道(dao)(dao)家(jia)的氣(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)養(yang)生(sheng)術(shu)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)對人體精、氣(qi)(qi)、神,心身(shen)、心性的整(zheng)體鍛煉(lian),使(shi)之與(yu)自然更為合諧統一(yi),而達延長壽命,甚至長生(sheng)的一(yi)種境界。其說:“若能游心虛(xu)靜(jing),息(xi)慮(lv)無為,服元氣(qi)(qi)于子時(shi),時(shi)導引于閑室,攝養(yang)無虧,兼餌(er)良藥,則百年(nian)耆壽,是常(chang)分也(ye)。”為此,氣(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)養(yang)生(sheng)術(shu)在被道(dao)(dao)家(jia)實(shi)踐、運用、總結、發展(zhan)的過(guo)(guo)程中,開創(chuang)了道(dao)(dao)家(jia)也(ye)是氣(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)史上(shang)別具特色和風格的一(yi)整(zheng)套(tao)系統的練養(yang)功(gong)(gong)法。我們擇(ze)其主要(yao)的內容與(yu)特點,大致分為道(dao)(dao)家(jia)氣(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)養(yang)生(sheng)六法。
一、修心養性法
修心養性是道家養生的基本功夫,性包括了性情、理性、心神,性力生命之體,心為知覺靈明之樞,兩者互為存在,性為心之體,心為性之用。因人的心神性情最易外馳追逐,被外物所累,以至氣血虧損,生命短促夭折。元李鵬飛<(三元延壽參贊書》卷2認為,人之喜樂無極則傷魄,忿怒則氣逆傷肝,悲哀則傷'魂狂妄,思慮過度則傷神傷心、憂愁、驚恐、憎愛、視聽、疑惑、說笑凡此種種,如過度過甚者皆于性命有傷,故當節制諸情,修心養性,鍛煉其純真之心,不被雜念所淆亂。并引黃帝之說曰:外不勞形于事,內無思想之患,以恬愉為務,以自得為功,形體不敝,精神不散,可尉百數也。”宋曾植《道樞》卷2((坐忘篇上》說>“心者一身之主,神之帥也》靜而生慧也,動而生昏矣。學道之初在于收心離境,入于慮無,則合于道焉。”所謂“收心離境”即指收斂性情,脫離外界的各種干擾,進入一個靜定的精神狀態,達到自我覺悟。在這種純靜的氣功態中不僅使人的身心得以健康發展,并可以煥發人本身具備的先天智慧。此外修心養性的另一重要方法還在于涵養道德。道家認為人的是非好惡都是由欲望而起,但人不可能無欲無念,關鍵的是不為物欲所役使。彭祖曰,“凡人不可無思,當漸漸除之,人身虛無,但有游氣,氣息得理,百病不生。”又曰:“道不在煩,但能不思衣,不思食,不思聲色,不思勝負,不思失得,不思榮辱,心不勞,神不極,但爾,可得千歲。”《太上老君說常清靜經》亦說:“夫人神好清,而心擾之。人心好靜,而欲牽之。常能遣其欲而心自靜,澄其心而神自清。”可見修心養性在道家氣功養生中是極為重要的了。另外記載道教修心養性的靜功資料也是相當豐富的,靜功也稱性功,《莊子》中(zhong)(zhong)即載(zai)錄了許多靜功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)法(fa),如“守(shou)一”,“存神”,以及后來(lai)的(de)“止念”,“收(shou)心(xin)”,“存思”,“定觀”,“內視”,“守(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)”,“睡法(fa)”等等都屬道教的(de)靜功(gong)(gong)。今人(ren)肖天石先(xian)生在(zai)其著作《道海玄微》中(zhong)(zhong)收(shou)有經他(ta)整理的(de)“道家靜坐十二心(xin)法(fa)”計有一靈獨覺法(fa),泯(min)外守(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)法(fa),冥心(xin)守(shou)一法(fa)等。我們認為(wei)道家倡導的(de)修心(xin)養性法(fa)不僅能夠治(zhi)病(bing)祛疾(ji),強身健體,啟發(fa)智慧,涵養道德,并在(zai)順其自然的(de)情(qing)況下(xia),使己欲(yu)與社會發(fa)展相統一,把道置于(yu)生活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一切事情(qing)中(zhong)(zhong)去,使那些看(kan)來(lai)不可調和(he)的(de)生活(huo)矛盾形(xing)成一種新的(de)綜合(he),從而最(zui)大(da)限(xian)度地發(fa)揮你(ni)的(de)潛(qian)力。
二、形體鍛煉法
形體鍛煉是由古代相傳的導引術發展而來,它將行氣、漱咽、按摩、肢體運動相結合,形成了以動物象形動功和導引體操兩大類為主體的健身術。屬氣功中的動功。道教養生家認為導引可以療病健身。葛洪說,“一則以調營衛,二則以消谷水,三則排卻風邪,四則以長進血氣。故老君曰:‘天地間,其猶棄龠乎!虛而不屈,動而愈出。’言人導引搖動,而人之精神亦盛也。導引于外,而病愈于內,亦如針艾攻其榮俞之源,而眾患自除于流末也。〃并依據天地運行不息的理論,言:“停水則穢臭,委木則蟲生,馬不行則腳直,車不駕而自朽,所以人體必須如流水戶樞,經常運動。《四氣攝生圖》指出導引的要點在于宣通四肢血脈,而不可追求形勢,“即不必鸞飛鳳舉,猴擲虎蹲,但展四肢,動搖九竅,令其血脈流轉,上下宣導”。在道教典籍中列導引法千有余條,且各個功派還自有秘法,總之法、式很多。陶弘景整理漢晉以來諸法,著有《導引養生圖》,《導引桉摩篇》。《真詰·協昌期》收有魏晉道教上清派導引法數十種。唐司馬承禎把靜坐,握固,思神,叩齒,引氣,導引等多種道術編排成一套完整的坐式導引動功,相當豐富,還有立法、臥法。說:“其諸導引,亦不可總為諸法,恐煩勞,任逐便為之,然終須從首至足,令相承取通也”。另《養生方》與《養生導引法)>兩部著作,其中收載了幾百種治病功法,且根據不同的疾病分門列類,十分可貴。后世流行的張三豐武當拳(quan),內(nei)家拳(quan),龍虎功(gong)(gong),太極(ji)拳(quan),八卦掌,行(xing)意拳(quan)等(deng)等(deng),都是(shi)屬(shu)于道(dao)教導引動功(gong)(gong)之類的煉養(yang)功(gong)(gong)夫。在(zai)此(ci)我們提出,在(zai)運(yun)用形體鍛煉法進(jin)行(xing)鍛煉時,應分別(bie)身體情況(kuang),辨證運(yun)功(gong)(gong)。
三、呼吸鍛煉法
道家(jia)氣(qi)(qi)功養生(sheng)術的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)科(ke)學根(gen)據是我國古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)論(lun)。《上清(qing)洞真品>)說(shuo),“人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所生(sheng)也(ye),稟天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)為(wei)神(shen)為(wei)形(xing)(xing),受元(yuan)(yuan)一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)為(wei)液為(wei)精(jing)。天氣(qi)(qi)減耗,神(shen)將散也(ye);地氣(qi)(qi)減耗,形(xing)(xing)將病也(ye);元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)減耗,命(ming)將竭(jie)也(ye)。”把人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命(ming)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)歸結于元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)變化,并運(yun)用醫家(jia)命(ming)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo),認為(wei)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)即為(wei)腎間(jian)動(dong)(dong)氣(qi)(qi),此(ci)氣(qi)(qi)出自命(ming)門(men)(men),“命(ming)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)出其(qi)間(jian),間(jian)由中(zhong)也(ye),動(dong)(dong)由生(sheng)也(ye),乃元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系也(ye),精(jing)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舍也(ye)。”故命(ming)門(men)(men)為(wei)五臟六(liu)腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),十(shi)二經(jing)脈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen),呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men),之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)焦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源.其(qi)氣(qi)(qi)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稂本(ben)。道教(jiao)養生(sheng)家(jia)進行呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)即在于培固元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi),強身(shen)于內(nei)。在歷(li)代(dai)道家(jia)有關(guan)元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)與(yu)養身(shen),元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)與(yu)生(sheng)命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)論(lun)述(shu)中(zhong),就其(qi)特點而言,呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)有吐(tu)納法(fa)(fa)、行氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、海氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、咽氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、調(diao)節(jie)法(fa)(fa)、節(jie)氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa).煉(lian)氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、閉(bi)氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、委氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、布氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、六(liu)氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa),散氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)、胎(tai)息(xi)法(fa)(fa)等等。在《胎(tai)息(xi)秘要(yao)歌(ge)訣》中(zhong)述(shu)閉(bi)氣(qi)(qi)訣即臥床閉(bi)氣(qi)(qi)洽病法(fa)(fa),布氣(qi)(qi)訣即發放(fang)外(wai)氣(qi)(qi)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)療(liao)疾,六(liu)氣(qi)(qi)訣即六(liu)字(zi)訣法(fa)(fa)。此(ci)外(wai)還有存(cun)守五臟神(shen)法(fa)(fa),存(cun)守眼神(shen)法(fa)(fa)以(yi),念(nian)五玉法(fa)(fa),念(nian)六(liu)龍法(fa)(fa)等,總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)可謂內(nei)煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)長生(sheng)要(yao)道。
四、服食丹藥法
服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)包栝兩(liang)大類,一是(shi)指(zhi)草木藥(yao)(yao)(yao)石(shi),一是(shi)指(zhi)營(ying)養(yang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品。道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)養(yang)生(sheng)家指(zhi)出,四時(shi)(shi)(shi)服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi),各有宜(yi)忌,體(ti)(ti)(ti)魄盛衰(shuai)(shuai),滋補(bu)以(yi)常。多與煉(lian)功(gong)(gong)相配合(he),吐納導引,各視所(suo)宜(yi),調(diao)(diao)伏中(zhong)節,佐以(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)石(shi),講求三分(fen)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao),七分(fen)內養(yang),調(diao)(diao)整全(quan)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)脈循(xun)環,鍛煉(lian)五臟六腑,筋骨(gu)皮肉(rou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能,抵抗外(wai)(wai)(wai)來邪氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)襲,補(bu)充人體(ti)(ti)(ti)內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)氣(qi),達到祛病延年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)歷代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)書中(zhong),以(yi)我(wo)(wo)們(men)今(jin)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)觀(guan)點去看,確是(shi)價值極高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一套完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)補(bu)疔(ding)法和飲食(shi)(shi)(shi)營(ying)養(yang)學(xue)。但是(shi)在(zai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎上(shang)發展形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),用于長生(sheng)不(bu)老這(zhe)個目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卻(que)走向了反面。所(suo)謂(wei)“外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)”,即(ji)(ji)是(shi)用鉛汞(gong)及(ji)其(qi)它藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)配制(zhi)后(hou),放(fang)在(zai)特制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼎爐中(zhong)燒(shao)(shao)煉(lian)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。初步(bu)煉(lian)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫“丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)頭”,只能作為點化之(zhi)用,不(bu)能服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)。再進一步(bu),便煉(lian)成(cheng)了服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),即(ji)(ji)所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“金(jin)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)〃。此術(shu)初創于兩(liang)漢(han),魏晉南北朝是(shi)其(qi)發展時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),葛洪說:“長生(sheng)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao),不(bu)在(zai)祭(ji)祀鬼(gui)神也(ye),不(bu)在(zai)道(dao)(dao)引與屈伸也(ye),升仙之(zhi)要,在(zai)神丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也(ye)。”唐朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)乃(nai)臻(zhen)極盛,外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)術(shu)一度成(cheng)為道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要修煉(lian)方(fang)術(shu)。據外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)著(zhu)(zhu)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記載,燒(shao)(shao)煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)料僅礦(kuang)石(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)即(ji)(ji)達六、七十種。主要有丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)砂、雄黃(huang)、雌黃(huang)、石(shi)榴黃(huang)、曾(ceng)清、礬石(shi)、磁石(shi)、戎(rong)鹽,合(he)稱八石(shi)。又以(yi)鉛汞(gong)為基本(ben)材料。隨著(zhu)(zhu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)者日多。由于不(bu)了解(jie)金(jin)屬礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)與人體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)是(shi)有本(ben)質(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別,何(he)況(kuang)如象水銀、砒霜這(zhe)類物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)所(suo)含成(cheng)份,對人是(shi)有劇(ju)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),誤食(shi)(shi)(shi)往往中(zhong)毒死(si)亡。五代時(shi)(shi)(shi),梁太祖服(fu)(fu)(fu)道(dao)(dao)人龐九經(jing)所(suo)進金(jin)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),“眉發立墮,頭背生(sheng)痛。”南唐烈(lie)祖服(fu)(fu)(fu)金(jin)石(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),患疽致死(si)。蓋當時(shi)(shi)(shi)燒(shao)(shao)煉(lian)外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),全(quan)國已成(cheng)風氣(qi),其(qi)結果是(shi)大失敗。至(zhi)此服(fu)(fu)(fu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)者包括(kuo)煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)士才逐(zhu)漸產生(sheng)了懷(huai)疑,外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)術(shu)開始衰(shuai)(shuai)落(luo)。我(wo)(wo)們(men)說外(wai)(wai)(wai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)術(shu)雖然是(shi)在(zai)制(zhi)造黃(huang)金(jin)和長生(sheng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)上(shang)完全(quan)失敗了,但在(zai)長期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燒(shao)(shao)煉(lian)實踐中(zhong),卻(que)為我(wo)(wo)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)和古代化學(xue)作出了積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻。
五、內丹修煉法
外丹(dan)(dan)術的(de)沒(mei)落,促進了內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)術的(de)發展。“內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)”簡單說(shuo)來,就是人(ren)(ren)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)精(jing)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、神(shen)三(san)者的(de)一(yi)種結合(he)物。內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)家將人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)某些部位(wei)比作(zuo)爐鼎,以(yi)(yi)精(jing)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、神(shen)力內(nei)煉(lian)(lian)三(san)寶(bao)。所謂(wei)的(de)“精(jing)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、神(shen)”,乃(nai)指(zhi)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)先天稟(bing)賦的(de)元(yuan)精(jing)、元(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和元(yuan)神(shen)。其(qi)(qi)中精(jing)是基(ji)(ji)礎,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是動力,神(shen)是主宰。以(yi)(yi)神(shen)(意念(nian))為(wei)火(huo)候(hou),以(yi)(yi)精(jing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)藥物,以(yi)(yi)神(shen)馭氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)(yi)神(shen)煉(lian)(lian)精(jing),使(shi)精(jing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)神(shen)聚凝不散,而結成內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)。故此(ci)道教養(yang)生(sheng)家將此(ci)法(fa)視為(wei)煉(lian)(lian)養(yang)功夫的(de)核心。煉(lian)(lian)丹(dan)(dan)的(de)部位(wei)有(you)上、中、下(xia)三(san)個丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)。其(qi)(qi)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)諸說(shuo)不一(yi)。一(yi)般認為(wei),上丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)在(zai)(zai)頭頂中,又(you)(you)(you)名(ming)泥丸宮(gong)。丹(dan)(dan)家又(you)(you)(you)稱乾宮(gong)。內(nei)煉(lian)(lian)中煉(lian)(lian)精(jing)化氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),此(ci)處為(wei)還精(jing)撲腦的(de)地(di)點(dian)。在(zai)(zai)煉(lian)(lian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化神(shen)時(shi),又(you)(you)(you)為(wei)陽氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上遷的(de)地(di)點(dian)。中丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)在(zai)(zai)臍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,位(wei)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)中。因(yin)其(qi)(qi)為(wei)一(yi)身天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中。乃(nai)藏元(yuan)始祖氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)竅,所以(yi)(yi)又(you)(you)(you)叫作(zuo)祖氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)穴。《悟真(zhen)篇》說(shuo):“要(yao)得谷神(shen)長(chang)不死,須憑(ping)玄(xuan)牝立根(gen)基(ji)(ji)。”葉文叔注:“玄(xuan)牝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宮(gong),即中宮(gong)也(ye),中藏真(zhen)一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),生(sheng)金精(jing)也(ye)。”中宮(gong)玄(xuan)牝,亦中丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)。下(xia)丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)又(you)(you)(you)名(ming)正(zheng)丹(dan)(dan)田(tian),其(qi)(qi)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)醫(yi)經一(yi)般指(zhi)在(zai)(zai)臍下(xia)一(yi)寸三(san)分處,丹(dan)(dan)經則指(zhi)臍內(nei)一(yi)寸三(san)分。在(zai)(zai)小腹外形(xing)輪廓(kuo)中,沖脈(mo)的(de)直線與帶脈(mo)交叉地(di)方(fang)與臍相平,形(xing)成田(tian)字,所以(yi)(yi)叫做丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)。它(ta)同人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)生(sheng)命(ming)(ming)活動的(de)關系最為(wei)密切(qie),古人(ren)(ren)稱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“性命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖”、“生(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源”、“陰陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會”、“臟腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本”等。
內丹修煉(lian)(lian)(lian)過程,一(yi)般分為筑(zhu)基(ji)(ji)(ji),煉(lian)(lian)(lian)精(jing)化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),煉(lian)(lian)(lian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)神,煉(lian)(lian)(lian)神還虛四個步(bu)驟。筑(zhu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本功(gong),重在填虧(kui)補虛,以(yi)達到(dao)精(jing)全、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)全、神全。煉(lian)(lian)(lian)精(jing)_化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)在筑(zhu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎上進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)養(yang)精(jing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)神,是(shi)從神為用(yong),合(he)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)精(jing)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi),使(shi)之化(hua)為諸(zhu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)合(he)的(de)“氣(qi)(qi)(qi)”進(jin)而煉(lian)(lian)(lian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)神,煉(lian)(lian)(lian)神還虛,最后由有入(ru)無,重返先天(tian)虛空。道教中人(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)信(xin),內丹煉(lian)(lian)(lian)成后,人(ren)不僅可(ke)以(yi)長生還可(ke)以(yi)化(hua)形分身,可(ke)以(yi)成仙,具備(bei)種種超人(ren)的(de)特異功(gong)能。今天(tian)我們當在去(qu)其神秘虛幻,取其合(he)理(li)有義的(de)東西中,做更深入(ru)的(de)探討。
六、天人合一法
在進行(xing)(xing)上述的各種(zhong)修煉方法中(zhong)(zhong),道(dao)(dao)家(jia)養(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)術同時(shi)強調并十(shi)分(fen)重視的是人(ren)與(yu)自(zi)然(ran)界的協(xie)調統(tong)一(yi),順(shun)(shun)時(shi)頤(yi)(yi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)。《混俗頤(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)錄(lu)卷上·春(chun)(chun)時(shi)消息(xi)第三》說(shuo):“人(ren)稟陰陽(yang)五(wu)行(xing)(xing),四吋(cun)肅殺之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),差若(ruo)毫(hao)發(fa),瘵(zhai)癘(li)則生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。是以手足象(xiang)天(tian)地,血脈(mo)象(xiang)江河,毛發(fa)象(xiang)草木,嗔怒象(xiang)雷電,兩(liang)目狀日(ri)月,嗜(shi)欲稟生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖。氣(qi)(qi)候小差,人(ren)多疾疫(yi),即(ji)反(fan)其令,瘵(zhai)癘(li)則生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。細而(er)察之(zhi),萬不(bu)失一(yi)。”彭祖認(ren)為長壽(shou)的關鍵(jian)在于(yu)適(shi)度莫傷。冬天(tian)要注意保(bao)暖,夏(xia)天(tian)要時(shi)常(chang)(chang)納涼(liang),順(shun)(shun)應四季節氣(qi)(qi)的變化,使身(shen)體(ti)舒適(shi)安(an)康。《修真秘錄(lu)》食宜(yi)(yi)篇(pian)說(shuo):“真人(ren)曰(yue):酸咸甘苦(ku)(ku)食之(zhi),各歸其時(shi),春(chun)(chun)夏(xia)秋冬頤(yi)(yi)之(zhi),勿逆其藏。”《八素》云,“春(chun)(chun)宜(yi)(yi)食辛(辛能(neng)散(san)也(ye)(ye)(ye))》夏(xia)宜(yi)(yi)食咸(咸能(neng)潤也(ye)(ye)(ye)),長夏(xia)宜(yi)(yi)食酸(酸能(neng)收(shou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)),秋宜(yi)(yi)食苦(ku)(ku)(苦(ku)(ku)能(neng)堅也(ye)(ye)(ye)),冬宜(yi)(yi)食甘肥(fei)(甘能(neng)緩(huan)中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)長肌肉(rou),肥(fei)能(neng)密理(li)而(er)補中(zhong)(zhong)),皆益(yi)五(wu)臟而(er)散(san)邪氣(qi)(qi)矣(yi)。此四時(shi)之(zhi)味,隨(sui)所宜(yi)(yi)加之(zhi),食皆能(neng)益(yi)臟而(er)除于(yu)邪,養(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao),可不(bu)移矣(yi)”。孫思(si)邈在其養(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)論(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)總結(jie)了一(yi)套(tao)動(dong)靜相宜(yi)(yi),起居有方,飲食適(shi)度,涵養(yang)(yang)(yang)道(dao)(dao)德(de)的綜合(he)煉養(yang)(yang)(yang)功夫。指出(chu)縱情恣欲,不(bu)知(zhi)節度,是百(bai)病之(zhi)根源(yuan)。古(gu)人(ren)認(ren)為日(ri)常(chang)(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)傷生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的因(yin)素很(hen)多,如困思(si),強舉,悲憂,極樂(le),汲汲所欲,寢息(xi)失時(shi),房中(zhong)(zhong)無(wu)節,飲食過度等等,皆足以致傷損(sun)壽(shou)。“凡(fan)(fan)此之(zhi)類,譬(pi)猶水火,用(yong)之(zhi)過當,反(fan)為害也(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)知(zhi)其經脈(mo)損(sun)傷,氣(qi)(qi)血不(bu)足,內理(li)氣(qi)(qi)疏,髓腦不(bu)實,體(ti)已先(xian)病,故為外物所犯,因(yin)氣(qi)(qi)寒(han)酒色以發(fa)之(zhi)耳。若(ruo)本充(chong)實,豈有病也(ye)(ye)(ye)!”又曰(yue)“但(dan)知(zhi)房中(zhong)(zhong),閉(bi)氣(qi)(qi),節其私(si)欲,適(shi)飲食,則得道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”也(ye)(ye)(ye)就是說(shuo)長壽(shou)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)就在人(ren)們平凡(fan)(fan)的日(ri)常(chang)(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong),只(zhi)要你合(he)理(li)地安(an)排好生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo),家(jia)庭生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)和諧有節,營養(yang)(yang)(yang)豐富(fu)有度,加強身(shen)體(ti)鍛煉,不(bu)去追求時(shi)髦無(wu)益(yi)的東(dong)西,你就能(neng)夠身(shen)心健康,延年益(yi)壽(shou)。
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上(shang)一篇: 道家(jia)養生功法(fa)的七個方面