《漢魏六朝散文·孔融·與(yu)曹公(gong)書論盛(sheng)孝章》原文鑒賞(shang)
歲(sui)月不居(ju)2,時節(jie)如流。五十之(zhi)年,忽焉已至3。公為始(shi)滿,融又(you)過(guo)二(er)4。海(hai)內(nei)知(zhi)識(shi)5,零落殆盡6,惟會稽盛孝(xiao)章尚存。其(qi)人困于(yu)孫氏7,妻(qi)孥淹(yan)沒8,單孑(jie)獨立9,孤危愁(chou)苦。若(ruo)使(shi)憂能(neng)傷人,此(ci)子不得復永年矣10。《春秋傳》曰:“諸(zhu)侯有相滅(mie)亡者,桓公不能(neng)救(jiu),則桓公恥之(zhi)。”11今(jin)孝(xiao)章實丈(zhang)夫之(zhi)雄(xiong)也(ye)12。天下談士,13依以揚聲(sheng)14;而(er)身不免于(yu)幽(you)執15,命不期(qi)于(yu)旦夕16,是吾祖(zu)不當復論損(sun)益之(zhi)友(you),而(er)朱穆(mu)所以絕交也(ye)17。公誠能(neng)馳一介之(zhi)使(shi)18,加咫尺之(zhi)書19,則孝(xiao)章可致20,友(you)道可弘也(ye)21。
今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)少年,喜謗前輩22,或能譏平孝(xiao)章23;孝(xiao)章要為天(tian)下大名24,九(jiu)牧之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)25,所(suo)共稱嘆。燕君市駿(jun)馬之(zhi)(zhi)骨,非欲(yu)以(yi)騁道里,乃當以(yi)招絕足(zu)也26。惟(wei)公(gong)匡復(fu)漢室(shi)27,宗社將絕28,又能正之(zhi)(zhi)。正之(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)術29,實(shi)須(xu)得賢(xian)。珠玉無脛而自至者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)人好之(zhi)(zhi)也30,況賢(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)有足(zu)手?昭王(wang)筑臺以(yi)尊(zun)郭隗,隗雖小才(cai),而逢大遇,竟(jing)能發明主之(zhi)(zhi)至心,故(gu)樂毅自魏往(wang)(wang),劇辛(xin)自趙(zhao)往(wang)(wang),鄒衍自齊往(wang)(wang)31。向使(shi)郭隗倒懸而王(wang)不(bu)解,臨溺而王(wang)不(bu)拯(zheng),則士亦將高翔遠(yuan)引,莫有北首燕路者(zhe)(zhe)矣32。
凡(fan)所(suo)稱引(yin)33,自公(gong)所(suo)知,而(er)復(fu)有云者,欲公(gong)崇(chong)篤斯義也34。因表不悉35。
【注(zhu)釋】 1盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang):盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)憲,字(zi)孝(xiao)章(zhang),會稽(今(jin)(jin)浙江省紹興縣)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),曾任吳郡太(tai)守。《三(san)(san)國(guo)志·吳志·孫(sun)(sun)韶傳(chuan)》注(zhu)引《會稽典錄》說:“孫(sun)(sun)策(ce)平(ping)吳、會,誅其(qi)英(ying)豪,憲素有(you)高名,策(ce)深(shen)忌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。初,憲與少(shao)(shao)府(fu)孔(kong)(kong)融友(you)(you)善(shan)(shan),融憂其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免禍,乃與曹(cao)(cao)(cao)公(gong)(gong)書(shu)……由是(shi)(shi)(shi)征為(wei)(wei)(wei)騎都尉。制命未至,果為(wei)(wei)(wei)權(quan)(quan)所害(hai)”,即(ji)(ji)指(zhi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)書(shu)本事(shi)。時(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢(han)獻(xian)帝建安九年(nian)(204),作者(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)十二歲(sui)(sui),職(zhi)任少(shao)(shao)府(fu)。曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)當時(shi)任司空(kong)兼車騎將軍,挾天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)令諸侯,大權(quan)(quan)在(zai)握(wo),故(gu)孔(kong)(kong)融寫信給他(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)憲求(qiu)(qiu)援(yuan)。本文(wen)從(cong)交友(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)和(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)求(qiu)(qiu)賢才(cai)兩方(fang)面來(lai)勸說曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao),寫得懇切委婉。2不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)居:不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)停留(liu)。3忽(hu)焉:忽(hu)然。4“公(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)”二句(ju):公(gong)(gong),指(zhi)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)二句(ju)承上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說很快地(di)到(dao)了五(wu)十歲(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)齡,您(nin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)剛滿,而(er)(er)我已(yi)經是(shi)(shi)(shi)過了兩歲(sui)(sui)了。5知(zhi)識(shi):相知(zhi)相識(shi),指(zhi)有(you)交誼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。6零落:陸續死(si)去。殆(dai):幾乎。7其(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):指(zhi)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)。孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi):孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)吳政權(quan)(quan),即(ji)(ji)指(zhi)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)。8妻孥(nu):妻子(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)子(zi)(zi)女。湮沒:死(si)亡。9單(dan)孑(jie):孤(gu)單(dan)無援(yuan)。10此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)子(zi)(zi):指(zhi)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)。永(yong)年(nian):延長(chang)(chang)壽命。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)句(ju)承上(shang)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說,假如憂愁能(neng)傷害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)體,那么(me)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)再也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)長(chang)(chang)壽了。11《春(chun)秋傳(chuan)》四(si)句(ju):《春(chun)秋公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)·僖公(gong)(gong)元年(nian)》:“邢已(yi)亡矣(yi)。孰亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?蓋狄滅(mie)(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);曷為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)狄滅(mie)(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)諱也(ye);曷為(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)諱?上(shang)無天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi),下(xia)無方(fang)伯,天(tian)(tian)下(xia)諸侯有(you)相滅(mie)(mie)亡者(zhe)(zhe),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)救,則桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)恥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong):齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)。這(zhe)四(si)句(ju)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)比曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao),說明天(tian)(tian)下(xia)大權(quan)(quan)在(zai)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)手中,只(zhi)有(you)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)(cao)才(cai)有(you)力(li)量(liang)解(jie)(jie)救盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)。12丈(zhang)夫:猶(you)今(jin)(jin)所謂(wei)(wei)“男子(zi)(zi)大丈(zhang)夫”。13談士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):評議(yi)(yi)清談之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。漢(han)末封建士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大夫有(you)品評人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su),知(zhi)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)片言(yan)(yan)只(zhi)語(yu)(yu)評定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)高下(xia)。14揚聲(sheng):揚名。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)四(si)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說,盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)聲(sheng)望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu),天(tian)(tian)下(xia)清議(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),都要靠他(ta)來(lai)宣揚自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)名。15幽執:囚禁。16不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)期(qi)于旦夕:言(yan)(yan)命懸于旦夕,即(ji)(ji)朝(chao)(chao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)保夕。17吾祖:指(zhi)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)。論損(sun)(sun)益(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)友(you)(you):《論語(yu)(yu)·季氏(shi)》:“孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰:益(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)三(san)(san)友(you)(you),損(sun)(sun)者(zhe)(zhe)三(san)(san)友(you)(you)。友(you)(you)直、友(you)(you)諒、友(you)(you)多聞,益(yi)(yi)(yi)矣(yi)。友(you)(you)便辟、友(you)(you)善(shan)(shan)柔、友(you)(you)便佞、損(sun)(sun)矣(yi)。”損(sun)(sun):于已(yi)有(you)損(sun)(sun)。益(yi)(yi)(yi):于已(yi)有(you)益(yi)(yi)(yi)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)處引用孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話是(shi)(shi)(shi)說,孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)友(you)(you)有(you)益(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)損(sun)(sun),現在(zai)象盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)憲那樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)遭遇危(wei)急(ji)而(er)(er)無一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)引救,則所謂(wei)(wei)損(sun)(sun)益(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)別何在(zai)?意(yi)(yi)即(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)世不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重道(dao)義(yi)(yi),沒有(you)益(yi)(yi)(yi)友(you)(you)。朱(zhu)(zhu)穆:東(dong)漢(han)時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),字(zi)公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)。因感嘆社會風俗(su)澆(jiao)薄,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)講(jiang)友(you)(you)道(dao),曾著《絕(jue)交論》。這(zhe)兩句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說,如果象盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遭遇而(er)(er)無人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)營救的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,那么(me)家(jia)(jia)祖孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)當再議(yi)(yi)論“損(sun)(sun)益(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)友(you)(you)”,也(ye)難怪朱(zhu)(zhu)穆要寫他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《絕(jue)交論》了。18一(yi)介(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使:一(yi)個使臣。19咫尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu):短書(shu),短信。咫:八寸。20致:招(zhao)致。21友(you)(you)道(dao)可弘:交友(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)發揚光大。也(ye),《文(wen)選》作“矣(yi)”。22謗:誹謗。23平(ping):《文(wen)選》作“評”。24要:總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。25九牧:九州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牧(長(chang)(chang)官),這(zhe)里指(zhi)九州,即(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)。26騁道(dao)里:跑(pao)路(lu)遠。絕(jue)足(zu):絕(jue)塵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)足(zu),指(zhi)千里馬(ma)(ma)(ma)。《戰(zhan)國(guo)策(ce)·燕(yan)策(ce)》郭(guo)(guo)隗(wei)(wei)對燕(yan)昭(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)說:“臣聞古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),有(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千金(jin)求(qiu)(qiu)千里馬(ma)(ma)(ma)者(zhe)(zhe),三(san)(san)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)得。涓人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)言(yan)(yan)于君(jun)曰:‘請求(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)’。君(jun)遣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),三(san)(san)月得千里馬(ma)(ma)(ma);馬(ma)(ma)(ma)已(yi)死(si),買(mai)其(qi)首五(wu)百(bai)金(jin),反以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)報君(jun)。君(jun)大怒(nu)曰:‘所求(qiu)(qiu)者(zhe)(zhe)生馬(ma)(ma)(ma),安事(shi)死(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)而(er)(er)捐五(wu)百(bai)金(jin)?’涓人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對曰:‘死(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)且買(mai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)百(bai)金(jin),況生馬(ma)(ma)(ma)乎?天(tian)(tian)下(xia)必以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)王(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)市馬(ma)(ma)(ma),馬(ma)(ma)(ma)今(jin)(jin)至矣(yi)。’于是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)期(qi)年(nian),千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)至者(zhe)(zhe)三(san)(san)。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)用其(qi)事(shi),意(yi)(yi)謂(wei)(wei)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)縱非(fei)賢良(liang)(liang),你(ni)救了他(ta),天(tian)(tian)下(xia)必知(zhi)你(ni)好賢,賢能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必然會到(dao)你(ni)這(zhe)里來(lai),為(wei)(wei)(wei)你(ni)所用。27惟(wei):思。匡扶:扶正恢復。28宗社:國(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代稱。絕(jue):斷絕(jue)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)處指(zhi)王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)覆(fu)滅(mie)(mie)。29正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術:使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法。30脛(jing),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小腿,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)指(zhi)足(zu)。《朝(chao)(chao)詩外傳(chuan)》卷七:“夫珠出(chu)于海,玉出(chu)于昆山,無足(zu)而(er)(er)至者(zhe)(zhe),由君(jun)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好也(ye)。士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)足(zu)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至者(zhe)(zhe),蓋主君(jun)無好士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)耳(er)。”這(zhe)里從(cong)正面用其(qi)意(yi)(yi),意(yi)(yi)謂(wei)(wei)只(zhi)要有(you)好士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),賢者(zhe)(zhe)自(zi)(zi)然會投來(lai)。31“昭(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)”六(liu)句(ju):《戰(zhan)國(guo)策(ce)·燕(yan)策(ce)一(yi)》:“燕(yan)昭(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)于破(po)燕(yan)后(hou)即(ji)(ji)位,卑身(shen)厚幣,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)招(zhao)賢者(zhe)(zhe),欲(yu)(yu)將以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)報仇。故(gu)往(wang)(wang)見(jian)(jian)郭(guo)(guo)隗(wei)(wei)先生,曰:‘齊(qi)(qi)因孤(gu)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂而(er)(er)襲破(po)燕(yan),孤(gu)極知(zhi)燕(yan)小力(li)少(shao)(shao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)報,然得賢士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與共國(guo)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雪(xue)先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恥,孤(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愿也(ye)。……郭(guo)(guo)隗(wei)(wei)對曰:……今(jin)(jin)王(wang)誠欲(yu)(yu)致士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),先從(cong)隗(wei)(wei)始,隗(wei)(wei)且見(jian)(jian)事(shi),況賢于隗(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)乎,豈遠千里哉(zai)?’于是(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)王(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)隗(wei)(wei)筑(zhu)宮而(er)(er)師之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。樂(le)毅自(zi)(zi)魏往(wang)(wang),鄒(zou)衍自(zi)(zi)齊(qi)(qi)往(wang)(wang),劇(ju)辛自(zi)(zi)趙(zhao)往(wang)(wang),士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)爭湊(cou)燕(yan)。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)六(liu)句(ju)即(ji)(ji)用此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)。至心(xin):誠摯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),謂(wei)(wei)燕(yan)昭(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)尊士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)救國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誠心(xin)。32向(xiang)使:假使。倒懸:吊(diao)起來(lai);此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)處指(zhi)處境危(wei)急(ji)。《孟子(zi)(zi)·公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)丑上(shang)》“民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),猶(you)解(jie)(jie)倒懸也(ye)。”臨溺:落水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)危(wei)急(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候。拯:拯救。北(bei)(bei)首燕(yan)路(lu):北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)燕(yan)國(guo)去。首:向(xiang)。語(yu)(yu)出(chu)廣武(wu)君(jun)李左車。見(jian)(jian)《漢(han)書(shu)·韓信傳(chuan)》。33稱引:指(zhi)信中所論及和(he)(he)引述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)。34崇(chong)篤(du):推(tui)崇(chong),重視(shi)。斯義(yi)(yi):此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)種道(dao)理,指(zhi)上(shang)文(wen)友(you)(you)道(dao),好士(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi)。35因表(biao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悉:就著[盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)孝(xiao)章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)]表(biao)白我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)(jian),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再一(yi)一(yi)詳說了。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悉:不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡,舊時(shi)信中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)套語(yu)(yu)。劉良(liang)(liang)說:“言(yan)(yan)因孝(xiao)章(zhang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)見(jian)(jian)志,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡所懷也(ye)。”(見(jian)(jian)六(liu)臣注(zhu)《文(wen)選》)
【今譯(yi)】 歲(sui)月流(liu)逝不止。五十歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)年齡在不知不覺中來(lai)臨。您(nin)剛(gang)滿(man)五十歲(sui),而我已經五十有二了(le)。世(shi)上的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些老(lao)熟(shu)人(ren),差不多都已去(qu)世(shi),只有會(hui)稽的(de)(de)(de)盛孝(xiao)章(zhang)還活著。他(ta)(ta)被(bei)困在江東,處于孫權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制之下(xia),妻亡(wang)子逝,只剩(sheng)他(ta)(ta)一(yi)人(ren)孤立(li)無(wu)助地活著,生活危難,情緒愁(chou)悶。如(ru)(ru)果說憂傷(shang)能危害人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)身體的(de)(de)(de)話(hua),那么(me)盛孝(xiao)章(zhang)就不會(hui)活得太長。《春秋傳》上說:“諸侯當中有被(bei)消(xiao)滅的(de)(de)(de),齊桓公(gong)如(ru)(ru)果不能救助,則(ze)桓公(gong)深以(yi)為恥辱(ru)。”孝(xiao)章(zhang)確實(shi)可稱得上是大丈夫中的(de)(de)(de)英杰。天下(xia)評議清談(tan)之士,都要靠(kao)他(ta)(ta)來(lai)宣揚(yang)自己的(de)(de)(de)名聲。象(xiang)(xiang)這樣(yang)一(yi)個(ge)人(ren)物,本人(ren)卻不能免于幽(you)禁,生命(ming)朝不保夕。如(ru)(ru)果象(xiang)(xiang)盛教章(zhang)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)遭遇而無(wu)人(ren)營救的(de)(de)(de)話(hua),那么(me)家祖孔子就不應該再議論“損益(yi)之友”,也難怪朱穆要寫(xie)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)《絕交論》了(le)。如(ru)(ru)果您(nin)能派(pai)一(yi)使者,帶上您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)親(qin)筆信(去(qu)向孫權(quan)(quan)要人(ren)),那么(me)盛孝(xiao)章(zhang)即可回到(dao)(dao)我們這兒,同(tong)時交友之道還可以(yi)得到(dao)(dao)發揚(yang)光(guang)大。
現(xian)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)少年人(ren),喜歡誹謗(bang)前輩,甚至也有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)譏諷盛孝章,盛孝章享譽天下,全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)老百(bai)姓對他(ta)(ta)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)好評。當初燕王為了(le)求得(de)(de)千里馬,曾在市場上(shang)(shang)高(gao)價(jia)購買千里馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)尸骨(gu)。這樣做的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de),不是為了(le)用(yong)千里馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)頭馳騁于路上(shang)(shang),而(er)是為了(le)能(neng)(neng)獲(huo)得(de)(de)真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)千里馬。當今您(nin)正從事(shi)著匡復漢室的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)業,在國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存(cun)已(yi)臨危境之(zhi)際,您(nin)又能(neng)(neng)讓社稷(ji)得(de)(de)以(yi)維系和生(sheng)存(cun)。維系國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存(cun),關(guan)鍵(jian)在于能(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)到(dao)賢能(neng)(neng)之(zhi)士的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助。珍珠寶玉沒有(you)(you)(you)腿(tui),卻能(neng)(neng)來到(dao)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)邊(bian),這是因為有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)喜好它們,更(geng)何況(kuang)那些賢能(neng)(neng)之(zhi)士都(dou)是生(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)手、足的(de)(de)(de)(de)呢?過去(qu)燕昭王為了(le)征求賢才,竟(jing)然筑高(gao)臺尊(zun)敬郭(guo)(guo)隗(wei)(wei)。郭(guo)(guo)隗(wei)(wei)雖然才能(neng)(neng)一(yi)般,而(er)遇上(shang)(shang)了(le)這么(me)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知遇,竟(jing)然能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)啟發明主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)誠心,所以(yi)樂毅從魏國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)到(dao)燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)去(qu),劇辛從趙國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)去(qu),鄒衍從齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)去(qu)。假如(ru)從前郭(guo)(guo)隗(wei)(wei)在危急的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)而(er)昭王不去(qu)解救,那么(me)賢士們就會(hui)離開他(ta)(ta)而(er)遠走(zou)高(gao)飛,不會(hui)再有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)光顧(gu)燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。
上(shang)面(mian)所講(jiang)的事,自然是您(nin)所熟知的,而我(wo)所以還需(xu)要再(zai)講(jiang)一(yi)(yi)下,無(wu)非是希望您(nin)能(neng)重視這些道理。就著盛孝章(zhang)的事情,我(wo)把想(xiang)法(fa)說(shuo)了出(chu)來(lai),不再(zai)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)詳述了。
【集(ji)評(ping)】 蘇軾《樂(le)全先生(sheng)文集(ji)敘(xu)》:“孔(kong)北(bei)海志大而論高,功烈(lie)(lie)不見于世,然英偉豪(hao)杰之氣,自(zi)為一時所宗,其(qi)論盛孝章郄鴻豫(yu)書,慨然有烈(lie)(lie)丈夫之風。”
【總案】 這(zhe)篇文章(zhang)(zhang)是(shi)孔(kong)(kong)融與曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)關(guan)系(xi)尚為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)錯時(shi)(shi)寫(xie)的(de)。孔(kong)(kong)融與曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)的(de)關(guan)系(xi)可以分(fen)為(wei)(wei)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan):第(di)一(yi)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)為(wei)(wei)靈帝末年(nian),孔(kong)(kong)融住北(bei)海相(xiang)六年(nian)時(shi)(shi)間。在(zai)此(ci)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)內,孔(kong)(kong)融對(dui)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)持懷疑態度并(bing)存(cun)有戒(jie)心。他認為(wei)(wei)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao),袁紹“終(zhong)圖漢(han)室”,所(suo)以“不(bu)(bu)欲與同”。第(di)二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)是(shi)從建(jian)(jian)安(an)(an)元(yuan)年(nian)到建(jian)(jian)安(an)(an)九年(nian),這(zhe)是(shi)孔(kong)(kong)融對(dui)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)寄(ji)予希望的(de)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)擁(yong)戴漢(han)獻帝,并(bing)把(ba)他從殘破(po)的(de)洛陽(yang)接到許昌(chang),不(bu)(bu)能將孔(kong)(kong)融等社會名流委(wei)以重任,加(jia)上(shang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)在(zai)戰(zhan)場上(shang)連(lian)連(lian)獲勝,孔(kong)(kong)融認為(wei)(wei)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)有能力也(ye)有希望輔佐獻帝“匡復漢(han)室”。因此(ci),孔(kong)(kong)融在(zai)此(ci)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)內多次舉薦人(ren)(ren)才(cai),還(huan)寫(xie)了(le)“曹(cao)(cao)(cao)公(gong)憂國無私”等詩句來贊美他。第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)是(shi)從建(jian)(jian)安(an)(an)九年(nian)到建(jian)(jian)安(an)(an)十三(san)年(nian)。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)代漢(han)之心漸明(ming),作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)儒家(jia)正(zheng)統人(ren)(ren)物的(de)孔(kong)(kong)融當然是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能容(rong)忍的(de),于是(shi)便公(gong)開反對(dui)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao),并(bing)多次寫(xie)文章(zhang)(zhang)與曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)對(dui)。曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)也(ye)容(rong)忍不(bu)(bu)了(le)孔(kong)(kong)融的(de)這(zhe)一(yi)塊絆(ban)腳(jiao)石。于是(shi),在(zai)他統一(yi)北(bei)方以后(hou),便授意爪牙(ya)路粹網羅孔(kong)(kong)融的(de)罪名,把(ba)孔(kong)(kong)融及(ji)其家(jia)人(ren)(ren)推(tui)上(shang)了(le)斷頭臺(tai)。
孔(kong)融寫(xie)這篇文(wen)章時,還對曹操(cao)(cao)抱有希望。因此,文(wen)章對曹操(cao)(cao)動(dong)之以(yi)情(qing),以(yi)朋友(you)之情(qing)打動(dong)曹操(cao)(cao),讓(rang)曹操(cao)(cao)以(yi)友(you)情(qing)為重,救盛(sheng)(sheng)孝章于危難之中。又曉之以(yi)理(li),以(yi)解(jie)救盛(sheng)(sheng)孝章可以(yi)招致更多的人才為理(li)由,進一步勸曹操(cao)(cao)對盛(sheng)(sheng)孝章伸出援助(zhu)的手(shou)。
不(bu)管(guan)曹操是否采納孔(kong)融(rong)的(de)建議,就孔(kong)融(rong)這(zhe)篇文(wen)章本身來看,是相當有說服(fu)力的(de)。
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