藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)知識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累(lei) 商(shang)(shang)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲骨文中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尚未(wei)發(fa)現(xian)關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)確表述(shu)，但(dan)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)魚來(lai)(lai)散瘀血和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)棗(zao)(zao)治(zhi)瘧(nve)疾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)。《尚書(shu)(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“若藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)弗瞑眩(xuan)，厥(jue)疾(ji)(ji)弗瘳”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，這(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)與(yu)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)劑量且副(fu)(fu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)治(zhi)病有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)說明(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)及(ji)副(fu)(fu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)。《禮記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“孟夏月也(ye)(ye)……聚蓄(xu)百藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”，則反映了(le)(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)已(yi)注意到(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采集季(ji)節廣泛采集貯存藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)西周、春秋(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)增(zeng)加(jia)，人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗也(ye)(ye)日(ri)益豐富。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)雖還(huan)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)出(chu)現(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學專著，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)很多(duo)(duo)(duo)文獻(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)。如(ru)(ru)《周禮·天官(guan)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“五(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初步分類(lei)(lei)；書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)膽礬(fan)、丹砂、雄(xiong)黃(huang)、礐(que)石(shi)、磁石(shi)這(zhe)“五(wu)毒(du)”煉制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)腐蝕藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，這(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)化學藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)早記(ji)(ji)錄。《詩經(jing)(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)(ji)錄了(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，雖然沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)確指明(ming)(ming)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，但(dan)是(shi)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)都(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)后(hou)世所(suo)(suo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，如(ru)(ru)芣苢(yi)（車前）、藚（澤(ze)瀉）、葛（葛根(gen)）、薇（白薇）、芩(qin)（黃(huang)芩(qin)）、虻（貝母）、荑（白茅）、壺（葫蘆）、木瓜、棗(zao)(zao)等(deng)。《詩經(jing)(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)(xie)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采集、采地及(ji)食用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)(xie)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)。《山海(hai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》是(shi)在(zai)(zai)先(xian)秦(qin)文獻(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)明(ming)(ming)確指出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)。一(yi)(yi)般認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，《山海(hai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)120余(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)52種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)67種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，另有(you)(you)(you)(you)幾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)屬不清。按照這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)補藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、解(jie)(jie)毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、醒神(shen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、殺蟲藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、預(yu)防(fang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、避(bi)孕藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、美容藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、獸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)類(lei)(lei)型。此外，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)約(yue)60種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)僅記(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)未(wei)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)，如(ru)(ru)桂(gui)、杞(qi)、桔(jie)梗、麝、雄(xiong)黃(huang)、芍藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、芎藭、藷藇(xu)（山藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)）、術、蕪(wu)(wu)、門冬、椒(jiao)、桃(tao)、杏、蔥(cong)、韭(jiu)等(deng)。后(hou)世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本草(cao)著作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)對(dui)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)均有(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，并被應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)臨(lin)床。《山海(hai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態(tai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)述(shu)，如(ru)(ru)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)、莖(jing)、葉(xie)、花、實(shi)，動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喙(hui)、翼、足、尾、音等(deng)。對(dui)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)(xie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)和(he)(he)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)法(fa)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)說明(ming)(ming)，如(ru)(ru)《山海(hai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)·西山經(jing)(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)：“浮(fu)山……有(you)(you)(you)(you)草(cao)焉，名(ming)曰薰草(cao)，麻葉(xie)而(er)方(fang)莖(jing)，赤華而(er)黑實(shi)，臭(chou)如(ru)(ru)蘼蕪(wu)(wu)，佩之(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)已(yi)癘。”此外，該書(shu)(shu)還(huan)記(ji)(ji)述(shu)了(le)(le)(le)食、服(fu)、浴(yu)、佩、帶、涂、抹等(deng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)法(fa)。值得注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)60種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)預(yu)防(fang)疾(ji)(ji)病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，反映了(le)(le)(le)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)對(dui)預(yu)防(fang)疾(ji)(ji)病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視。酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)類(lei)(lei)在(zai)(zai)防(fang)病治(zhi)病中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)起著很重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，古(gu)漢字(zi)“醫(yi)”就(jiu)已(yi)反映出(chu)醫(yi)與(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)（酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)酉通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)）密不可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分。自人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)開(kai)(kai)始學會農業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)起，我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)就(jiu)從谷物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)剩余(yu)熟(shu)飯自行發(fa)酵(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)逐漸(jian)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)啟發(fa)。此外，陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)和(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，也(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釀造(zao)提(ti)供了(le)(le)(le)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)條件。古(gu)文獻(xian)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)考古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)表明(ming)(ming)，至少(shao)在(zai)(zai)夏代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)釀酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)技(ji)術。到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)商(shang)(shang)代(dai)，隨著農業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)谷物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)釀酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)普遍，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釀酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)了(le)(le)(le)。人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)長(chang)期飲酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)逐漸(jian)認識(shi)(shi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)，少(shao)量飲酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)通經(jing)(jing)(jing)活血，令(ling)人(ren)(ren)精(jing)神(shen)興奮，而(er)飲酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)量大(da)(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)會使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)麻醉。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)通血脈(mo)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)止痛。酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)殺菌作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)消毒(du)；酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)又有(you)(you)(you)(you)揮(hui)發(fa)和(he)(he)溶媒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)又是(shi)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶劑。因(yin)此，人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)來(lai)(lai)炮制(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，并制(zhi)成各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。歷代(dai)醫(yi)籍及(ji)本草(cao)著作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)把酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)缺少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)來(lai)(lai)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百病之(zhi)長(chang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法(fa)，也(ye)(ye)體現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)古(gu)代(dai)醫(yi)療中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)商(shang)(shang)代(dai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前，人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單味(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)服(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)劑量較(jiao)大(da)(da)，因(yin)而(er)副(fu)(fu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，甚至有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險性，效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)也(ye)(ye)不理想。到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)商(shang)(shang)代(dai)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不斷增(zeng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗也(ye)(ye)逐漸(jian)豐富，開(kai)(kai)始根(gen)據不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病情而(er)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)混合(he)煎(jian)煮，這(zhe)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)湯(tang)(tang)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)始。湯(tang)(tang)液是(shi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)條件和(he)(he)醫(yi)療實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，湯(tang)(tang)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)離不開(kai)(kai)火和(he)(he)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)和(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。火的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)將生藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)煮為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)熟(shu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)有(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)陶(tao)(tao)罐、陶(tao)(tao)缽(bo)、陶(tao)(tao)鍋等(deng)煎(jian)煮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)儲存藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)液。湯(tang)(tang)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生還(huan)需要(yao)(yao)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烹調(diao)知識(shi)(shi)，人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)掌握烹調(diao)混合(he)菜肴(yao)食物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，才有(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)對(dui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)進行混合(he)煎(jian)煮。相傳湯(tang)(tang)液為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)代(dai)伊尹所(suo)(suo)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)。伊尹原是(shi)商(shang)(shang)湯(tang)(tang)王(wang)(wang)妻子(zi)陪(pei)嫁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴隸，善于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)烹飪(ren)，起初為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)湯(tang)(tang)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廚師，因(yin)才智出(chu)眾受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)湯(tang)(tang)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賞識(shi)(shi)，被提(ti)升為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相。以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)輔(fu)佐湯(tang)(tang)王(wang)(wang)率軍伐桀，使(shi)(shi)(shi)夏朝滅(mie)亡，建立了(le)(le)(le)商(shang)(shang)朝。伊尹具有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)學知識(shi)(shi)，再加(jia)上他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烹飪(ren)技(ji)術以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)加(jia)工食物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗來(lai)(lai)加(jia)工藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，創(chuang)造(zao)湯(tang)(tang)液是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)湯(tang)(tang)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)制(zhi)，歸根(gen)結蒂是(shi)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)長(chang)期醫(yi)療實(shi)踐(jian)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗積(ji)累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)，但(dan)也(ye)(ye)不能(neng)否認有(you)(you)(you)(you)象伊尹這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個別(bie)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)方(fang)面(mian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)貢(gong)獻(xian)。
馬克思主義政治經濟學筆記二[2007-1-1 20:03:59]
第二章 商品和貨幣
一、單項選擇題
1、商品生產是：以交換為目的而進行的生產。
2、商品生產和商品交換的總稱是：商品經濟。
3、凡是商品一般都是：人們勞動的產品。
4、商品價值是：抽象勞動的凝結。
5、決定商品價值量的勞動是以：簡單勞動為尺度的。
6、商品生產者實現私人勞動轉化為社會勞動必須通過：商品的銷售。
7、商品價格是：價值的貨幣表現。
8、商品經濟的基本經濟規律是：價值規律。
9、價格機制是市場機制的：核心。
10．市場競爭產生的經濟條件是：商品經濟。
二、多項選擇題
1．商品經濟產生和存在的條件是（BE）
A．私有制的出現
B．社會分工
C．勞動生產率提高到剩余產品的出現
D．通過市場配置社會資源
E．生產資料和勞動產品屬于不同的所有者
2．商品經濟成為占統治地位經濟形式的社會有（DE）
A．原始社會 B．奴隸社會
C．封建社會 D．資本主義社會
E．社會主義社會
3．商品和勞動產品的相互聯系是（BD）
A．商品和勞動產品都具有價值屬性
B．商品和勞動產品都具有使用價值屬性
C．凡是勞動產品都是商品
D．凡是商品一般都是勞動產品
E．商品和勞動產品都是用于交換的物品
4．價值和交換價值的相互關系是（BC）
A．交換價值是價值的基礎
B．價值是交換價值的基礎
C．交換價值是價值的表現形式
D．價值是交換價值的表現形式
E．交換價值是價值的貨幣表現
5．生產商品的勞動二重性是（CE）
A．私人勞動 B．簡單勞動
巳具體勞動 D．社會勞動
E．抽象勞動
6．生產商品的抽象勞動是（ADE）
A．無差別的一般人類勞動
B．具有特定性質、目的和形式的勞動
C．形成商品使用價值的勞動
D．形成商品價值的勞動
E．生產商品勞動的社會屬性
7．商品的價值量與（BC）
A．包含在商品中的社會必要勞動量成反比
B．包含在商品中的社會必要勞動量成正比
C．生產該商品的勞動生產率成反比
D．生產該商品的勞動生產率成正比
E．生產該商品的個別勞動耗費成正比
8．商品流通與貨幣流通的相互關系是（ABDE）
A．貨幣流通是貨幣作為商品流通媒介的不斷運動
B．貨幣流通是由商品流通引起的
C．商品流通是由貨幣流通引起的
D．貨幣流通為商品流通服務
E．商品流通是貨幣流通的基礎
9．市場經濟是 (ACDE)
A．配置社會資源的一種方式
B．生產者之間勞動交換的一種形式
C．市場對資源配置起基礎性作用的商品經濟
D．從微觀方面優化資源配置
E．在商品經濟發展到普遍化階段出現的
10．市場經濟與計劃經濟各自配置社會資源的領域是（AD）
A．市場經濟從微觀方面配置社會資源
B．市場經濟從宏觀方面配置社會資源
C．計劃經濟從微觀方面配置社會資源
D．計劃經濟從宏觀方面配置社會資源
E．計劃經濟從微觀和宏觀兩方面配置社會資源
11．統一的市場機制主要包括（ABC）
A．價格機制 B．供求機制
C．競爭機制 D．保障機制
E．就業機制
三、名詞解釋
1、商品：是為市場交換而生產的有用勞動產品。
2、商品生產：是以交換為目的而進行的生產。
3、商品交換：是商品的相互讓渡或買賣。
4、商品經濟：是以商品生產和商品交換為內容，直接以交換為目的進行生產的經濟形式。
5、社會分工：是社會勞動劃分和獨立化為不同部門和行業的分工。
6、使用價值：是物品的有用性或效用，即物品能夠滿足人們某種需要的屬性。它體現了商品的自然屬性。
7、價值：是在商品中無差別的一般人類勞動的凝結。它體現了商品的社會屬性。
8、具體勞動：是指生產一定使用價值的具有特定性質、目的和形式的勞動。它反映的是人與自然之間的關系。
9、抽象勞動：指撇開一切具體形式的無差別的人類一般勞動。它體現著商品生產者之間的經濟關系，是勞動的社會屬性。
10、社會必要勞動時間：是在現有的社會正常的生產條件下，在社會平均的勞動熟練程度和勞動強度下，制造某種使用價值所需要的勞動時間。
11、個別勞動時間：是生產某種商品的各個商品生產者各自花費的勞動時間。
12、社會價值：是由社會必要勞動時間所決定的價值量。
13、個別價值：是由各個商品生產者的個別勞動時間所形成的價值量。
14、勞動熟練程度：是指勞動經驗的豐富程度和勞動技術水平的高低程度。
15、勞動強度：是指單位時間內勞動消耗的程度。
16、簡單勞動：是不需要經過專門訓練和培養的一般勞動者都能從事的勞動。
17、復雜勞動：是需要經過專門訓練和培養，具有一定文化知識和技術專長的勞動者所從事的勞動。
18、勞動生產率：指勞動的生產效率或能力。通常由單位時間內生產的產品數量或單位產品所耗費的時間來表示。
19、社會勞動：是指商品生產者的勞動，是提供給社會的，構成社會總勞動的組成部分，其勞動具有社會性質。
20、私人勞動：是指以私有制為基礎的商品經濟中，商品生產者的勞動是按照自己私人的利益和要求所進行的，其勞動具有私人性質。
21、價值形式：是商品價值的表現形式，即交換價值。
22、貨幣：是固定充當一般等價物的商品。
23、價格：是價值的貨幣表現。
24、價格標準：是指包含一定重量貴金屬的貨幣單位及其等分。
25、貨幣流通：是貨幣作為商品流通媒介的不斷運動。
26、商品流通：是以貨幣為媒介的商品交換。
27、貨幣流通規律：是一定時期內商品流通過程中所需貨幣數量的規律。
28、鑄幣：是由國家鑄造的，具有一定形狀、重量、成色和面額價值的金屬貨幣。
29、紙幣：是由國家發行并強制流通的價值符號，它代表貴金屬貨幣執行流通手段職能。
30、通貨膨脹：是紙幣發行量超過一定時期內商品流通中實際需要的金屬貨幣量所引起的紙幣貶值和物價上漲現象。
31、價值規律：是商品按照由社會必要勞動時間決定的價值進行交換的規律。
32、市場：是商品交換的場所、渠道或領域。
33、市場經濟：是社會資源配置的—種方式，它是市場對資源配置起基礎性作用的商品經濟。
34、市場機制：是市場的各種要素，包括價格、供求、競爭等要素之間，互相聯系、互相制約，各自發揮功能，又共同發揮功能的有機聯系。
35、價格機制：是通過市場價格變動與供求關系變動之間的相互聯系與相互制約而發揮作用的機制。
36、供求機制：是商品的供求關系與價格、競爭等因素之間相互制約和聯系而發揮作用的機制。
37、競爭機制：是市場競爭與價格、供求等因素之間相互制約和聯系而發揮作用的機制。
38、市場調節：是指市場機制的調節，即通過市場機制調節社會經濟的運行，最終調節社會資源的配置。
四、簡答題
2.1 什么是商品經濟？
答：①商品經濟的內涵。商品經濟是以商品生產和商品交換為內容，直接以交換為目的進行生產的經濟形式。商品經濟是商品生產和商品交換的總稱。②商品經濟是與自然經濟和產品交換經濟相對應的經濟形式。自然經濟是一種自給自足的經濟形式，它是為了直接滿足生產者或經濟單位自身需要而進行生產的經濟形式。自然經濟存在于整個原始社會歷史時期，并在奴隸社會和封建社會中占統治地位。產品交換經濟是直接通過生產者或經濟單位之間所生產的產品的交換而進行經濟聯系的經濟形式，它存在于將來的共產主義社會。商品經濟是具有不同經濟利益的生產者或經濟單位之間，通過等價交換而相互交換勞動和進行經濟聯系的一種經濟形式。商品經濟存在于奴隸社會、封建社會、資本主義社會和社會主義社會，它在資本主義社會和社會主義社會是占統治地位的經濟形式。
2.2 商品有哪些特點？
答：①商品的涵義。商品是為市場交換而生產的有用勞動產品。②商品的主要特點是：第一，一個物品要成為商品，必須是對人們有用的、能滿足人們某種需要的物品。第二，有用物品要成為商品，一般是人們勞動的產品。第三，有用的勞動產品要成為商品，必須是滿足他人或社會消費需要的產品。第四，有用的勞動產品，只有通過市場交換去滿足人們的消費需要，才成為商品。
2.3 商品所具有的二因素是什么？
答：商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)市場(chang)交換(huan)而(er)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)(yong)勞動產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，它具(ju)(ju)有(you)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值和(he)價(jia)值兩個(ge)因(yin)素或(huo)(huo)兩種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)性。①商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值。商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值是(shi)(shi)指物品(pin)(pin)能夠滿(man)足人(ren)們(men)(men)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)性，或(huo)(huo)者說是(shi)(shi)物品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)(yong)性。商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值是(shi)(shi)千差(cha)萬別的(de)(de)(de)，不同(tong)物品(pin)(pin)具(ju)(ju)有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值，同(tong)一(yi)物品(pin)(pin) 可以具(ju)(ju)有(you)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值本(ben)身是(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)自然屬(shu)性，并(bing)不反映人(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)社會生產(chan)(chan)關系。②商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值。商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值是(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)中無(wu)差(cha)別一(yi)般人(ren)類勞動的(de)(de)(de)凝結，價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)實體就是(shi)(shi)無(wu)差(cha)別的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)般人(ren)類勞動。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)之(zhi)所(suo)以可按(an)照一(yi)定比例相交換(huan)，就是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)它們(men)(men)都具(ju)(ju)有(you)價(jia)值。商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值在質上是(shi)(shi)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)，不同(tong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)所(suo)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值，只有(you)量的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別，因(yin)而(er)
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