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肺栓塞診斷及鑒別診斷

祝(zhu)由師 2023-11-13 00:22:44

肺栓塞診斷(duan)及鑒別診斷(duan)

約(yue)20%~30%患者未及時或未能獲診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)和治療(liao)而死(si)亡,若能及時診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)和給予(yu)抗凝治療(liao),病(bing)死(si)率可(ke)(ke)望降至(zhi)8%,故(gu)早期診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)十分重(zhong)要(yao)。應仔細搜集病(bing)史。血(xue)清LDH升(sheng)高,動(dong)脈(mo)血(xue)PO2下降、PA~aO2增寬。心(xin)電圖(tu)有T波(bo)和ST段改變(類似心(xin)肌梗(geng)塞(sai)圖(tu)形(xing)(xing)(xing))、P波(bo)和QRS波(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)改變(類似急(ji)性(xing)肺(fei)(fei)心(xin)病(bing)圖(tu)形(xing)(xing)(xing))。X線顯(xian)(xian)示斑片狀浸潤、肺(fei)(fei)不張、膈肌抬(tai)高、胸腔積液,尤其是以胸膜為(wei)基底凸面(mian)朝向肺(fei)(fei)門(men)的(de)(de)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)致密陰影(Hamptom駝峰)以及擴張的(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)伴遠端肺(fei)(fei)紋(wen)稀疏(Westermark征(zheng))等對肺(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)塞(sai)的(de)(de)診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)都具有重(zhong)要(yao)價值。核素肺(fei)(fei)通氣(qi)/灌注掃描是診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)肺(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)塞(sai)最(zui)敏(min)感的(de)(de)無創性(xing)方法(fa),特異(yi)性(xing)雖低,但有典型的(de)(de)多發性(xing)、節段性(xing)或楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)灌注缺(que)(que)損(sun)而通氣(qi)正常(chang)或增加,結合(he)臨床,診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)即可(ke)(ke)成立。肺(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)造影是診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)肺(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)塞(sai)最(zui)特異(yi)的(de)(de)方法(fa),適(shi)用于臨床和核素掃描可(ke)(ke)疑以及需要(yao)手術治療(liao)的(de)(de)病(bing)例(li)。表現為(wei)血(xue)管(guan)腔充盈缺(que)(que)損(sun)、動(dong)脈(mo)截斷(duan)(duan)或“剪(jian)枝征(zheng)”。造影不能顯(xian)(xian)示≤2mm直徑小(xiao)血(xue)管(guan),因此(ci)多發性(xing)小(xiao)栓(shuan)塞(sai)常(chang)易漏(lou)診(zhen)(zhen)。磁(ci)共(gong)振為(wei)肺(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)塞(sai)診(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)有用的(de)(de)無創性(xing)技術,較大(da)栓(shuan)塞(sai)時可(ke)(ke)見明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)充塞(sai)缺(que)(que)損(sun)。

肺(fei)(fei)栓塞易與肺(fei)(fei)炎、胸(xiong)膜炎、氣胸(xiong)、慢阻肺(fei)(fei)、肺(fei)(fei)腫(zhong)瘤、冠心病(bing)、急性(xing)心肌梗塞、充血性(xing)心力(li)衰竭、膽囊炎、胰腺(xian)炎等多(duo)種(zhong)疾病(bing)相混淆,需仔(zi)細鑒別。

111個臨床內科常(chang)見疾(ji)病(bing)診斷(duan)要點,好記不難(nan)!

內科常見疾病的診斷要點,是臨床醫師必須要掌握的知識點。現在小編將各種內科疾病的診斷要點匯總在一起,希望能為大家的考試和臨床應用提供一些參考。內容比較長,建議大家先收藏再慢慢看。
1、消化系潰瘍:患者有反復上腹痛病史,伴反酸、噯氣、上腹飽脹,查體:腹軟、劍突下壓痛,無反跳痛,行胃鏡檢查可予以確證。
2、急性腸梗阻:患者多有腹部手術病史,臨床表現有腹痛、腹脹,惡心、嘔吐及肛門停止排氣排便等,腹部X線片發現氣液平面有助于鑒別。
3、急性腹膜炎:患者有腹脹、腹痛伴發熱等臨床表現。查體可見腹肌揉面感,有壓痛及反跳痛,腸鳴音可減弱甚至消失。化驗及X線檢查有助于鑒別。
4、急性闌尾炎 :患者常有轉移性右下腹部痛,查體可及右下腹部壓痛反跳痛,本例病史癥狀不支持。
5、消化性潰瘍穿孔:患者既往有近十年復合性潰瘍病史,此次雖出現持續性上腹痛,但查體全腹無鳴音正常反跳痛、肌緊張,腸。
6、急性胰腺炎:病因多為膽管結石、大量飲酒、進食,臨床表現為腹痛、腹脹、惡心、嘔吐,排氣、排便不通,輔助檢查:腹部B超及上腹部CT可發現胰腺腫大炎性滲出,查血淀粉酶急性升高可輔助診斷。
7、泌尿、系統感染:包括腎盂腎炎、腎周膿腫等,病因多為輸尿管結石或尿路梗阻所致,細菌感染后可出現對應測腰痛、腹痛、脹痛或絞痛,高熱,行腹部CT或B超可進一步明確診斷。
8、尿路感染: 患者常以尿路刺激征為首要表現,嚴重感染時可出現發熱畏寒,尿分析可及白細胞,尿路結石合并感染可及腹痛等,泌尿系超聲可鑒別,本例不支持。
9、泌尿系結石:患者有腹脹、腹痛、惡心、嘔吐等表現,查體可有雙腎區叩擊痛及雙輸尿管行經處壓痛。泌尿系彩超及X線檢查有助于鑒別。
10、急性胃腸炎:臨床表現為腹痛、腹瀉、腹脹,查體:中、上腹部壓痛,腸鳴音活躍,血分析白細胞可增高。
11、急性胃炎:多見于進食辛辣等刺激食物、著涼等,突發上腹痛,主要為劍突下,可隱痛、絞痛、脹痛,伴惡心、嘔吐,噯氣、反酸等,查胃鏡可發現急性胃粘膜糜爛、變紅等改變。
12、返流性食管炎:臨床表現為腹痛、腹瀉、上腹部及胸部燒灼樣疼痛,可無明顯異常體征,食道可見局部粘膜紅。
13、食管癌:中老年多見,進行性吞咽困難,慢性起病,食管吞鋇、胃鏡可發現腫物,病理活檢可確診。
14、慢性腸炎:病史較長, 病因可為結腸炎、克羅恩病、腸結核等,臨床表現為長期反復出現腹痛、腹瀉、給予藥物治療,病情可稍緩解,行腸鏡檢查可進一步明確。
15、腸道腫瘤:多見于中老年患者,臨床表現為腹痛、腹瀉、便秘、血便等,如伴腸道梗阻可出現惡心、嘔吐,排氣、排便不通。查體:病灶處可觸及腫塊,查腹部CT、腸鏡等可輔助明確診斷。  16、胃癌:多見于老年患者,可有隱痛、絞痛、脹痛,食欲下降,體重減輕等表現,胃鏡檢查可資鑒別  17、肝性腦病:一般有肝病病史,出現精神紊亂、昏睡或昏迷,可有撲翼樣震顫,反映肝功能的血生化指標明顯異常及(或)血氨增高,腦電圖異常。  18、戒斷綜合征:長期酗酒者在突然停止飲酒或見少酒量后,可出現震顫、焦慮不安、興奮、失眠,精神錯亂,全身肌肉出現粗大震顫。  19、肝硬化:患者多有肝炎或飲酒過量等病史,長期后出現腹部包塊,病人多有腹水、黃疸等全身癥狀。腹部CT片及相關血液檢查可鑒別。  20、肝癌:有腹脹、肝區疼痛表現,查AFP升高明顯,超聲或CT可發現病變,行AFP、上腹部CT及病理活檢可明確診斷  21、急性膽系感染:多見于膽道結石、膽道腫瘤等梗阻等原因引起,臨床表現為發熱、腹痛、黃疸,查體:墨菲氏征陽性,化驗血分析血象明顯高,腹部B超或CT可進一步輔助診斷。  22、膽石癥:患者右上腹疼痛放射至右后背部,呈陣發性隱痛或絞痛,每于進食油膩后疼痛明顯,查體:膽囊觸痛征陽性,墨菲氏征陽性,腹軟。血分析檢查血象增高,行上腹部CT檢查提示膽囊結石。
  23、急性胃粘膜撕裂:多見于各種原因引起的劇烈嘔吐,引起胃內壓增高,繼而噴門粘膜撕裂,引起胃大量,多次出血,發病后查胃鏡可明確病因。  24、胃底食管靜脈曲張出血:多見于各種肝炎等行成肝硬化,導致門脈壓力升高,進而出現胃底食管靜脈曲張,當患者用力或進食堅硬食物時,導致血管破裂出血。發病后查肝功能、腹部B超、上腹部CT、或胃鏡可明確診斷。  25、上消化道出血:患者腹痛,嘔吐鮮血或暗紅色血性胃內容物,既往多伴消化系潰瘍或食管胃底靜脈曲張等基礎疾病,查體:貧血貌,上腹壓痛,行胃鏡檢查可明確病因。  26、下消化道出血:多見于腸道腫瘤、腸道血管畸形、痔瘡等病因,臨床表現一般為:鮮血便,少有黑便、嘔血或咖啡樣液體,可伴腹痛、腸形。查體:可發現腹部壓痛、腫塊、腸鳴音活躍,查結腸、小腸鏡、腹部血管造影,可進一步輔助明確診斷。  27、口,鼻出血:多見于口腔粘膜、牙齒、鼻粘膜出血,查體可發現口,鼻出血點支持診斷。  28、咯血:多見于支氣管擴張、肺癌、肺栓塞、肺結核等肺部疾病,臨床表現多有咳嗽、咳痰、發熱、呼吸困難、胸痛等伴隨癥狀,血多為鮮血或伴少許痰液、咖啡色液體(除非吞下后嘔出),查體:可聞及肺部干濕羅音或呼吸音減弱、消失或加強,查肺CT或胸片可發現肺部陽性病灶支持診斷。  29、腦卒中:患者可有基礎疾病史如高血壓病、糖尿病,患者可突發口齒不清,肢體偏癱,可伴不同程度意識障礙,頭顱MRI可明確診斷;  31、眩暈癥:患者眩暈,視物旋轉,伴嘔吐胃內容物,閉眼好轉,查體:可有眼顫,神經系統體格檢查無陽性發現,行頭顱CT檢查無異常。  32、頸源性頭暈:起病時可出現眩暈,可伴視物旋轉及惡心嘔吐,可反復發作,可有頸部疼痛不適,行頸部X線可助診。  33、叢集性頭痛:此病多見于男性,發病年齡在30歲左右,頭痛呈周期性,突然發作,開始于一側眼眶,并可向同側顳部、下頜、前額放射,為深在爆炸性劇痛。  34、后循環缺血:可表現為頭暈、行走緩慢等癥狀,伴肢體乏力、麻木,發作時血壓會升高,既往有高血壓病、動脈粥樣硬化基礎疾病,頭顱MRA、TCD等有助鑒別。  35、腦供血不足:可表現為頭暈等癥狀,有腦動脈粥樣硬化基礎疾病,頭顱MRA、TCD等有助鑒別。  36、基底動脈供血不足:多見于存在糖尿病、高血壓多年的中老年患者,臨床表現為頭暈、惡心、嘔吐、視物旋轉,一般無耳鳴,頭暈可在變動體位時誘發或加重,查頭CT或MIR可發現后循環缺血、梗塞或后循環血管細小。  37、美尼爾綜合癥:發病原因為內耳淋巴循環障礙所致,臨床表現為頭暈、視物旋轉、耳鳴,惡心、嘔吐,上述癥狀反復發作,給予脫水、改善內耳循環、營養神經等治療后可漸好轉。查頭CT或MIR不能發現可解釋頭暈的相應病變。  38、顱內感染:可表現為發熱、頭痛,體征示腦膜刺激征陽性,頭顱MRI及腦脊液等有助鑒別。  39、惡性綜合征:患者多于長期服用抗精神藥后出現高熱,心率加快,肌張力升高,重者可有意識障礙表現,輔助檢查血分析白細胞數升高,心肌酶譜CK升高等,均支持該病診斷。  40、病毒性腦炎:患者多有發熱、頭痛、惡心、嘔吐等顱內壓升高表現,查體可見意識障礙,腦膜刺激征陽性。頭顱MRI、CT或腦脊液檢查有助于明確診斷。  41、硬膜下血腫:患者可有外傷史,出現口齒不清,肢體無力,可伴有不同程度意識障礙,行頭顱影像學檢查提示硬膜下血腫  42、腦出血:患者通常有高血壓病史,活動中起病,發病迅速,進展快,可出現頭痛、惡心、嘔吐以及昏迷等高顱壓癥狀。行頭顱CT或MRI檢查可予鑒別  43、腦梗塞:患者可有基礎疾病史,如:高血壓、糖尿病,患者可肢體偏癱口齒不清,重者可有不同程度意識障礙,偏側體征,頭顱磁共振可確證。  44、腦出血:多見于有高血壓、糖尿病等基礎病的中老年患者,臨床表現為突發偏癱、失語、偏身感覺障礙等,大量腦出血或腦干出血亦可出現意識不清、呼吸、心跳停止,發病后查頭CT即可發現責任病灶,可明確診斷  45、大面積腦梗死:急性起病時,可有意識障礙,可出現偏癱癥狀,頭顱CT可鑒別診斷。  46、蛛網膜下腔出血:病因可能為腦血管畸形、動脈瘤等,可見于各年齡段患者,尤其中青年,發病突然,表現為頭痛、惡心、嘔吐,出血量大可有偏癱、偏盲、偏身感覺障礙等,查體可有腦膜刺激征,發病后查頭CT可明確診斷。  47、腦血管痙攣:患者多數出現一過性單側肢體障礙,數小時可自行恢復,行腦血管檢查可進一步明確。  48、短暫性腦缺血發作:起病時也可有短暫性的意識障礙,數分鐘后一般可轉清,頭顱CT提示腦出血故可排除。  49、原發性癲癇:可發生于任何年齡段患者,反復發生抽搐,可伴口吐白沫、尿便失禁、意識不清,持續時間不等,查頭顱CT或其他生化檢查,不能發現導致癲癇的病因。  50、癲癇急性發作:既往有癲癇病史,有抽搐,口吐白沫,大小便失禁等癥狀,頭顱CT及腦電圖可鑒別  51、腦動脈瘤破裂:臨床表現為惡心、嘔吐、神志不清、肢體活動障礙,可見病理征陽性,頭部影像學檢查可見出血病灶。  52、顱內占位:顱內占位如腦腫瘤等合并出血也可出現意識不清,呈持續性加重,頭痛持續加重,頭顱CT可助診。  53、腦腫瘤:常見于中老年患者,臨床表現為進行性頭痛、惡心、嘔吐,偏癱、失語等多種癥狀,查頭CT或頭MRI可發現腦部占位,部分患者需做增強掃描進一步明確診斷。
54、低血糖昏迷:患者多有糖尿病病史,進食不足或有感染、腹瀉等誘因,可有胸悶、出汗、心悸等表現,重者可昏迷致死亡,血糖監測有助診斷。
55、糖尿病酮癥酸中毒:既往有糖尿病病史,典型表現為糖尿病癥狀明顯加重,多數患者呼吸中可以有類似爛蘋果氣味的酮臭味,神志改變個體差異較大,有頭痛、頭昏、煩躁、嗜睡、昏迷等。血糖多大于16.65mmol/L,血尿酮體陽性或強陽性。
56、糖尿病高滲性昏迷:多有糖尿病史,有多飲多食多尿等癥狀,血糖常升高至30mol/l,頭顱CT檢查及血糖測定有鑒別診斷價值
57、慢性咽喉炎:慢性咽喉炎,多因機體抵抗力下降,反復出現各種細菌或病毒感染所致炎癥反應,臨床表現為咽喉腫痛,吞咽困難,有時可伴發熱,口腔視診可發現咽充血,淋巴濾泡、扁桃體增大等。
58、扁桃體炎:可出現扁桃體腫大,疼痛等不適,嚴重者有發熱,查血分析可見白細胞升高,本患者不能排除。
59、慢性阻塞性肺疾病:既往有長期發作病史,臨床表現為咳嗽、咳痰、胸悶、氣促,查體:雙肺呼吸音粗糙,雙肺可聞及濕性啰音。胸部CT可見肺透亮度增大
60、肺栓塞:有胸痛、咯血、呼吸困難,可行抽血查D-二聚體、肺部CT檢查以鑒別。
61、急性呼吸窘迫綜合癥:臨床表現為突發性呼吸困難及窘迫、低氧血癥,體征雙肺可聞及明顯濕性啰音,胸部影像學檢查可見肺水腫。
62、支氣管哮喘:多有支氣管哮喘發作病史,青年患者多見,雙肺可及大量哮鳴音,多咳白色泡沫粘液痰,應用支氣管擴張劑或糖皮質激素呼吸困難可緩解。
63、咳嗽變異性哮喘: 患者以刺激性咳嗽為特征,灰塵、油煙、冷空氣等容易誘發,常有家庭或個人過敏疾病史,對抗生素治療無效,支氣管激發實驗陽性可鑒別,本例癥狀病史不支持。
64、心源性哮喘:患者多數有高血壓及心臟病史,發作時無法平臥,雙肺可聞及細濕性啰音。
65、急性支氣管炎:發病急,病史較短一般數天或幾周,臨床表現為咳嗽、咳痰,可伴發熱,但一般無呼吸困難。查體:肺部可聞及干濕啰音或呼吸音粗,輔助檢查可有雙肺紋理增粗或正常。抗炎、對癥治療好轉
66、肺癌:也有咳嗽、咳痰,有時痰中帶血絲,肺癌可伴發阻塞性肺炎,經抗菌藥物治療后炎癥消退,腫瘤陰影漸趨明顯,或可見肺門淋巴結腫大,有時出現肺不張,胸部CT可助診。
67、肺部炎性假瘤:患者一般無明顯不適,行胸部CT及活檢可明確。
68、肺門淋巴結結核:多見于兒童、青年,多有發熱、盜汗等結核中毒癥狀,結核菌素試驗常陽性,抗結核治療有效。
69、縱膈淋巴瘤:頗似中央型肺癌,常為雙側性,可有發熱等全身癥狀,但支氣管刺激癥狀不明顯,痰脫落細胞檢查陰性。
70、肺膿腫:起病急,中毒癥狀嚴重,多有寒戰、高熱、咳嗽,咳大量膿臭痰,肺部X線表現為均勻的大片狀炎性陰影,空洞內常見較深液平。血常規檢查可發現炎癥表現。抗炎治療有效。
71、支氣管擴張: 患者有反復發作咳嗽咳痰特點,常反復咯血,合并感染時咳大量膿血痰,查體肺部可及固定濕性羅音,胸片可及肺紋理紊亂或卷發樣改變,CT可及支氣管擴張改變。
72、肺結核:肺結核多有全身中毒癥狀,有午后低熱、盜汗、疲乏無力、體重減輕、失眠、心悸,X線胸片見病變多在肺尖或鎖骨上下,密度不均,消散緩慢,且可形成空洞或肺內播散,痰檢、PPD試驗可有陽性意義,行胸片及CT可助診。
73、腫瘤性胸腔積液:一般見于年齡大,長期吸煙,咳嗽、咳痰、消瘦不適,進一步查胸片及胸部CT、ESR、胸水常規、生化、找癌細胞等
74、結核性胸膜炎:一般有午后低熱,夜間盜汗,咳嗽、咳痰等不適,咳嗽,胸痛,呼吸困難進行性加重,查體:患側肺呼吸音弱。胸水為滲出液,ADA>45ng/ml,結合PPD試驗胸水檢查可予明確診斷。
75、急性一氧化碳中毒:多有明確的一氧化氮接觸史,臨床表現因中毒輕重而不同,輕度可表現為頭痛、頭暈、惡心、嘔吐。中度:興奮、運動失調、視力減退、意識模糊或昏迷。重度:抽搐、深昏迷、低血壓、心律失常和呼吸衰竭。查體:皮膚粘膜可出現櫻桃紅色或發紺,查血液碳氧血紅蛋白定性陽性可輔助明確診斷。
76、有機磷農藥中毒:有接觸有機磷農藥病史,臨床表現為腹痛、惡心、嘔吐、大汗淋漓,瞳孔縮小,心率減慢,血膽堿脂酶下降。
77、除草劑(百草枯)中毒:患者多有相關藥物服用病史,早期臨床癥狀主要為胃腸道等癥狀。晚期可有呼吸困難等。相關病史及血液檢查可鑒別。
78、抗凝血類鼠藥中毒:以廣泛出血為表現,出凝血時間和凝血酶原時間延長,查凝血四項以助鑒別。
79、中樞神經系統興奮性鼠藥中毒:以驚厥、昏迷、抽搐為表現,心電圖有心肌損傷表現。
80、急性酒精中毒:有明顯飲酒史,臨床表現因飲酒量的不同而異,輕度中毒可表現為興奮,共濟失調,惡心、嘔吐,重度中毒可表現為昏迷,甚至生命體征不平穩,呼吸、循環衰竭而死亡。查體:可發現意識改變,瞳孔改變及酒精味。
81、食物中毒:臨床表現為腹痛、腹瀉、惡心、嘔吐、畏寒發熱等,血分析白細胞可增高,電解質紊亂,大便培養可見致病菌株。
82、急性鎮靜催眠藥中毒:有明確的藥物接觸史、有意識障礙、呼吸抑制、血壓下降等臨床表現,查體:瞳孔縮小。胃液、尿液中可檢出鎮靜藥。 83、其余藥物中毒:有明顯藥物接觸病史,臨床表現為惡心、嘔吐、腹痛、神志異常,體征可無異常,臨床生化及血分析可輕度異常。
84、鉛中毒:可同時以貧血、反復發作性腹痛為表現,查血、尿鉛升高,外周血可見嗜堿性點彩紅細胞,驅鉛治療有效。
85、肥厚型心肌病:患者可有心悸、胸痛,勞力性呼吸困難,心臟可輕度增大,可及雜音,心臟彩超可予確診。
86、擴張型心肌病:患者多以充血性心力衰竭、心律失常為主要臨床表現,查體心臟普大型,心彩超:心臟各腔室增大,以左心室擴大早而顯著,室壁明顯變薄,運動明顯減弱,心肌收縮力下降。
87、肺心病:多見于有長期慢支、肺氣腫病史的中老年患者,臨床表現以充血性心力衰竭為主要臨床表現,包括:全身水腫,納差,查體:頸靜脈充盈或怒張、水腫,心彩超:肺動脈高壓、肺動脈增寬、右室、右房增大進一步支持診斷。
88、高血壓性心臟病:患者多有高血壓病史,心界多向左下擴大,出現心衰時可出現咳粉紅色泡沫痰等急性肺水腫臨床表現。心電圖及心臟彩超有助診斷。肺炎:患者可咳嗽,咳痰,呼吸困難,胸痛,查體:呼吸困難,可及干、濕性羅音,胸部影響學檢查可予確診,如胸部CT
89、急性心肌梗死:多發生于有反復心絞痛發生的中老年冠心病者,胸痛時間長,一般超過半小時,疼痛性質劇烈,給予硝酸甘油等藥物無緩解,發病后查心電圖、心肌酶或冠脈造影等明確診斷。
90、心絞痛:多發生于有長期高血壓、糖尿病等基礎病的中老年患者,多因勞累、情緒激動等誘發,胸骨后側或心前區等出陣發性疼痛,一般以悶痛、壓榨性痛為主,持續時間一般不超過半小時,休息或含服硝酸甘油有效。發病時,一般可發現心肌缺血。
91、急性冠脈綜合癥:臨床表現為胸悶、胸痛、前臂放射痛,心電圖示ST-T段異常,冠脈造影可見血管狹窄或閉塞。
92、冠狀動脈硬化性心臟病:多見于糖尿病、高血壓多年的中老年患者,患者可反復胸悶、胸痛,一般無特異體征,心電圖,心電圖負荷試驗,冠狀動脈造影或64排螺旋CT可予以診斷。
93、主動脈夾層:多見于有高血壓、糖尿病等基礎病的中老年患者,發病突然,臨床表現可出現持續胸痛、腹痛并向后背部等處放散,伴大汗。查體發現血壓明顯增高或降低,雙側血壓不對稱,心率可增快。輔助檢查:胸部增強CT可進一步明確。
94、不穩定性心絞痛:多見于中老年患者,可有糖尿病、高血壓等基礎病,可反復發作,臨床表現為陣發性胸痛、胸悶,壓榨性,持續數分鐘不等,一般不超過半小時,含服硝酸甘油或休息時可自行緩解。查心電圖可發現心肌缺血,查冠脈造影可明確診斷。
95、心功能不全:誘因常為感染,臨床表現為不同程度呼吸困難、下肢水腫、食欲不振,查體肺內可聞及濕性啰音,心臟彩超射血分數下降。
96、心功能衰竭:臨床表現為氣促、活動后呼吸困難、雙下肢水腫、食欲不振等,查體:頸靜脈異常充盈,雙肺底聞及明顯濕性啰音,雙下肢水腫。心臟彩超示心臟射血分數下降。
97、心肌梗塞:患者多數有高血壓病史,突發性出現胸痛,并呈壓榨性胸悶,胸痛,行心電圖檢查可明確。
98、心律失常:患者有心悸表現,行心電圖檢查可進一步明確。
99、心源性暈厥:多因一過性心律失常,胸痛等原因導致一過性腦供血不足引起短暫意識不清,臨床表現為胸痛、胸悶、呼吸困難等,查體:可有心律失常,輔助檢查可發現心電圖心律失常或心肌缺血、損傷或壞死。
100、血管迷走性暈厥:常被情緒或直立體位介導,有典型前驅癥狀,且有關聯的突發事件。
101、心包積液:可有頸靜脈怒張、肝大、下肢水腫,根據病史,超聲心動圖檢查可鑒別。
102、急性心源性肺水腫:一般起病較急,胸悶、氣促明顯,難以平臥休息,坐起時及吸氧呼吸困難緩解,既往一般有心臟病病史。根據胸片、心臟B超可以加以鑒別。
103、感染性心內膜炎:有基礎心臟病史,出現發熱或新的心臟雜音時應高度懷疑此病,行心臟彩超可發現贅生物,血培養陽性等有助鑒別。
104、急性腎功能不全:各種原因引起的腎功能在短時間內(幾小時至幾周)突然下降而出現的氮質廢物滯留和尿量減少綜合征。臨床表現可分為起始期、維持期:少尿、惡心、嘔吐,呼吸困難、高血壓、躁動、昏迷等。恢復期:尿量增多至每日3000-5000ml。
105、慢性腎功能衰竭:各種病因,包括腎炎、腎盂腎炎、狼瘡腎病引起的慢性腎臟結構和功能障礙,病史超過3個月。臨床表現為:開始乏力、腰酸、夜尿增多、食欲減退,隨后出現惡心、嘔吐、氣促、貧血、失眠、注意力不集中,尿量明顯減少等全身各系統表現,輔助檢查可有腎功能不同程度下降,貧血,雙腎形態學改變等。
106、瘧疾:為瘧原蟲感染引起,臨床表現為高熱、貧血、肝脾腫大,查體:貧血貌,肝脾大,輔助檢查可瘧原蟲涂片陽性,瘧原蟲抗體陽性。
107、傷寒:病因為傷寒桿菌感染引起,臨床表現為間斷高熱,肝脾腫大,查體:發熱時脈律無明顯增高,皮膚可發現傷寒斑疹,肝脾腫大,輔助檢查可發現肥達氏反應陽性。
108、狂犬病:患者多有被病獸等咬傷病史。癥狀多為喉肌緊張、抽搐,有典型“怕風”, “恐水”等癥狀。
109、破傷風感染:患者多有外傷病史,有咬肌酸脹,張口及吞咽困難,有典型“苦笑” “角弓反張”等癥狀。
110、急性白血病:以貧血、出血、感染為表現,血象可以三系減少,骨髓檢查發現原始細胞比例大于20%。
111、再生(sheng)障礙性(xing)貧血(xue):也以(yi)貧血(xue)、出血(xue)、感(gan)染為表現,血(xue)象三系(xi)減少(shao),骨髓檢(jian)查發現造血(xue)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)減少(shao),非造血(xue)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)增(zeng)多(duo)。聲明(ming):本文(wen)內容來源互(hu)聯網(wang)搜集整理,僅供參考,如有侵(qin)權請(qing)聯系(xi)管理員刪除。

氣(qi)胸的(de)鑒別診(zhen)斷(duan)

1.肺(fei)(fei)(fei)大(da)(da)皰(pao)起病(bing)(bing)緩慢(man),病(bing)(bing)程較(jiao)長(chang);而(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)常(chang)常(chang)起病(bing)(bing)急(ji),病(bing)(bing)史短。X線(xian)檢查(cha)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)大(da)(da)皰(pao)為圓形或橢(tuo)圓形透光區,位(wei)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)野內,其內仍有(you)(you)細小條狀紋理;而(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)為條帶狀影,位(wei)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)野外胸(xiong)腔內。肺(fei)(fei)(fei)周(zhou)邊(bian)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)的(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)大(da)(da)皰(pao)易誤診為氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong),胸(xiong)片上肺(fei)(fei)(fei)大(da)(da)皰(pao)線(xian)是凹面向側胸(xiong)壁;而(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)的(de)凸面常(chang)朝向側胸(xiong)壁,胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)CT有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)鑒別(bie)診斷。經較(jiao)長(chang)時間觀(guan)察,肺(fei)(fei)(fei)大(da)(da)皰(pao)大(da)(da)小很少發(fa)生(sheng)變化(hua),而(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)形態則日漸變化(hua),最后消失。2.急(ji)性(xing)心(xin)肌梗死有(you)(you)類似于(yu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)的(de)臨床(chuang)表現,如急(ji)性(xing)胸(xiong)痛、胸(xiong)悶、呼(hu)吸(xi)困(kun)(kun)難、休克等(deng)臨床(chuang)表現,但患者(zhe)常(chang)有(you)(you)冠心(xin)病(bing)(bing)、高血壓病(bing)(bing)史,心(xin)音性(xing)質及節律改變,無(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)體征,心(xin)電圖或胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)X線(xian)檢查(cha)有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)鑒別(bie)。3.肺(fei)(fei)(fei)栓塞(sai)有(you)(you)栓子來源(yuan)的(de)基礎(chu)疾病(bing)(bing),無(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)體征,胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)X線(xian)檢查(cha)有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)鑒別(bie)。4.慢(man)性(xing)阻塞(sai)性(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)疾病(bing)(bing)和支氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管哮(xiao)(xiao)喘慢(man)性(xing)阻塞(sai)性(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)疾病(bing)(bing)呼(hu)吸(xi)困(kun)(kun)難是長(chang)期緩慢(man)加(jia)重的(de),支氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管哮(xiao)(xiao)喘有(you)(you)多(duo)年哮(xiao)(xiao)喘反復發(fa)作史。當慢(man)性(xing)阻塞(sai)性(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)疾病(bing)(bing)和支氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管哮(xiao)(xiao)喘患者(zhe)呼(hu)吸(xi)困(kun)(kun)難突然加(jia)重且有(you)(you)胸(xiong)痛時,應考慮并發(fa)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)的(de)可(ke)能,胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)X線(xian)檢查(cha)可(ke)助(zhu)鑒別(bie)。

胸部CT的意義

1.胸壁:可以發現胸片上不能顯示的石棉肺伴胸膜增厚;胸腔積液時,若發現胸膜小結節或腫塊,有助于轉移瘤和間皮瘤的診斷;根據胸膜腫塊的CT值可鑒別包裹性積液、局限性間皮瘤及胸膜外脂肪瘤;借助CT增強可以診斷胸壁血管瘤;能很好地顯示肋骨骨折及肋骨的破壞。
2.肺臟:對周圍型肺癌的早期診斷有價值;發現主支氣管、肺葉支氣管及肺段支氣管狹窄或截斷時,對診斷中央型肺癌有幫助;高分辨率CT(HRCT)可能顯示胸片不能顯示的彌漫性間質性病變,有助于早期診斷和鑒別診斷;還可發現胸片上不能顯示的肺大泡、支氣管擴張、較小的肺結核空洞等。
3.縱隔:可以發現胸片上不能發現的增大的淋巴結,根據腫塊的CT值和部位,有助于縱隔腫塊的定性診斷;還可用于鑒別脂肪性、囊性、實性腫塊,增強掃描可診斷出肺動脈瘤及主動脈瘤。
4.CT血管造影可用于肺動脈血管造影檢查,對亞段以上肺動脈血管分支均有較好的顯示,可用于肺栓塞的診斷。
5.CT仿真內鏡可無損傷性顯示段支氣管及亞段支氣管,能從支氣管腔鼻塞和狹窄的遠端觀察病變;同時顯示多方位的管腔外的解剖結構,且對壁外腫瘤能精確定位、確定其范圍。
6.CT由于是斷層掃描,并且具有比胸片高10倍的密度分辨率,能夠輕易發現直徑小于2mm的微小結節。 1.有助于對X線胸片發現的問題作出定性診斷:腫塊:(1)鑒別腫塊為囊性、實質性、脂肪性或鈣化性;(2)明確腫塊的位置、范圍,查明腫塊與縱隔的解剖聯屬。
2.根據臨床需要可檢出X線胸片未發現的隱性病源:(1)查明有無微小轉移瘤,可顯示腫瘤的存在及其部位、大小、數目,以便制訂治療方案。(2)CT引導經皮穿刺活檢,使某些腫塊能得到組織學診斷。(3)對X線胸片及纖維支氣管鏡檢查陰性,而痰瘤細胞陽性,應作CT以查明肺內瘤源。
3.CT對(dui)支氣(qi)管浸潤、狹窄的程度及形(xing)態遜(xun)于(yu)(yu)X線斷層攝片,更(geng)次于(yu)(yu)支氣(qi)管造影(ying)。

胸痛的(de)鑒別診斷

胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)痛(tong)(tong)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)鑒(jian)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)。其(qi)(qi)伴隨癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)多(duo)(duo)有(you)(you)提示(shi)意義。需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)重點鑒(jian)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)為(wei)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)冠脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)征(zheng)(ACS)、主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)(PE)、張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)等(deng)(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)危(wei)(wei)(wei)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。1.ACS(急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)冠脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)征(zheng))ACS包(bao)括(kuo)ST段抬(tai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)梗死(si)(si)(ST?elevation?myocardial?infarction,STEMI)、非ST段抬(tai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)梗死(si)(si)(non?ST?elevation?myocardial?infarction,NSTEMI)和(he)不(bu)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)絞痛(tong)(tong)(unstable?angina,UA)。其(qi)(qi)中,后(hou)(hou)兩種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)統稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)非ST段抬(tai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)ACS(NSTE-ACS)。典型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)絞痛(tong)(tong)位于(yu)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)骨(gu)后(hou)(hou),呈壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)榨(zha)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、緊縮感(gan)、憋(bie)悶或(huo)(huo)(huo)燒(shao)灼(zhuo)感(gan)等(deng)(deng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)放射(she)至(zhi)頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、下(xia)(xia)頜、上腹部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、肩部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)左(zuo)(zuo)前臂,一(yi)般(ban)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)2~10分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong),休息或(huo)(huo)(huo)含服硝(xiao)酸(suan)甘油后(hou)(hou)3~5分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)緩(huan)解。誘發(fa)(fa)(fa)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)包(bao)括(kuo)勞(lao)累(lei)(lei)、運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、飽(bao)餐、寒冷、情緒(xu)激動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)等(deng)(deng)。UA胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)痛(tong)(tong)誘因(yin)(yin)(yin)與(yu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質同(tong)前述,但是(shi)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)耐量下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang),或(huo)(huo)(huo)在靜(jing)(jing)(jing)息下(xia)(xia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)作(zuo),胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)痛(tong)(tong)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)時(shi)間(jian)延長,程度(du)(du)加重,發(fa)(fa)(fa)作(zuo)頻率增(zeng)加。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)梗死(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)痛(tong)(tong)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)時(shi)間(jian)常(chang)>30分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong),硝(xiao)酸(suan)甘油無(wu)法有(you)(you)效緩(huan)解,可(ke)(ke)(ke)伴有(you)(you)惡心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、嘔吐(tu)(tu)、大(da)(da)汗(han)、呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)困難(nan)(nan)等(deng)(deng)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。但是(shi),老年、糖尿(niao)(niao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)典型(xing)(xing)(xing),臨床(chuang)中需(xu)(xu)仔細鑒(jian)別。UA患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)一(yi)般(ban)沒有(you)(you)異(yi)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨床(chuang)體征(zheng),少(shao)數可(ke)(ke)(ke)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)率變(bian)化(hua),或(huo)(huo)(huo)由于(yu)乳頭肌(ji)缺血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)雜(za)音。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)梗死(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)也可(ke)(ke)(ke)無(wu)臨床(chuang)體征(zheng),部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)面(mian)(mian)色蒼白(bai)、皮(pi)(pi)膚濕冷、發(fa)(fa)(fa)紺(gan)(gan)、頸(jing)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)充盈怒(nu)張(zhang)(zhang)、低血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、奔(ben)馬(ma)律、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)啰音等(deng)(deng)。新(xin)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)骨(gu)左(zuo)(zuo)緣收(shou)(shou)縮期雜(za)音要(yao)(yao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)警惕室(shi)間(jian)隔(ge)穿孔;部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)合(he)(he)并心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)律不(bu)齊,出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)(guo)緩(huan)、房室(shi)傳導阻滯、心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)(guo)速,特別要(yao)(yao)警惕室(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)(guo)速和(he)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)顫動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。2.主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)由于(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)撕(si)裂,血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)液進(jin)入(ru)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管壁內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei),造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)剝(bo)離或(huo)(huo)(huo)破裂。約有(you)(you)半數的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)由高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)引(yin)(yin)起(qi),尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)急(ji)(ji)進(jin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)惡性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),或(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)長期未予控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頑固性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。遺傳性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管病(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)如馬(ma)凡綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)征(zheng)、主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)瓣(ban)二(er)(er)(er)瓣(ban)畸形(xing)、Ehlers-Danlos綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)征(zheng)、家族性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)瘤和(he)(或(huo)(huo)(huo))主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管炎癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)包(bao)括(kuo)Takayasu動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)炎、貝赫切特綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)征(zheng)、梅毒(du)等(deng)(deng)均是(shi)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)危(wei)(wei)(wei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)。其(qi)(qi)他如醫(yi)源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)包(bao)括(kuo)導管介入(ru)診療術(shu)、心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)瓣(ban)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管手術(shu)損傷(shang),或(huo)(huo)(huo)是(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)粥樣(yang)(yang)硬化(hua)斑塊內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)破潰,健(jian)康女性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)妊娠晚期也是(shi)導致(zhi)本病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)。患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)常(chang)以(yi)(yi)驟然發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)劇烈胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)痛(tong)(tong)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)訴(su),其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質多(duo)(duo)為(wei)刀割樣(yang)(yang)、撕(si)裂樣(yang)(yang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)針(zhen)刺樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)疼(teng)痛(tong)(tong),程度(du)(du)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)忍受,可(ke)(ke)(ke)伴有(you)(you)煩(fan)躁、面(mian)(mian)色蒼白(bai)、大(da)(da)汗(han)、四(si)肢(zhi)(zhi)厥冷等(deng)(deng)休克(ke)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)痛(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位與(yu)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位密切相關(guan)(guan),隨著夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴展,疼(teng)痛(tong)(tong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)隨之向近心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)端或(huo)(huo)(huo)遠(yuan)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)端蔓延。患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)其(qi)(qi)他伴隨癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體征(zheng)也與(yu)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位相關(guan)(guan)。夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)根部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),可(ke)(ke)(ke)導致(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)瓣(ban)關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)不(bu)全(quan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)反流(liu)(liu),查(cha)(cha)(cha)體可(ke)(ke)(ke)聞及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)瓣(ban)雜(za)音:夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)破入(ru)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)包(bao)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)塞(sai)(sai)。倘若(ruo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)無(wu)名動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)頸(jing)總動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo),可(ke)(ke)(ke)導致(zhi)腦血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)流(liu)(liu)灌注障(zhang)礙,而(er)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)頭暈、嗜睡、失(shi)(shi)語(yu)、定向力(li)(li)(li)障(zhang)礙、肢(zhi)(zhi)體癱瘓(huan)等(deng)(deng)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)迫(po)鎖骨(gu)下(xia)(xia)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)搏(bo)短絀、雙側(ce)(ce)(ce)收(shou)(shou)縮壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)(或(huo)(huo)(huo))脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)搏(bo)不(bu)對稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)腹主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)腸系膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo),可(ke)(ke)(ke)伴有(you)(you)反復的(de)(de)(de)(de)腹痛(tong)(tong)、惡心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、嘔吐(tu)(tu)、黑便等(deng)(deng)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang);累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)腎動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)時(shi),可(ke)(ke)(ke)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)腰痛(tong)(tong)、少(shao)尿(niao)(niao)、無(wu)尿(niao)(niao)、血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)尿(niao)(niao),甚(shen)至(zhi)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腎衰竭。臨床(chuang)中主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)型(xing)(xing)(xing)方法較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo),常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)DeBakey分(fen)(fen)型(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)Standford分(fen)(fen)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。其(qi)(qi)中,DeBakey分(fen)(fen)型(xing)(xing)(xing)將(jiang)(jiang)同(tong)時(shi)累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)升主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)降(jiang)(jiang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)者(zhe)歸為(wei)Ⅰ型(xing)(xing)(xing),僅累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)升主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)者(zhe)為(wei)Ⅱ型(xing)(xing)(xing),僅累(lei)(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)降(jiang)(jiang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)者(zhe)為(wei)Ⅲ型(xing)(xing)(xing),前二(er)(er)(er)者(zhe)同(tong)歸屬(shu)為(wei)Standford?A型(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)夾(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中較(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)見(jian)也是(shi)最為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)危(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing),需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)外(wai)科迅(xun)(xun)速干預(yu)。3.肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)包(bao)括(kuo)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、脂肪栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)征(zheng)、羊水栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)(deng)。其(qi)(qi)中,肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)最常(chang)見(jian)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing),通(tong)常(chang)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)所指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)即(ji)(ji)為(wei)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。深靜(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan),多(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)于(yu)下(xia)(xia)肢(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)骨(gu)盆深靜(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此,肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)與(yu)深靜(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)相同(tong),包(bao)括(kuo)原(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)獲得性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩大(da)(da)類(lei)危(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)。呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)困難(nan)(nan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)促是(shi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)最常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang),見(jian)于(yu)80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)。嚴(yan)重者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)煩(fan)躁不(bu)安、驚恐(kong)甚(shen)至(zhi)瀕死(si)(si)感(gan),可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)低氧(yang)(yang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan);暈厥或(huo)(huo)(huo)意識喪失(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)是(shi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首發(fa)(fa)(fa)或(huo)(huo)(huo)惟一(yi)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)。患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)頻率增(zeng)快是(shi)最常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體征(zheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)伴有(you)(you)口唇發(fa)(fa)(fa)紺(gan)(gan)。循環系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)體征(zheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、右心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)全(quan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)左(zuo)(zuo)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)搏(bo)量急(ji)(ji)劇減少(shao)。常(chang)見(jian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)(guo)速、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)瓣(ban)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)音(P2)亢進(jin)或(huo)(huo)(huo)分(fen)(fen)裂、頸(jing)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)充盈或(huo)(huo)(huo)異(yi)常(chang)搏(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、三尖瓣(ban)反流(liu)(liu)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)雜(za)音、右心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)奔(ben)馬(ma)律、肝大(da)(da)、肝頸(jing)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)回流(liu)(liu)征(zheng)、下(xia)(xia)肢(zhi)(zhi)浮腫等(deng)(deng)體征(zheng)。少(shao)數患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)包(bao)摩擦音。血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)、休克(ke)提示(shi)大(da)(da)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)。患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)下(xia)(xia)肢(zhi)(zhi)腫脹、雙側(ce)(ce)(ce)周徑不(bu)對稱(cheng)(cheng)、腓腸肌(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)痛(tong)(tong)提示(shi)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)合(he)(he)并深靜(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)。多(duo)(duo)數急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)PaO2<80mmHg伴PaCO2下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)漿D-二(er)(er)(er)聚體<500ug/L,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)基本除外(wai)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栓(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)(shuan)塞(sai)(sai)。4.張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)是(shi)指(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)破裂或(huo)(huo)(huo)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)較(jiao)(jiao)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)裂傷(shang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)支氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管破裂,裂口與(yu)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)相通(tong),且形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)單向活(huo)(huo)瓣(ban),又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從裂口進(jin)入(ru)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei),而(er)呼(hu)(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)活(huo)(huo)瓣(ban)關(guan)(guan)閉(bi),腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)排(pai)出(chu),致(zhi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)不(bu)斷升高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)迫(po)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)使之逐漸萎陷,并將(jiang)(jiang)縱(zong)隔(ge)推向健(jian)側(ce)(ce)(ce),擠壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)健(jian)側(ce)(ce)(ce)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),產(chan)生(sheng)呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)循環功能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重障(zhang)礙。胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)若(ruo)被擠入(ru)縱(zong)隔(ge),擴散至(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)下(xia)(xia)組織,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、面(mian)(mian)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)處皮(pi)(pi)下(xia)(xia)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)腫。臨床(chuang)上,患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)極(ji)度(du)(du)呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)困難(nan)(nan),端坐呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)。缺氧(yang)(yang)嚴(yan)重者(zhe),發(fa)(fa)(fa)紺(gan)(gan)、煩(fan)躁不(bu)安、昏(hun)迷,甚(shen)至(zhi)窒息。體格檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha),可(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)傷(shang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)飽(bao)脹,肋間(jian)隙增(zeng)寬,呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)幅度(du)(du)減低,可(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)皮(pi)(pi)下(xia)(xia)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)腫。叩診呈高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)鼓(gu)音。聽(ting)診呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)音消(xiao)失(shi)(shi)。胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)X線檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)顯示(shi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)大(da)(da)量積(ji)(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)完全(quan)萎陷,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管和(he)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)影偏移至(zhi)健(jian)側(ce)(ce)(ce)。胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)穿刺有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體向外(wai)沖(chong)出(chu)。抽氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou),癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)好轉,但不(bu)久又(you)見(jian)加重,如此表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)亦有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)診斷。嚴(yan)重胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)損傷(shang)如張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)征(zheng)象出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)迅(xun)(xun)猛,可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)支氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管斷裂,應迅(xun)(xun)速搶救,乃(nai)至(zhi)剖胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)探查(cha)(cha)(cha)。張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)需(xu)(xu)立(li)即(ji)(ji)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),降(jiang)(jiang)低胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)。

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