猶渴而(er)(er)(er)(er)穿井,斗而(er)(er)(er)(er)鑄錐,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亦晚(wan)乎!”又如(ru):“法于(yu)(yu)(yu)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang),和(he)(he)(he)于(yu)(yu)(yu)術數,食飲有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)節,起居(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)常(chang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妄作(zuo)勞,故(gu)能形(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)神(shen)俱(ju),而(er)(er)(er)(er)盡終(zhong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)年”;“虛(xu)邪(xie)(xie)賊風,避之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi),恬淡虛(xu)無,真氣(qi)(qi)(qi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi),精(jing)神(shen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)守,病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)安從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)來”等(deng)(deng)。這(zhe)(zhe)種“治(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)(wei)(wei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)防(fang)思(si)想,至今仍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效地(di)指(zhi)導著(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐。

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