坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)神經(jing)是由第4、5腰(yao)神經(jing)和(he)第1、2、3骶神經(jing)前支(zhi)組成。從椎間孔出(chu)椎管后,走行于盆腔后側(ce),在梨狀肌下部(bu)(bu)出(chu)臀(tun)部(bu)(bu),沿大腿后側(ce)、小腿后外(wai)側(ce)和(he)足背外(wai)側(ce)分布。坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)神經(jing)痛通常是指由于某種原因的刺激和(he)壓迫導致沿坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)神經(jing)走行及(ji)分布區(qu)的放(fang)(fang)射痛。主要表現為陣發(fa)性(xing)或持續性(xing)竄痛,夜間尤為明顯(xian),疼(teng)痛部(bu)(bu)位(wei)多自臀(tun)部(bu)(bu)向大腿后側(ce)、小腿后外(wai)側(ce)及(ji)足背外(wai)側(ce)放(fang)(fang)射。每遇咳嗽、打噴嚏(ti)等易使(shi)腹(fu)壓升高的動作時,疼(teng)痛加劇。屈膝屈髖或向健側(ce)側(ce)臥休息后疼(teng)痛可減輕,直腿抬高試驗陽性(xing)。坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)神經(jing)痛只(zhi)是一個臨床(chuang)癥狀,而不是一種獨立的疾病。
引起(qi)坐骨神(shen)經(jing)痛的原(yuan)因很多,有原(yuan)發(fa)性和繼發(fa)性之分(fen)。原(yuan)發(fa)性為(wei)坐骨神(shen)經(jing)的炎(yan)(yan)癥引起(qi)的疼(teng)痛,以單(dan)側(ce)者居多,可常和肌(ji)(ji)纖(xian)維(wei)炎(yan)(yan)同時(shi)發(fa)生。繼發(fa)性為(wei)坐骨神(shen)經(jing)走行(xing)的鄰近組織(zhi)病變,產(chan)生機械性刺(ci)激(ji)、壓迫或粘連所引起(qi)的疼(teng)痛,如腰(yao)(yao)椎間盤突出癥、腰(yao)(yao)椎管狹窄癥、黃韌帶肥厚(hou)、脊(ji)椎滑脫、腰(yao)(yao)椎骶(di)化(hua)或骶(di)椎腰(yao)(yao)化(hua)、脊(ji)椎裂、腰(yao)(yao)椎結核、馬尾神(shen)經(jing)瘤(liu)、梨(li)狀肌(ji)(ji)綜合(he)征、臀(tun)部(bu)注射藥(yao)物的刺(ci)激(ji)等(deng)均(jun)可引起(qi)坐骨神(shen)經(jing)痛。
根(gen)據坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)受(shou)刺激或壓(ya)迫的(de)部(bu)位不同,可分為根(gen)性及干性坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong)。根(gen)性坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong),受(shou)累(lei)部(bu)位在(zai)(zai)(zai)根(gen)管或椎管內,患(huan)者(zhe)常感腰骶部(bu)及腿(tui)部(bu)竄痛(tong),腰椎棘突(tu)旁有(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)壓(ya)痛(tong)點(dian),并沿坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)走行(xing)向下肢放射(she),咳嗽、打(da)噴嚏(ti)等增(zeng)加腹壓(ya)的(de)動作均可使疼(teng)痛(tong)加劇(ju),可產(chan)生相應(ying)的(de)感覺障礙(ai)和反射(she)改變。腦(nao)脊液檢查有(you)(you)異常變化。干性坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong),受(shou)累(lei)部(bu)位在(zai)(zai)(zai)椎間(jian)孔(kong)以(yi)外,以(yi)盆(pen)腔出口處最為多見。患(huan)者(zhe)常感患(huan)肢沿坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)的(de)某一段呈放射(she)性疼(teng)痛(tong),多在(zai)(zai)(zai)臀部(bu)以(yi)下沿坐(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)走行(xing)方向有(you)(you)壓(ya)痛(tong)點(dian),棘突(tu)旁無明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)壓(ya)痛(tong),咳嗽、打(da)噴嚏(ti)等增(zeng)加腹壓(ya)的(de)動作時(shi)疼(teng)痛(tong)不明(ming)顯(xian)(xian),腦(nao)脊液檢查無異常變化。
坐(zuo)(zuo)骨神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong)(tong)與(yu)腰(yao)椎(zhui)(zhui)間(jian)盤突(tu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)癥(zheng)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)關系極為(wei)密切。腰(yao)椎(zhui)(zhui)間(jian)盤突(tu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)癥(zheng)可以(yi)是引(yin)起(qi)坐(zuo)(zuo)骨神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)病因,而(er)坐(zuo)(zuo)骨神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong)(tong)則只(zhi)是腰(yao)椎(zhui)(zhui)間(jian)盤突(tu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)癥(zheng)的(de)(de)一(yi)個主要(yao)癥(zheng)狀,二(er)者互為(wei)因果。所(suo)以(yi),臨床上有(you)相當一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)坐(zuo)(zuo)骨神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong)(tong)患者被(bei)診斷(duan)為(wei)腰(yao)椎(zhui)(zhui)間(jian)盤突(tu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)癥(zheng);而(er)也有(you)相當一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)腰(yao)椎(zhui)(zhui)間(jian)盤突(tu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)癥(zheng)患者被(bei)診斷(duan)為(wei)坐(zuo)(zuo)骨神(shen)(shen)經(jing)痛(tong)(tong),將二(er)者混淆(xiao)起(qi)來,應引(yin)起(qi)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)重視(shi)。
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