道(dao)教(jiao)既然(ran)是一(yi)種(zhong)宗(zong)教(jiao),當然(ran)免不了在其信仰與教(jiao)義中(zhong)充滿神(shen)秘(mi)文化(hua)的(de)內(nei)容。除了道(dao)家的(de)多神(shen)崇拜與修仙思想之外,道(dao)家的(de)符(fu)箓咒術,更具有神(shen)秘(mi)色彩。道(dao)家的(de)符(fu)箓咒法,總稱(cheng)“道(dao)法〃、"道(dao)術〃,亦稱(cheng)"法術〃,主要以立壇(tan)設(she)供,以符(fu)、咒、印、劍、鏡、訣、水等為法力的(de)傳遞、表達的(de)信號或工具,以召神(shen)驅鬼,呼風喚雨(yu),伏妖祛病(bing)等。《法海遺(yi)珠》云:"夫大(da)法旨要有三局:一(yi)則(ze)行咒,一(yi)則(ze)行符(fu),一(yi)則(ze)行法。”道(dao)教(jiao)之法術,自然(ran)為道(dao)教(jiao)醫家所運(yun)用,成為道(dao)醫治病(bing)療(liao)疾手段之一(yi)。
早在原始時期,在原始鬼神崇拜及巫覡文化中,疾病被看成是鬼神作祟或先靈示罰的結果,因而祈禱、祭祀、祝告、詛咒成為治病的重要方法。《內經》等古籍把這類方法稱為"祝由",《素(su)(su)問?移精變氣論》云(yun):"古之(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),惟(wei)其(qi)移精變氣,可祝(zhu)(zhu)由(you)而(er)(er)已。”注曰(yue):"移謂(wei)移易,變謂(wei)變改(gai),皆使邪(xie)不(bu)(bu)傷正,精神(shen)(shen)(shen)復強而(er)(er)內(nei)守也。”按祝(zhu)(zhu)字之(zhi)音(yin)義均(jun)同咒,"祝(zhu)(zhu)由(you)〃謂(wei)祝(zhu)(zhu)告上(shang)(shang)蒼,祝(zhu)(zhu)說(shuo)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)由(you),即(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)咒語(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。《內(nei)經.靈樞·賊風)云(yun):“先巫者,因知百病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)勝,先知其(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)所(suo)從(cong)生者,可祝(zhu)(zhu)(咒)而(er)(er)已也。”因而(er)(er)從(cong)上(shang)(shang)古以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來,祝(zhu)(zhu)由(you)即(ji)成為(wei)(wei)醫家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)手段之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。《說(shuo)苑(yuan)》,記上(shang)(shang)古之(zhi)醫苗(miao)(miao)父(fu)說(shuo):"苗(miao)(miao)父(fu)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)醫也,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)菅為(wei)(wei)席(xi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)芻(chu)為(wei)(wei)狗(gou),北面(mian)(mian)而(er)(er)祝(zhu)(zhu),發(fa)十言耳,諸扶而(er)(er)來者,皆平復如故(gu)(gu)。〃說(shuo)苗(miao)(miao)父(fu)讓病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)躺在草席(xi)上(shang)(shang),用(yong)草札成狗(gou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)咒語(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后歷(li)代醫家(jia)均(jun)有(you)(you)祝(zhu)(zhu)由(you)一(yi)(yi)科,隋唐(tang)至宋明均(jun)有(you)(you)咒禁(jin)師(shi)。道(dao)家(jia)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)承繼(ji)先秦方士醫家(jia)之(zhi)術,早在道(dao)教(jiao)興起之(zhi)初,即(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)道(dao)之(zhi)方式。《太平經》解(jie)釋咒語(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)"天(tian)上(shang)(shang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)語(yu)(yu)(yu)也……道(dao)人(ren)得(de)之(zhi),傳(chuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相語(yu)(yu)(yu),故(gu)(gu)能以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。”《漢天(tian)師(shi)世家(jia)》云(yun):"張道(dao)陵天(tian)師(shi),教(jiao)民信(xin)(xin)奉黃老之(zhi)道(dao),常以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)符(fu)(fu)咒治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),有(you)(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)者使飲(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui)即(ji)愈(yu),著(zhu)有(you)(you)效驗,從(cong)者甚(shen)(shen)眾。”道(dao)教(jiao)之(zhi)另一(yi)(yi)創始者張魯亦(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。《二國志(zhi).張魯傳(chuan)》丨魯據漢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨立(li),行(xing)五斗米道(dao),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),致米一(yi)(yi)斗,疾(ji)(ji)者立(li)愈(yu),奉者甚(shen)(shen)眾。”又云(yun):"太平道(dao)者,師(shi)持九節杖,為(wei)(wei)符(fu)(fu)祝(zhu)(zhu),教(jiao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)叩頭思過,因以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui)飲(yin)(yin)之(zhi)療(liao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。”漢以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后,歷(li)代道(dao)教(jiao)醫家(jia),亦(yi)(yi)用(yong)祝(zhu)(zhu)由(you)符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)法。如陶弘景“受道(dao)經符(fu)(fu)箓(lu)〃,葛洪《抱樸子(zi)》一(yi)(yi)書多(duo)處論及符(fu)(fu)箓(lu)禁(jin)咒,唐(tang)代道(dao)醫大師(shi)孫(sun)思邈(miao)更把符(fu)(fu)咒與湯(tang)藥(yao)等并列,他所(suo)著(zhu)(千金(jin)翼(yi)(yi)方)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)專(zhuan)列(禁(jin)經)二卷,并論曰(yue):"醫方千卷,未盡其(qi)性,故(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)湯(tang)藥(yao)焉(yan)(yan),有(you)(you)針灸焉(yan)(yan),有(you)(you)禁(jin)咒焉(yan)(yan),有(you)(you)符(fu)(fu)印焉(yan)(yan),有(you)(you)導引焉(yan)(yan)。斯之(zhi)五法,皆救急之(zhi)術也。”因此,道(dao)教(jiao)醫家(jia)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),至今仍有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祝(zhu)(zhu)由(you)、符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)者。當(dang)然,祝(zhu)(zhu)由(you)符(fu)(fu)水(shui)(shui),是典型的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)文化,迷信(xin)(xin)色(se)彩濃(nong)厚,但在某(mou)些時候對(dui)某(mou)些疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),又有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)療(liao)效。這一(yi)(yi)點,孫(sun)思邈(miao)曾論述道(dao):"斯之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)法(指禁(jin)咒之(zhi)法)體是神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),詳其(qi)辭采,不(bu)(bu)近人(ren)情,故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)可得(de)而(er)(er)推曉也。但按法施行(xing),功(gong)效出于意表(biao)。"《《千金(jin)翼(yi)(yi)方.禁(jin)經》)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)這種(zhong)帶(dai)神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)色(se)彩的(de)(de)(de)禁(jin)咒法,其(qi)法術咒語(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)近人(ren)情,不(bu)(bu)可理解(jie),但又有(you)(you)功(gong)效。今之(zhi)氣功(gong)家(jia)解(jie)釋為(wei)(wei)符(fu)(fu)咒等物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),體現了人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)意念作(zuo)用(yong),亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)氣功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)因素(su)(su)在內(nei)。人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)意念,往往有(you)(you)多(duo)樣神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)作(zuo)用(yong),此為(wei)(wei)當(dang)今人(ren)體科學(xue)研(yan)究所(suo)證實,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),符(fu)(fu)箓(lu)禁(jin)咒這些帶(dai)有(you)(you)迷信(xin)(xin)色(se)彩的(de)(de)(de)方法中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也可能包含著(zhu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)某(mou)種(zhong)神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)能量,這種(zhong)能量于治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亦(yi)(yi)可發(fa)揮一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。而(er)(er)這種(zhong)神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)文化還是值得(de)研(yan)究探索(suo)的(de)(de)(de)。因此,本(ben)章對(dui)道(dao)醫這最(zui)為(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)頁作(zuo)簡要的(de)(de)(de)介紹。
祝由神咒
全面繼承上(shang)古(gu)巫祝思想與(yu)技術(shu)(shu),道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)極其(qi)重視咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu)在宗教(jiao)修煉與(yu)法(fa)事中(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。念咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)的(de)(de)各種儀軌法(fa)術(shu)(shu)相結合,幾乎貫穿道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)活動的(de)(de)各個方面。道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)運用于各種場合起不(bu)同(tong)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu),總計達數百種之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多。降神(shen)驅(qu)鬼(gui)固(gu)然有(you)(you)(you)咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu),修煉功夫更離(li)不(bu)開念咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),保健祛病靠神(shen)咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力,日常食睡(shui)梳(shu)洗,進(jin)山入市無(wu)不(bu)有(you)(you)(you)專用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)認為(wei)(wei)咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語(yu)(yu).故(gu)(gu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)神(shen)圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力。《太(tai)平經(jing)》云(yun):"天(tian)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)常神(shen)圣要語(yu)(yu),時下(凡)授(shou)人以言(yan)(yan),用使神(shen)吏應氣而往來也(ye)。人民得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),謂為(wei)(wei)神(shen)祝。”又(you)說(shuo):"此(ci)者,天(tian)上(shang)神(shen)語(yu)(yu)也(ye)……道(dao)(dao)(dao)人得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),傳以相語(yu)(yu)。故(gu)(gu)能(neng)以治病,如(ru)使行人(間(jian))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),不(bu)能(neng)治愈病也(ye)。”道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)認為(wei)(wei)咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu)是(shi)神(shen)人傳授(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)語(yu)(yu),與(yu)人間(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凡人語(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)不(bu)同(tong),故(gu)(gu)能(neng)通神(shen)及有(you)(you)(you)治病等神(shen)力。但(dan)觀(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)諸多咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)詞(ci),大體為(wei)(wei)表達司法(fa)者精誠達意(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心聲,如(ru)祈(qi)禱(dao)時,為(wei)(wei)贊頌神(shen)靈及祈(qi)訴如(ru)愿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci);修煉時,為(wei)(wei)安神(shen)定意(yi)靜心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訣(jue);驅(qu)邪時,為(wei)(wei)斥令恐(kong)嚇(xia)邪惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci);治病時,為(wei)(wei)法(fa)術(shu)(shu)顯靈百病俱(ju)消(xiao)等語(yu)(yu)。大多為(wei)(wei)能(neng)理解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語(yu)(yu)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)咒(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)特色(se),即(ji)大多于結尾時有(you)(you)(you)"急(ji)急(ji)如(ru)律令〃一(yi)語(yu)(yu)。宋.趙彥衛《云(yun)麓漫鈔》卷(juan)一(yi)有(you)(you)(you)考(kao)證此(ci)語(yu)(yu)來歷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo):"急(ji)急(ji)如(ru)律令,漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公移(yi)常語(yu)(yu),猶今云(yun)符到(dao)奉行。張天(tian)師漢(han)人,故(gu)(gu)承用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而道(dao)(dao)(dao)家遂得祖述。”
道士修(xiu)煉(lian),首在保健安神(shen)(shen)(shen),強體(ti)卻病,有(you)(you)許多神(shen)(shen)(shen)咒(zhou),如《九宮隱咒(zhou)寢魂(hun)法(fa)》,于臨睡前念(nian)此咒(zhou),可(ke)安魂(hun)定魄,使(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)意和(he)(he)詳。《太(tai)帝辟(pi)夢(meng)神(shen)(shen)(shen)咒(zhou)》可(ke)辟(pi)夢(meng)除(chu)兇,使(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)明氣正(zheng)。《大洞微妙(miao)薰病咒(zhou)法(fa)》,可(ke)治(zhi)疾病,固精(jing)養神(shen)(shen)(shen),此為宋代神(shen)(shen)(shen)霄(xiao)派所傳,咒(zhou)曰(yue):"太(tai)一(yi)尊神(shen)(shen)(shen),務猷以歸(gui)。卻滅百疴(ke),蕩除(chu)邪穢。”咒(zhou)之七(qi)遍(bian),氣不和(he)(he),精(jing)不育,即愈(yu)也。又有(you)(you)咒(zhou)防止(zhi)精(jing)漏失禁(jin),存桃符,握天皇象符,咒(zhou)曰(yue):"命門桃君孩道康,合(he)延精(jing)氣朝泥丸。敢(gan)有(you)(you)妖邪干正(zheng)法(fa),流(liu)金擲(zhi)火沖(chong)洞房。”
另一(yi)類咒(zhou)語多用于(yu)潔(jie)身(shen)(shen)凈(jing)(jing)心,護持修(xiu)煉。如《凈(jing)(jing)身(shen)(shen)神(shen)咒(zhou)》、《凈(jing)(jing)心口神(shen)咒(zhou)》等,這類神(shen)咒(zhou)多有助(zhu)于(yu)排除干(gan)擾(rao),修(xiu)煉入靜。如《凈(jing)(jing)三(san)業(ye)神(shen)咒(zhou)》曰:"身(shen)(shen)中諸內境(jing).三(san)萬(wan)六(liu)千人動作履行藏,前劫并后劫,愿(yuan)身(shen)(shen)常(chang)自在,常(chang)往三(san)寶中,當于(yu)劫壞(huai)時,愿(yuan)身(shen)(shen)常(chang)不(bu)滅。誦此神(shen)咒(zhou)時,三(san)業(ye)悉清(qing)凈(jing)(jing)。”道士在修(xiu)煉入靜中,有時常(chang)有邪魔干(gan)擾(rao),南朝上(shang)清(qing)派所傳《上(shang)清(qing)太(tai)上(shang)黃素(su)四(si)十四(si)方經》中有《三(san)天正法(fa)咒(zhou)魔神(shen)方》,常(chang)念誦之,則神(shen)兵侍衛,萬(wan)魔不(bu)干(gan)。
道(dao)人在(zai)修煉(lian)或作法中,常(chang)(chang)請(qing)神(shen)召將,驅(qu)鬼(gui)(gui)祛邪,亦(yi)有許多神(shen)咒(zhou),如(ru)施(shi)雷(lei)法時所(suo)用(yong)《起(qi)風咒(zhou)》、《起(qi)云咒(zhou)》、《起(qi)雷(lei)咒(zhou)》、《起(qi)雨咒(zhou)》,驅(qu)邪除祟(sui)所(suo)用(yong)《六合(he)咒(zhou)》、《役(yi)遣咒(zhou)》、《解疾病連年符(fu)咒(zhou)》、《解三(san)刑(xing)六害符(fu)咒(zhou)》、《禁魔鬼(gui)(gui)侵凌符(fu)咒(zhou)》等,南朝上清派所(suo)傳《太帝常(chang)(chang)揮神(shen)滅(mie)魔法》:"凡道(dao)士行來,獨宿山林(lin)廟(miao)座之間,饒有魔精惡鬼(gui)(gui)之地,當先琢(zhuo)齒三(san)十六通(tong),閉氣、微(wei)咒(zhou)曰:‘太帝陽元,四維幽關,千妖萬毒,敢當吾前。巨獸(shou)重(zhong)吻(wen),刳腹(fu)屠肝。神(shen)公使者,守衛營蕃(fan)。黃衣師(shi)兵,斬伐妖魂,醎滅(mie)千魔,摧落山奸。絕種(zhong)滅(mie)類,敢令梟殘,玉帝上命(ming),清蕩三(san)元。’常(chang)(chang)能誦(song)之,則神(shen)兵見衛,萬鬼(gui)(gui)受事,千妖死伏(fu)。〃
道人治病,常符咒結合,有多種咒語針對不同疾病,亦有治萬病咒。如<治寒病咒》云:"火鈴火山神,燒鬼化為塵,風病從風散,氣病氣除根。瘟疫諸毒害,寒熱速離身。疾病久此散,男女保安寧,急急如律令。’’((見太上三洞神咒)卷八)唐代天師派傳《混元治病咒》云:"混元一氣,高辛之余,付我弟子,疾攝疾除,五方正氣,布吾形軀,諸大功曹,如意攻行;謹召十大功曹,針砭小吏,布氣治病,神員
天醫大圣,隨呼即至,遇召即臨(lin)。萬(wan)咒(zhou)(zhou)萬(wan)靈(ling),不(bu)得違(wei)令,敢(gan)有違(wei)令,罪在雷霆。急急如(ru)律(lv)令。’,這是召集(ji)神靈(ling)神醫來治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)之(zhi)咒(zhou)(zhou)。宋代東華派(pai)《上清靈(ling)寶大法(fa)》中(zhong)有(治(zhi)(zhi)萬(wan)病(bing)咒(zhou)(zhou)法(fa)》:"大行梵氣(qi)(qi),周圍十方,中(zhong)有度(du)人不(bu)死之(zhi)神,中(zhong)有南(nan)(nan)極長生之(zhi)君,中(zhong)有度(du)世司(si)馬(ma)大神,中(zhong)有好生韓君大人,中(zhong)有南(nan)(nan)上司(si)命司(si)。延壽益(yi)算,度(du)厄尊神,回骸起死,無量度(du)人。”"凡氣(qi)(qi)血(xue)凝滯,體(ti)有小(xiao)疾,即端坐(zuo)、雙(shuang)手(shou)玉(yu)清訣,念一遍,取東南(nan)(nan)氣(qi)(qi)入(ru)(ru)(ru)口中(zhong),閉氣(qi)(qi),存氣(qi)(qi)如(ru)黃霧狀(zhuang),自五臟穿入(ru)(ru)(ru)骨節皮毛之(zhi)中(zhong)。良久,體(ti)有小(xiao)熱(re),其病(bing)即愈(yu)。凡治(zhi)(zhi)疾布氣(qi)(qi),并用(yong)。”可見(jian)此咒(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu)與(yu)存想、運(yun)氣(qi)(qi)相(xiang)結合,亦可用(yong)于(yu)布氣(qi)(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)。道(dao)(dao)教咒(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu)繁多,達數百首。宋元道(dao)(dao)教著作《太上三洞神咒(zhou)(zhou)》,匯集(ji)道(dao)(dao)教各(ge)種咒(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu),其中(zhong)不(bu)少咒(zhou)(zhou)語(yu)(yu)用(yong)于(yu)煉功煉氣(qi)(qi)、治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)療疾。此書收入(ru)(ru)(ru)《道(dao)(dao)藏》。
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