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龍膽瀉肝湯的臨床運用

道醫 2023-06-26 15:00:07

瀉火去(qu)濕龍膽湯,清(qing)利兩法實堪彰。加(jia)減劑量再斟(zhen)酌,必增療(liao)效(xiao)保平康。

本節所(suo)論的(de)龍(long)膽(dan)(dan)瀉(xie)(xie)肝(gan)(gan)湯,為(wei)《醫宗(zong)金鑒》所(suo)載。本方(fang)(fang)由龍(long)膽(dan)(dan)草9克(ke)(ke)、梔子(zi)9克(ke)(ke)、黃(huang)芩(qin)9克(ke)(ke)、柴胡(hu)9克(ke)(ke)、木通6克(ke)(ke)、車前子(zi)6克(ke)(ke)、澤(ze)瀉(xie)(xie)6克(ke)(ke)、當(dang)歸6克(ke)(ke)、生地9克(ke)(ke)、甘草3克(ke)(ke)組成。方(fang)(fang)中龍(long)膽(dan)(dan)草瀉(xie)(xie)肝(gan)(gan)膽(dan)(dan)、去濕(shi)熱(re)(re);黃(huang)芩(qin)、梔子(zi)助其清熱(re)(re)去濕(shi)之(zhi)力;木通、車前子(zi)、澤(ze)瀉(xie)(xie)清利(li)濕(shi)熱(re)(re),俾邪(xie)從小便而出,為(wei)了防止火(huo)邪(xie)、濕(shi)熱(re)(re)和苦燥或淡利(li)之(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)傷陰(yin),故以(yi)生地、當(dang)歸滋養陰(yin)血以(yi)和肝(gan)(gan);肝(gan)(gan)膽(dan)(dan)性喜條達,火(huo)邪(xie)、濕(shi)熱(re)(re)犯(fan)之(zhi),則(ze)氣機被郁,故用(yong)柴胡(hu)清疏之(zhi),并作為(wei)引經(jing)藥(yao)(yao);甘草除協助龍(long)膽(dan)(dan)草、黃(huang)芩(qin)、梔子(zi)清熱(re)(re)解毒外,尚(shang)有(you)調(diao)和諸藥(yao)(yao)及(ji)避免苦寒害胃之(zhi)作用(yong)。因此(ci),本方(fang)(fang)瀉(xie)(xie)中有(you)補,疏中有(you)養,既瀉(xie)(xie)肝(gan)(gan)用(yong),又保肝(gan)(gan)體,攻邪(xie)不傷正,養陰(yin)不留邪(xie),實為(wei)瀉(xie)(xie)肝(gan)(gan)膽(dan)(dan)、利(li)濕(shi)熱(re)(re)之(zhi)良方(fang)(fang)。

上(shang)方(fang)所以苦寒甘淡同用,是由于肝(gan)火多(duo)挾濕熱(re)之緣故。因為肝(gan)著右(you)脅(xie)下,膽(dan)附于中,兩者互(hu)為表里。肝(gan)喜暢(chang)達而惡(e)抑(yi)郁,“膽(dan)者,中精之腑(fu)。”以通降為順。肝(gan)膽(dan)氣機調暢(chang),則脾(pi)(pi)胃升降運(yun)納不(bu)(bu)失其常。若長期精神抑(yi)郁,肝(gan)氣不(bu)(bu)疏,久而不(bu)(bu)解,則易(yi)化(hua)火,亦可導(dao)致(zhi)膽(dan)氣不(bu)(bu)利,膽(dan)流淤滯(zhi),化(hua)為濕熱(re)。肝(gan)氣乘(cheng)脾(pi)(pi),脾(pi)(pi)虛(xu)失運(yun),水谷(gu)不(bu)(bu)化(hua),濕停中焦,無論化(hua)熱(re)與否,皆可加劇木郁,如(ru)此惡(e)性循環(huan),乃肝(gan)火常挾濕熱(re)之理也。

肝(gan)火內(nei)(nei)擾,藏魂失(shi)司,則(ze)(ze)(ze)失(shi)眠多夢。其夢多在山林樹下,江河之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe),欲求其涼(liang)而(er)(er)解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)也。火邪(xie)上(shang)(shang)(shang)炎,則(ze)(ze)(ze)頭(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)頭(tou)暈,口苦目(mu)眩,煩躁易怒(nu),刑肺則(ze)(ze)(ze)咳(ke),傷及(ji)肺胃之(zhi)(zhi)絡則(ze)(ze)(ze)吐(tu)血、鼻衄,內(nei)(nei)迫血海,經(jing)水按時或提前(qian)來(lai)潮不下而(er)(er)上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆(ni),則(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)倒經(jing);挾濕熱,則(ze)(ze)(ze)肝(gan)膽氣機(ji)受(shou)阻,脾胃升降失(shi)司,故臨床每見胸脅滿痛(tong)(tong)(tong),下利嘔逆(ni),苔(tai)黃膩(ni)等(deng)。濕熱熏蒸,膽液(ye)不循(xun)常道(dao)而(er)(er)外溢,則(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)黃疸,下注,則(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)淋痛(tong)(tong)(tong)尿血,腰痛(tong)(tong)(tong),少腹脹痛(tong)(tong)(tong),帶多而(er)(er)黃,粘稠腥臭。由于肝(gan)脈(mo)循(xun)"陰(yin)疫、入(ru)(ru)毛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),過陰(yin)器(qi),抵(di)少腹,挾胃,屬肝(gan)絡膽,上(shang)(shang)(shang)貫膈,布脅肋,循(xun)喉(hou)嚨之(zhi)(zhi)后,上(shang)(shang)(shang)入(ru)(ru)頏顙(sang),連目(mu)系(xi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)出額(e),與(yu)督脈(mo)會于顛。”膽脈(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)支者(zhe),“從耳(er)(er)后入(ru)(ru)耳(er)(er)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),出走耳(er)(er)前(qian)。”故火邪(xie)、濕熱犯之(zhi)(zhi),其病變則(ze)(ze)(ze)又可通過上(shang)(shang)(shang)述經(jing)脈(mo)及(ji)其所絡臟(zang)腑(fu)、形骸表現出來(lai),而(er)(er)見陰(yin)股腫(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),陰(yin)腫(zhong)陰(yin)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),陰(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)潰爛(lan),子癰、乳癰、脅痛(tong)(tong)(tong),咽(yan)喉(hou)腫(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),目(mu)赤腫(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),耳(er)(er)前(qian)后腫(zhong),耳(er)(er)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)耳(er)(er)聾等(deng)證。

基于上(shang)述(shu)理論(lun),現代采用龍膽(dan)(dan)(dan)瀉肝(gan)湯來治療(liao)(liao)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)結膜(mo)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、角膜(mo)潰瘍、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中耳炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、鼻前庭及外(wai)耳道癤腫、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黃(huang)疸型(xing)肝(gan)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)囊(nang)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)腎盂腎炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、膀胱炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、尿道炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)盆(pen)腔炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)前列腺(xian)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、睪(gao)丸炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、陰囊(nang)濕疹、高血(xue)壓病,帶狀皰疹、流行(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)腮腺(xian)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)乳腺(xian)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、外(wai)陰皰疹性(xing)(xing)(xing)潰瘍、藥物過敏之屬于肝(gan)火,肝(gan)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)濕熱者,均(jun)獲顯(xian)著(zhu)療(liao)(liao)效。對緩解急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)白血(xue)病,治療(liao)(liao)高原性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)細胞增多癥,也有(you)很好的療(liao)(liao)效。

由上可(ke)見,肝火(huo)、肝膽濕(shi)熱證的(de)(de)(de)臨床表(biao)現是多種多樣的(de)(de)(de),比(bi)較復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de),并(bing)可(ke)見于許多疾病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)階(jie)段。這種不同(tong)疾病(bing)在(zai)(zai)病(bing)理變化(hua)過程中(zhong)表(biao)現出來的(de)(de)(de)相同(tong)證候,就是龍膽瀉肝湯證的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)性(xing),也是本方能(neng)治多種病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)道理所在(zai)(zai)。

 如何抓住龍膽瀉肝湯證的共性?依據上述理論,作者認為:

①必須掌握肝膽臟腑的(de)生(sheng)理病理特(te)點,

②熟悉肝膽(dan)二(er)經在人(ren)體的循行路線;

③本著“有諸內,必行諸外。”的原(yuan)則,在肝膽及其經絡(luo)的病理表現上求依據(ju);

④在(zai)上述(shu)基礎上,找出實火及濕熱的癥狀(zhuang)與體(ti)征。

在認清龍(long)膽瀉肝湯證的前提(ti)下,視其火(huo)邪(xie)或(huo)濕熱之(zhi)多少,或(huo)純用(yong)(yong)苦(ku)寒,不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)甘(gan)淡,或(huo)重用(yong)(yong)苦(ku)寒,少用(yong)(yong)甘(gan)淡,或(huo)重用(yong)(yong)甘(gan)淡,少用(yong)(yong)苦(ku)寒,并據(ju)兼證之(zhi)有無而加(jia)減靈活用(yong)(yong)之(zhi),才能不(bu)(bu)斷提(ti)高臨床療效。據(ju)此,作者(zhe)運用(yong)(yong)本方的膚淺經驗是:

①胃火(huo)牙痛兼肝火(huo)者,其痛必(bi)然波及(ji)耳心(xin)及(ji)頭之(zhi)側部與頂部,并伴有(you)口苦,多夢等證(zheng)(zheng)。此(ci)證(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)臨床(chuang)上,單純清(qing)瀉(xie)胃火(huo),很難取效(xiao),作者用本(ben)方去澤瀉(xie)、木通(tong)、車前(qian)子、當歸,并與清(qing)胃散合用,治(zhi)療此(ci)證(zheng)(zheng)15例(li),痊愈者11例(li),好轉者3例(li),僅1例(li)無效(xiao),即(ji)是例(li)證(zheng)(zheng)。

②肝(gan)火刑(xing)肺(fei)之鼻衄(nv),常伴心煩善怒,口(kou)干口(kou)苦,咳嗽無(wu)痰,苔薄黃少津,舌質紅,脈弦數等證(zheng),當(dang)瀉(xie)肝(gan)保肺(fei),涼(liang)血(xue)止(zhi)血(xue)。龍(long)膽瀉(xie)肝(gan)湯(tang)瀉(xie)肝(gan)之力有余,涼(liang)血(xue)止(zhi)血(xue)之力不(bu)足(zu),且無(wu)保肺(fei)之藥,方中甘淡之品,與(yu)證(zheng)不(bu)合,若(ruo)用之,反有傷(shang)陰(yin)之害。作者用龍(long)膽瀉(xie)肝(gan)湯(tang)去澤瀉(xie)、車前(qian)子、木通、當(dang)歸(gui),加沙參15克、麥冬12克、白茅根30克、側柏葉9克,治療上證(zheng)12例,均(jun)二(er)至三劑(ji)而愈,乃可說明(ming)。

③男子(zi)陽事易舉,甚(shen)則久而不衰,而無腎陰虧損,虛火(huo)妄(wang)動之證(zheng),久服滋(zi)陰降火(huo)之劑而不效,多為肝膽濕熱下注使(shi)然,當少用苦寒(han),多用甘(gan)淡。作(zuo)者曾用本方去柴(chai)胡之升,當歸之溫,將龍(long)膽草(cao)、黃(huang)芩、梔(zhi)子(zi)各3克(ke)、車前子(zi)15克(ke)、澤瀉12克(ke)、木通12克(ke)、生地9克(ke)、云苓18克(ke)、薏苡(yi)仁30克(ke)、甘(gan)草(cao)1.5克(ke)組成一方,治療此證(zheng)5例(li),其證(zheng)均在(zai)一周(zhou)內消失。

——本(ben)文摘(zhai)自《中醫(yi)精(jing)華淺說(shuo)》

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