宋代文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)與文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)傳統(tong)·宋詞與文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)傳統(tong)·典故
用典,是宋(song)詞繼承文學傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)又一(yi)(yi)體現:一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian),寫作時(shi)運(yun)用典故,是中國文學一(yi)(yi)個源(yuan)遠(yuan)流長(chang)的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong);另方(fang)面(mian)(mian),這些典故本身也(ye)是古代(dai)文學的(de)一(yi)(yi)種積淀,也(ye)是一(yi)(yi)種文學傳(chuan)統(tong)。
用(yong)(yong)典,在(zai)中國文學中有(you)著很悠久的歷史,不(bu)僅屢屢用(yong)(yong)于(yu)創作中,也(ye)每每見(jian)諸表述評論(lun)性(xing)的文字,如北齊顏之推《顏氏家訓(xun)·文章》就引用(yong)(yong)邢(xing)邵的話說“沈侯(hou)(按,即沈約)文章用(yong)(yong)事,不(bu)使人(ren)覺”。這(zhe)(zhe)里的“用(yong)(yong)事”就是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)典。而(er)劉勰《文心雕(diao)龍》中設《事類》一篇,更是(shi)(shi)有(you)例有(you)論(lun),對“用(yong)(yong)事”做了(le)極精辟的論(lun)述。實(shi)則早在(zai)先秦(qin)時(shi)代(dai),大夫(fu)們(men)常常“賦詩言志”,引用(yong)(yong)《詩》中的某些詩句來表達自己的思想,這(zhe)(zhe)未(wei)嘗不(bu)可以說是(shi)(shi)“用(yong)(yong)事”的濫觴(shang)。
所(suo)(suo)謂典(dian)(dian)故,大致有事(shi)典(dian)(dian)和(he)語(yu)典(dian)(dian)兩(liang)種(zhong)。在宋(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai),文人(ren)(ren)(ren)創作(zuo)時運用(yong)(yong)(yong)典(dian)(dian)故已極為普(pu)遍(bian),且頗為講究,有專門的研(yan)究。如(ru)(ru)(ru)宋(song)人(ren)(ren)(ren)陳繹曾(ceng)《文說(shuo)》就(jiu)把用(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)分成九類。具體到詞(ci)(ci)的創作(zuo)中,用(yong)(yong)(yong)典(dian)(dian)亦(yi)極其(qi)普(pu)遍(bian):“請長纓”、“新亭淚”、“灞陵呵夜(ye)”、“著祖生鞭”、“橫槊題(ti)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“廉頗能(neng)飯(fan)”、“唾壺(hu)擊缺”、“系頸單于”,以(yi)及(ji)“潘鬢”、“楚腰”、“韓香”、“云(yun)雨(yu)(yu)”,等等,比比皆是(shi)。豪(hao)放雄武如(ru)(ru)(ru)辛棄(qi)疾(ji)者,亦(yi)被人(ren)(ren)(ren)批(pi)評為“用(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)多”(岳珂《桯史》卷3)、“掉(diao)書(shu)袋”(劉克莊《劉叔安感秋八詞(ci)(ci)跋(ba)》)。 以(yi)上所(suo)(suo)舉,都是(shi)“事(shi)典(dian)(dian)”的范(fan)疇(chou)。還有一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)“語(yu)典(dian)(dian)”,就(jiu)是(shi)借用(yong)(yong)(yong)、套(tao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前人(ren)(ren)(ren)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju)或(huo)句(ju)(ju)意。兩(liang)宋(song)詞(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)尤其(qi)喜(xi)歡用(yong)(yong)(yong)唐(tang)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)及(ji)宋(song)初著名(ming)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju)。這(zhe)方面最著名(ming)的例子莫過于晏幾道的“今(jin)宵剩把銀?照,猶恐(kong)相(xiang)逢是(shi)夢中”(《鷓鴣天》)化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)杜甫“夜(ye)闌(lan)更秉燭,相(xiang)對如(ru)(ru)(ru)夢寐”(《羌村(cun)三首》)。自然,人(ren)(ren)(ren)們還熟悉小晏的名(ming)句(ju)(ju)“落花人(ren)(ren)(ren)獨(du)立,微雨(yu)(yu)燕雙飛”竟是(shi)一(yi)(yi)字(zi)不變地借用(yong)(yong)(yong)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)翁宏《春殘》詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中的原句(ju)(ju),而秦觀的詞(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)“斜(xie)陽外,寒鴉萬點,流水繞孤村(cun)”(《滿(man)庭芳(fang)》)也(ye)是(shi)化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)隋煬帝詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju)“寒鴉千萬點,流水繞孤村(cun)”。此(ci)外,如(ru)(ru)(ru)蘇(su)軾《水龍(long)吟·次(ci)韻章質(zhi)夫(fu)楊花詞(ci)(ci)》中“夢隨(sui)風萬里,尋郎(lang)去處,又(you)還被鶯呼起”就(jiu)是(shi)化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)金(jin)(jin)昌緒的《春怨》詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju),張(zhang)元幹(gan)《賀新郎(lang)》中“十年(nian)一(yi)(yi)覺(jue)揚(yang)(yang)州夢”借用(yong)(yong)(yong)晚唐(tang)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)杜牧(mu)“十年(nian)一(yi)(yi)覺(jue)揚(yang)(yang)州夢”詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju)(姜夔《揚(yang)(yang)州慢》中“杜郎(lang)俊賞(shang),算而今(jin),重到須驚”則(ze)暗用(yong)(yong)(yong)杜牧(mu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)典(dian)(dian)),而周邦(bang)彥《西河·金(jin)(jin)陵懷(huai)古》一(yi)(yi)詞(ci)(ci)又(you)完(wan)全(quan)化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)劉禹錫《金(jin)(jin)陵五題(ti)》中《石(shi)頭城》、《烏衣巷》的詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju)和(he)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)意,寫來卻渾然一(yi)(yi)體,如(ru)(ru)(ru)同己出。
用(yong)典方面(mian),還有(you)一(yi)(yi)種用(yong)法就是“用(yong)詞”,即(ji)將(jiang)某個典故(gu)提(ti)煉(lian)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個詞語用(yong)在(zai)句中,此類典故(gu),如“玉箸(zhu)”、“湘竹”、“章臺”、“劉郎(lang)”、“寸腸”、“夭桃”等,在(zai)宋詞中也隨處(chu)可見。
無論事典也(ye)罷(ba)(ba),語(yu)典也(ye)罷(ba)(ba),宋代詞人(ren)屢屢用典,也(ye)充(chong)分體(ti)現了對前(qian)代文學傳統的繼承(cheng)。
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