自古代莊子、司馬(ma)遷、班固(gu)到(dao)當代(dai)范文瀾、周予(yu)同、匡亞明，都認為孔子(zi)整理(li)(li)編(bian)(bian)(bian)纂(zuan)過六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)。孔子(zi)(前(qian)(qian)551-前(qian)(qian)479年)編(bian)(bian)(bian)纂(zuan)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)，是中國文化史(shi)、學(xue)術思想史(shi)、教(jiao)育史(shi)、史(shi)學(xue)史(shi)乃至檔案(an)事業史(shi)上具有(you)劃時(shi)代(dai)意義的(de)(de)大(da)事。那么(me)，人們(men)會問：孔子(zi)為什(shen)么(me)編(bian)(bian)(bian)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)？為什(shen)么(me)能編(bian)(bian)(bian)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)？怎樣編(bian)(bian)(bian)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)？他(ta)編(bian)(bian)(bian)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)遵循的(de)(de)準則是什(shen)么(me)？這些問題，盡管(guan)先(xian)哲與時(shi)賢多有(you)論述，但見(jian)(jian)仁見(jian)(jian)智，各(ge)有(you)千秋，總覺還有(you)剩義，仍(reng)有(you)進一(yi)步梳理(li)(li)的(de)(de)必(bi)要。

一、編纂六經的原因

孔(kong)子編纂六經的原(yuan)因(yin)之一是他(ta)視文獻存亡繼絕(jue)為己任，原(yuan)因(yin)之二是他(ta)要(yao)以(yi)六經做(zuo)教材(cai)。

孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子認識到文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)對于了解過去、鑒往(wang)知(zhi)來(lai)以及垂訓(xun)鑒戒的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用，因(yin)而(er)重(zhong)視(shi)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“夏禮(li)(li)，吾能(neng)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，杞(qi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)征(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。殷禮(li)(li)，吾能(neng)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，宋不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)征(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)故也(ye)(ye)(ye)。足(zu)(zu)則(ze)吾能(neng)征(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·八(ba)佾》）又說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“吾猶及史(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)闕(que)文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·衛靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》）還說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“蓋有(you)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)而(er)作(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)，我無是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·述而(er)》）孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子所(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“文(wen)”、“文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”，就是(shi)(shi)文(wen)書(shu)檔案、歷(li)史(shi)資料。他(ta)認為(wei)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)足(zu)(zu)或不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)，是(shi)(shi)能(neng)否正(zheng)確了解過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。“信而(er)好古”的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子在(zai)研(yan)究夏商周時(shi)，深感(gan)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)，所(suo)見現存(cun)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)缺遺(yi)或“不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)而(er)作(zuo)(zuo)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處又不(bu)(bu)少。這表明孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子對文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)及文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)缺佚與穿鑿妄作(zuo)(zuo)現象的(de)(de)(de)(de)深切(qie)憂慮(lv)。他(ta)還說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“殷因(yin)于夏禮(li)(li)，所(suo)損益(yi)可(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)；周因(yin)于殷禮(li)(li)，所(suo)損益(yi)可(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)；其或繼周者(zhe)(zhe)，雖百世(shi)可(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·為(wei)政(zheng)》）孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子所(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“禮(li)(li)”包含了文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)起鑒往(wang)知(zhi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。他(ta)曾評(ping)論(lun)晉(jin)太史(shi)董(dong)狐書(shu)“趙盾弒(shi)其君”且“示于朝”一(yi)事，贊揚(yang)“董(dong)狐，古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良史(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，書(shu)法不(bu)(bu)隱(yin)”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《左傳》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao))、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)），充分肯定(ding)董(dong)狐的(de)(de)(de)(de)記載所(suo)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂訓(xun)鑒戒作(zuo)(zuo)用。據(ju)《論(lun)語(yu)·鄉黨(dang)》記載，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子“式(shi)負版(ban)者(zhe)(zhe)”。說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子乘車(che)在(zai)外，遇(yu)到手持邦(bang)國圖(tu)籍(ji)(地(di)(di)圖(tu)戶籍(ji))的(de)(de)(de)(de)人，必俯身表示深深敬意。這些足(zu)(zu)以說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子對文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)重(zhong)視(shi)。但是(shi)(shi)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子適逢(feng)諸侯爭霸(ba)、東周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“季(ji)世(shi)”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《左傳》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao))、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)）：天子式(shi)微，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)卑(bei)弱，大夫兼并，禮(li)(li)樂(le)廢，《詩(shi)》、《書(shu)》缺；再者(zhe)(zhe)，史(shi)官職位并不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)失守，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)而(er)作(zuo)(zuo)”，甚至抱典載籍(ji)，流(liu)亡他(ta)國。因(yin)此，博學多聞的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子不(bu)(bu)無自豪而(er)又自信地(di)(di)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“文(wen)王既沒，文(wen)不(bu)(bu)在(zai)茲乎？”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·子罕》）面對各(ge)國文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)散佚、妄作(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虞，他(ta)不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)把文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存(cun)亡繼絕的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)重(zhong)任(ren)擔當起來(lai)，因(yin)而(er)編(bian)《詩(shi)》、《書(shu)》，定(ding)《禮(li)(li)》、正(zheng)《樂(le)》，贊《周易》，作(zuo)(zuo)《春秋(qiu)》。

原(yuan)來，在(zai)夏商周三代，典冊(文件(jian)史(shi)書)皆由天(tian)子(zi)、諸侯和卿大(da)夫手(shou)下(xia)的官吏(li)(主(zhu)要是各種史(shi)官)所(suo)寫作(zuo)，所(suo)掌(zhang)握，非(fei)官吏(li)不(bu)(bu)能掌(zhang)管，不(bu)(bu)能學(xue)習。學(xue)在(zai)官府，學(xue)必有師，老師皆是貴(gui)族(zu)官吏(li)，他們不(bu)(bu)肯(ken)把(ba)知(zhi)識傳授給非(fei)貴(gui)族(zu)出身(shen)的人們。而到了春秋晚(wan)年，社會劇(ju)變，貴(gui)族(zu)陵夷，政權逐(zhu)漸(jian)下(xia)移，階級結構(gou)發(fa)生變化，士(shi)階層(ceng)迅(xun)速崛(jue)起(qi)，文獻學(xue)術(shu)也在(zai)較(jiao)廣(guang)的范圍內開放。昔(xi)則貴(gui)族(zu)壟斷文化教育，今則國人中的優秀分子(zi)也能獲得知(zhi)識而躋(ji)身(shen)于士(shi)階層(ceng)。

孔子適(shi)應(ying)時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，首創私(si)人(ren)(ren)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，并(bing)將一生的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕大部分時間與(yu)(yu)精力貢(gong)獻給了教育事業(ye)和(he)文(wen)獻整理事業(ye)。他(ta)創辦(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)學(xue)(xue)(xue)有(you)(you)：廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)培養對象(xiang)，低廉的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)費(fei)標準，頗大的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)學(xue)(xue)(xue)規模，明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(詳后(hou))，經他(ta)整理的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)型教材和(he)以德(de)育為首、以知識技能(neng)為次的(de)(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容，通(tong)(tong)過靈活(huo)多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)方式，取(qu)得了卓越的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)學(xue)(xue)(xue)成效(xiao)。其培養對象(xiang)是“有(you)(you)教無類(lei)”（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語·衛(wei)靈公》）。其收(shou)費(fei)標準是“自行束修以上，吾末嘗無誨(hui)焉(yan)(yan)。”（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語·述而》）其辦(ban)學(xue)(xue)(xue)規模與(yu)(yu)辦(ban)學(xue)(xue)(xue)成效(xiao)，司馬(ma)遷(qian)有(you)(you)過總結：“弟子(按(an)，先后(hou))蓋三千(qian)焉(yan)(yan)，身(shen)通(tong)(tong)六藝(按(an)，從(cong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術角度(du)講(jiang)(jiang)即六經；從(cong)技能(neng)角度(du)講(jiang)(jiang)指禮、樂、射、御、書、數)者七十有(you)(you)二人(ren)(ren)。”（注(zhu)：《史記·孔子世家》）孔子打破(po)了千(qian)多年來世卿世祿和(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術教育壟斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面，培養了大批(pi)各類(lei)英(ying)才，使許多并(bing)無傳統身(shen)份的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)接觸了過去(qu)不可能(neng)接觸到的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻，獲得當時最先進最前沿的(de)(de)(de)(de)知識與(yu)(yu)技能(neng)而加入士階層，以滿足各國諸侯、卿大夫對人(ren)(ren)才日益增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求。

至于孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)采用(yong)的(de)教材和教學內容，據《論(lun)語》和《史記(ji)》記(ji)載：“子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)四教：文、行、忠、信。”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語·述而》）孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)將弟子(zi)(zi)分(fen)為“德行”、“言語”、“政(zheng)事(shi)”、“文學”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語·先進》）四科(ke)講(jiang)授，講(jiang)授時使用(yong)“雅(ya)言”。“子(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)雅(ya)言，《詩》、《書》、執禮(按，應含《樂》、《易》、《春秋》)，皆雅(ya)言也。”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)語·述而》）“孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》教。”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《史記(ji)·孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)世家(jia)》）這里所(suo)(suo)謂“文”與“文學”即學術(shu)，實(shi)際上是(shi)經學(六經)。這說(shuo)明，孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)教授諸生的(de)內容是(shi)以(yi)(yi)德育為首，以(yi)(yi)傳授知識技能(neng)為次(ci)，所(suo)(suo)使用(yong)的(de)教材便是(shi)經他(ta)精心(xin)整理和編(bian)纂的(de)六經，授課時講(jiang)“雅(ya)言”，即京(jing)音，用(yong)當時的(de)普(pu)通話(hua)，以(yi)(yi)便與來(lai)自各地的(de)學生進行交流。

二、傳授六經的目的

統(tong)而言之，孔子向弟(di)子傳授(shou)(shou)六經(jing)的目(mu)的，據《禮(li)記(ji)·經(jing)解》援引“孔子曰(yue)……其為(wei)人(ren)也(ye)，溫柔(rou)敦厚，《詩》教也(ye)；疏通知遠，《書》教也(ye)；廣博易良，《樂》教也(ye)；潔(jie)凈精微，《易》教也(ye)；恭儉(jian)莊敬(jing)，《禮(li)》教也(ye)；屬(shu)辭此事(shi)，《春秋》教也(ye)。”司(si)馬遷(qian)也(ye)引用(yong)“孔子曰(yue)：六藝(yi)于治(zhi)一也(ye)：《禮(li)》以(yi)節人(ren)，《樂》以(yi)發和(he)，《書》以(yi)道事(shi)，《詩》以(yi)達意，《易》以(yi)神化(hua)，《春秋》以(yi)義。”（注：《史記(ji)·滑稽列傳》，另《太史公(gong)自序》與此大同小異）這兩(liang)則(ze)資料都闡明了孔子傳授(shou)(shou)六經(jing)旨(zhi)在使學生德(de)育智(zhi)育的養成和(he)治(zhi)理國政能力的掌握。

分而言(yan)之，孔子傳授六(liu)經，每門課程又有(you)各自(zi)不同的目(mu)的。

《詩(shi)》(《詩(shi)經(jing)》)，是我(wo)國第一部詩(shi)歌總(zong)集，系西周初至(zhi)春秋末的(de)文學(xue)(xue)作品，但有些篇章確屬史(shi)詩(shi)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)從(cong)功利的(de)角度論(lun)學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》的(de)目(mu)的(de)。首先(xian)，從(cong)道德修養方(fang)面說(shuo)(shuo)明學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》的(de)重要性。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“興于(yu)《詩(shi)》”（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·泰伯》），“人(ren)而(er)不(bu)(bu)為(wei)《周南》、《召南》，其(qi)猶(you)正墻面而(er)立”。（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·陽貨》）孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)指出人(ren)們(men)修身當先(xian)學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》，他(ta)告誡(jie)兒子(zi)孔(kong)(kong)鯉(字伯魚)，不(bu)(bu)學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》，就要孤立，與(yu)對墻站立無異(yi)。再據《論(lun)語(yu)·先(xian)進(jin)》記載，“南容三(san)復白圭，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)兄之(zhi)子(zi)妻(qi)之(zhi)。”弟子(zi)南容多次誦讀(du)《大(da)雅·抑》的(de)“白圭之(zhi)玷(dian)(dian)，尚可(ke)磨(mo)也(ye)。斯言之(zhi)玷(dian)(dian)，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)為(wei)也(ye)。”孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)贊賞南容慎(shen)言，就將侄(zhi)女嫁給(gei)他(ta)為(wei)妻(qi)。其(qi)次，從(cong)言辭(ci)應對方(fang)面說(shuo)(shuo)明學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》的(de)效(xiao)用。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》，無以(yi)(yi)(yi)言。”（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·季氏》）“誦《詩(shi)》三(san)百，授之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)政(zheng)，不(bu)(bu)達；使于(yu)四方(fang)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)專(zhuan)對：雖多，亦奚以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)！”（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·子(zi)路》）孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)指出，學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)從(cong)政(zheng)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)辦理外(wai)交。工于(yu)言語(yu)表達的(de)子(zi)貢擅長(chang)外(wai)交活動(dong)，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)稱贊他(ta)“可(ke)與(yu)言《詩(shi)》已(yi)矣，告諸(zhu)往而(er)知來者。”（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·學(xue)(xue)而(er)》）再次，強(qiang)調學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》的(de)廣(guang)泛社會作用。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“《詩(shi)》可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)興，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)群，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)怨；邇之(zhi)事(shi)父(fu)，遠之(zhi)事(shi)君(jun)；多識于(yu)鳥獸草木之(zhi)名。”（注(zhu)：《論(lun)語(yu)·陽貨》）孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)認為(wei)學(xue)(xue)《詩(shi)》可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使人(ren)們(men)振(zhen)奮精神，可(ke)從(cong)中考見前(qian)人(ren)得失與(yu)觀(guan)察(cha)風俗民(min)情(qing)，建(jian)立相互砥礪諒解(jie)(溫柔敦厚)，用以(yi)(yi)(yi)諷(feng)喻時政(zheng)得失，在(zai)家事(shi)父(fu)，出外(wai)事(shi)君(jun)，還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)增廣(guang)動(dong)植(zhi)物知識。

《書(shu)》(《尚(shang)書(shu)》、《書(shu)經(jing)》)基本上是政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)文件選篇，其中許多篇系商周統治(zhi)(zhi)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)講話記(ji)錄和(he)文告，另有一些記(ji)事文。正如司馬遷所說《書(shu)》“記(ji)先(xian)王之政(zheng)事，故長于(yu)政(zheng)”。（注：《史記(ji)·太史公(gong)自序》）因此孔子(zi)把《書(shu)》做政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)歷史教材(cai)，這從(cong)(cong)《論語》的(de)(de)(de)(de)《為(wei)政(zheng)》、《憲問》與《堯曰》記(ji)載(zai)孔子(zi)引用《尚(shang)書(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)《君陳》、《無逸》、《大禹謨》、《湯(tang)誥》和(he)《泰誓(shi)》片斷可(ke)知，他是在以古喻今，講解如何從(cong)(cong)政(zheng)行道。再(zai)綜觀孔子(zi)言(yan)必(bi)稱堯舜禹，《詩》《書(shu)》中屢屢謳(ou)歌商湯(tang)王、周文王、周公(gong)，其目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在于(yu)使學生通曉遠(yuan)古以來二帝(di)三王的(de)(de)(de)(de)嘉(jia)言(yan)懿行，為(wei)其樹立(li)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)典(dian)范。

《禮(li)》為(wei)適(shi)應周朝宗法等(deng)級社會而制(zhi)定的(de)各種典章制(zhi)度的(de)總稱。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)首先(xian)是(shi)將《禮(li)》作(zuo)為(wei)屬于政治(zhi)(zhi)、法律(lv)方面的(de)文(wen)獻對學生進(jin)行講(jiang)解，其次(ci)才是(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)禮(li)的(de)儀式技能傳授給學生。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)說：“齊之(zhi)以(yi)禮(li)”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《論語·為(wei)政》）；“為(wei)國(guo)以(yi)禮(li)”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《論語·先(xian)進(jin)》）；告誡兒子(zi)：“不學《禮(li)》，無以(yi)立(li)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《論語·季氏(shi)》）在孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)看來，學習《禮(li)》就是(shi)了解立(li)國(guo)的(de)章程、治(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)的(de)法度；懂得人(ren)們言(yan)行應遵循的(de)規范、立(li)身處(chu)世的(de)準則。

《樂(le)(le)》(《樂(le)(le)經》)的(de)(de)內容(rong)包括儀式音(yin)樂(le)(le)、宮廷舞(wu)樂(le)(le)、聲樂(le)(le)、器樂(le)(le)等(deng)。須知(zhi)“樂(le)(le)”與(yu)“禮(li)”的(de)(de)關系密不可分(fen)，“禮(li)”屬外(wai)在的(de)(de)法(fa)規約束系統(tong)，“樂(le)(le)”屬內在的(de)(de)情感藝術系統(tong)。《禮(li)記(ji)·樂(le)(le)記(ji)》說(shuo)：“樂(le)(le)者為(wei)(wei)同(tong)，禮(li)者為(wei)(wei)異。”即“樂(le)(le)”用(yong)來(lai)求同(tong)，使上下敦睦和(he)(he)順，緩和(he)(he)矛盾(dun)；“禮(li)”用(yong)來(lai)辨異，分(fen)別尊卑貴賤等(deng)級。這(zhe)就是(shi)說(shuo)，以樂(le)(le)配禮(li)，“樂(le)(le)”是(shi)來(lai)制衡調和(he)(he)“禮(li)”的(de)(de)。因而孔(kong)子把《禮(li)》、《樂(le)(le)》融為(wei)(wei)一(yi)體傳授給(gei)學(xue)生。他說(shuo)：“立于《禮(li)》，成于《樂(le)(le)》”（注：《論語·泰伯》），認為(wei)(wei)禮(li)有助(zhu)(zhu)立身處(chu)世，樂(le)(le)有助(zhu)(zhu)完美情操(cao)，對音(yin)樂(le)(le)在個人品德(de)養成的(de)(de)作用(yong)予以高度評(ping)價。另據《論語·述而》記(ji)載：“子與(yu)人歌而善必使反(fan)之，而后和(he)(he)之。”這(zhe)就是(shi)說(shuo)，孔(kong)子將《樂(le)(le)》作為(wei)(wei)教材，教弟(di)子們唱歌，自己(ji)也應(ying)和(he)(he)著(zhu)唱。

《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》(《易(yi)(yi)(yi)經》、《周易(yi)(yi)(yi)》)既(ji)是一(yi)部關于陰陽八卦的(de)(de)(de)占卜之書，又(you)是一(yi)部講變化講哲理的(de)(de)(de)書。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)主要是從(cong)探究(jiu)事物變化莫(mo)測(ce)及(ji)其緣由的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)鉆(zhan)研《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》與(yu)傳授《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》的(de)(de)(de)，他自稱：“加我數年(nian)，五十(shi)以(yi)學《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》，可(ke)以(yi)無大(da)過(guo)矣。”（注：《論語(yu)·述而》）他因為(wei)通曉《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》的(de)(de)(de)精微(wei)，所以(yi)才(cai)對歷史對人生對自然有(you)許多通達的(de)(de)(de)見解，才(cai)能(neng)做到“五十(shi)而知天命，六(liu)十(shi)而耳順，七(qi)十(shi)而從(cong)心所欲(yu)，不逾矩”（注：《論語(yu)·為(wei)政》），言(yan)行沒有(you)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)錯。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曾(ceng)引(yin)用(yong)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)·恒(heng)》卦九三爻辭：“不恒(heng)其德(de)(de)，或承之羞”（注：《論語(yu)·子(zi)(zi)路(lu)》），教育學生立德(de)(de)，而那(nei)些德(de)(de)行無恒(heng)反復無常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)小人，必將蒙受羞辱。

《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》(《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)經》)是孔(kong)子(zi)臨終前(qian)兩年編(bian)修完成(cheng)的(de)一部近現代編(bian)年史，記載上起魯隱公元年(前(qian)722年)，下迄哀公十四年(前(qian)481年)，共242年的(de)政治事件、人(ren)物活動(dong)和自然(ran)現象的(de)簡單事目(mu)。我認為孔(kong)子(zi)編(bian)修傳(chuan)(chuan)授《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)目(mu)的(de)有二：小而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之，是給人(ren)做如(ru)何“屬(shu)辭比事”的(de)示(shi)范(fan)(詳(xiang)后)；大(da)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之，是通(tong)過《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)修訂傳(chuan)(chuan)授，達到文字宣(xuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)目(mu)的(de)，企(qi)圖(tu)如(ru)司馬遷(qian)揭示(shi)的(de)：“《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》之義行，則(ze)天(tian)下亂(luan)臣賊子(zi)懼焉。”（注：《史記·孔(kong)子(zi)世(shi)家(jia)》）希望弟子(zi)和后來人(ren)，人(ren)人(ren)討伐亂(luan)臣賊子(zi)而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)為忠臣孝(xiao)子(zi)，恢復夢(meng)寐以求的(de)“郁(yu)郁(yu)乎文哉”（注：《論(lun)語·八(ba)佾》） 的(de)西(xi)周局(ju)面。

三、編纂六經的條件

孔子之所以能編纂六經，是因為客(ke)觀(guan)條件(jian)和主觀(guan)條件(jian)都已具備。

孔子(zi)成功地(di)修纂(zuan)六經，與宋魯兩國主要是魯國有密(mi)切關系(xi)。宋是商朝的(de)后(hou)代，魯是周公的(de)封(feng)地(di)，春秋末期(qi)列國都到宋魯“觀禮”，因為它們較(jiao)完整地(di)保存(cun)了商周文化。

傳(chuan)(chuan)說周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在周(zhou)成(cheng)王(wang)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)1058年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))“制禮(li)(li)作樂(le)(le)”（注(zhu)：《尚書(shu)(shu)大(da)傳(chuan)(chuan)》），而(er)周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長子(zi)(zi)伯禽赴魯(lu)時，得(de)到(dao)(dao)天子(zi)(zi)賞賜的(de)“祝、宗、卜、史，備(bei)(bei)物(wu)、典(dian)冊。”（注(zhu)：《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）直到(dao)(dao)魯(lu)閔(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)661年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))，魯(lu)“猶秉周(zhou)禮(li)(li)”（注(zhu)：《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)也說“周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)典(dian)在(魯(lu))”。（注(zhu)：《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）傳(chuan)(chuan)說：“哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)問(wen)政，子(zi)(zi)曰：文(wen)(wen)武之(zhi)(zhi)政，布在方策。”（注(zhu)：《禮(li)(li)記·中(zhong)庸(yong)》）所謂祝、宗、卜，掌祭祀、占(zhan)卜，充當神人媒介；史(大(da)史、太史)世(shi)代承襲，協助(zhu)君(jun)(jun)王(wang)處理政務，箴諫(jian)君(jun)(jun)王(wang)，備(bei)(bei)顧(gu)問(wen)，依據一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)，忠(zhong)實地(di)執行本(ben)職工作，記錄先(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)先(xian)王(wang)世(shi)系、君(jun)(jun)王(wang)卿大(da)夫(fu)行事(shi)、言(yan)論和國(guo)(guo)家大(da)事(shi)以及天象(xiang)歷(li)法(fa)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)說，伯禽就(jiu)國(guo)(guo)時隨帶了(le)典(dian)冊文(wen)(wen)物(wu)和禮(li)(li)、樂(le)(le)、史官。至春(chun)秋(qiu)末，吳公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)季札(zha)訪問(wen)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)，“請觀(guan)于周(zhou)樂(le)(le)”（注(zhu)：《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），魯(lu)因受(shou)周(zhou)室虞夏商周(zhou)四(si)(si)代樂(le)(le)舞(wu)，故季札(zha)請求觀(guan)看。于是(shi)樂(le)(le)工便伴奏演唱了(le)風、雅(ya)、頌各部分詩(shi)歌(ge)及舜禹湯武的(de)樂(le)(le)舞(wu)。后來晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)韓宣(xuan)子(zi)(zi)也到(dao)(dao)魯(lu)訪問(wen)，“觀(guan)書(shu)(shu)(按，文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)檔(dang)案策書(shu)(shu))于大(da)史氏，見《易》、《象(xiang)》(按，《象(xiang)魏》即(ji)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)歷(li)代政令)與(yu)《魯(lu)春(chun)秋(qiu)》(按，未(wei)修《春(chun)秋(qiu)》)曰：‘周(zhou)禮(li)(li)盡在魯(lu)矣(yi)。’”（注(zhu)：《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）這(zhe)些足(zu)以說明，周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制定(ding)的(de)禮(li)(li)樂(le)(le)典(dian)章和歷(li)任史官記載的(de)國(guo)(guo)史《魯(lu)春(chun)秋(qiu)》及其保管(guan)的(de)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)《詩(shi)》、《易》、《象(xiang)》等等木牘簡冊都較(jiao)完(wan)備(bei)(bei)地(di)保存(cun)在魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)西周(zhou)政治文(wen)(wen)化中(zhong)心之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，直到(dao)(dao)春(chun)秋(qiu)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，仍是(shi)當時文(wen)(wen)物(wu)典(dian)籍保存(cun)最完(wan)整的(de)國(guo)(guo)度之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。曾任中(zhong)都宰、司(si)空(kong)、大(da)司(si)寇攝(she)相事(shi)的(de)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)，以其傳(chuan)(chuan)統身份必能見到(dao)(dao)古代禮(li)(li)樂(le)(le)制度和讀到(dao)(dao)罕見的(de)典(dian)籍。這(zhe)為他(ta)修纂六經提(ti)供(gong)了(le)獨特的(de)必備(bei)(bei)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件。

眾所周知(zhi)，孔子是宋(song)國(guo)貴族的(de)后(hou)代。其七世祖正考父(fu)連續輔佐(zuo)宋(song)戴(dai)公、武(wu)公和宣公，為人謙恭儉(jian)樸(pu)，熟悉古文(wen)獻，《詩(shi)經》中的(de)《商頌(song)》便是他(ta)作(zuo)。《國(guo)語·魯語下》云：“昔正考父(fu)校商之(zhi)名(ming)《頌(song)》十(shi)二篇(按，今存五篇)于(yu)周太師，以《那(nei)》為首。”再者，孔子自幼受到嚴格(ge)母教(jiao)，“為兒嬉戲(xi)，常(chang)陳俎(zu)豆，設禮容”（注：《史記·孔子世家》），即演習祭禮。孔子受宋(song)魯文(wen)化(實質上是商周文(wen)化)熏(xun)陶，有(you)家庭文(wen)化傳承，于(yu)是，“十(shi)五而志(zhi)于(yu)學(xue)，三十(shi)而立(li)”，即30歲左右開始收徒講學(xue)。他(ta)為了給學(xue)生提供課本(ben)，便把修纂六經提上自己(ji)議事(shi)日(ri)程。

此(ci)外，春秋末年，各國(guo)在一定范圍內(nei)流行的官方文獻為孔(kong)子修(xiu)纂六經提供(gong)了利用它們的便利。

比如《書(shu)》。晉卻缺(que)援引(yin)《夏書(shu)》（注(zhu)(zhu)：《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條)、哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》“君(jun)子曰”援引(yin)《商書(shu)》（注(zhu)(zhu)：《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條)、哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），晉荀林父(中行桓子)與楚(chu)左(zuo)史(shi)倚相各自分別援引(yin)《周書(shu)》（注(zhu)(zhu)：《左(zuo)傳(chuan)·宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》、《國語(yu)·楚(chu)語(yu)上(shang)(shang)》），楚(chu)大夫申叔時提到《令》(政令)、《語(yu)》(治(zhi)國之善語(yu))、《故志》(記(ji)前世(shi)成敗)與《訓典》(五(wu)帝(di)之書(shu))（注(zhu)(zhu)：《國語(yu)·楚(chu)語(yu)上(shang)(shang)》）。上(shang)(shang)述(shu)文獻都很可能供孔子選編《書(shu)》時采輯。

再比如《易(yi)》。管(guan)仲提到(dao)《易(yi)》（注：《管(guan)子·山權數》），韓(han)宣(xuan)子在魯見到(dao)《易(yi)》。其實，《易(yi)》在孔子時代已很流行。我遍查(cha)《左傳》，從魯莊公(gong)二十二年(nian)(nian)(前627年(nian)(nian))“周(zhou)史有(you)以(yi)《周(zhou)易(yi)》見陳(chen)侯(按(an)，陳(chen)厲(li)公(gong))者”，至(zhi)哀(ai)公(gong)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(前486年(nian)(nian))“陽虎以(yi)《周(zhou)易(yi)》筮之(zhi)”，關于《周(zhou)易(yi)》的記載一二十處。這說明孔子出(chu)生前至(zhi)少七(qi)八(ba)十年(nian)(nian)《周(zhou)易(yi)》已行于世(shi)，并(bing)逐漸在周(zhou)、陳(chen)、晉、魯、秦、鄭、齊、衛等國(guo)廣為流傳。那(nei)么孔子能贊《易(yi)》授《易(yi)》則(ze)不足為怪了。

又(you)比如《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》。《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》本是列國史書的(de)通名(ming)。齊管(guan)仲曰：“《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》者，所以(yi)記(ji)成敗也”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《管(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)·山權數》），晉羊舌(she)肸(叔向)“習于《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《國語(yu)(yu)·晉語(yu)(yu)七》），韓宣子(zi)(zi)(zi)見到《魯春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》，楚申(shen)叔時建議“教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(按(an)，太子(zi)(zi)(zi))《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《國語(yu)(yu)·楚語(yu)(yu)上》），墨子(zi)(zi)(zi)提到周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》、燕(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》、宋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》、齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》（注(zhu)(zhu)：《墨子(zi)(zi)(zi)·明鬼下(xia)》），還有(you)百國《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》（注(zhu)(zhu)：《墨子(zi)(zi)(zi)·非命中(zhong)》）。孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)說：“晉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《乘》，楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《梼杌》，魯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》，一也。”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)·離婁下(xia)》）孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)主要(yao)是依據魯史《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》及其他各國同(tong)類史籍(ji)才修成《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)。后來，各國《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》逐漸(jian)亡佚，而(er)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)纂修的(de)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》卻(que)流傳下(xia)來，成了魯國史書的(de)專名(ming)。

孔(kong)子(zi)修(xiu)纂六經除了充分(fen)(fen)利用(yong)時代(dai)賦予他(ta)的(de)客(ke)觀(guan)條件外，還與(yu)他(ta)的(de)博學(xue)善思(si)分(fen)(fen)不(bu)開(kai)。

孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)從(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)自(zi)視甚高，從(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以生而(er)(er)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)或無所不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)的(de)圣人自(zi)詡。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“若(ruo)圣與仁，則吾(wu)豈敢？”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·述而(er)(er)》）又說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我非生而(er)(er)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)者，好(hao)古，敏以求之(zhi)(zhi)者也。”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·述而(er)(er)》）孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)認(ren)為自(zi)己的(de)優(you)點與特點是(shi)“學(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)厭，誨人不(bu)(bu)(bu)倦”，“發憤忘食，樂以忘憂，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)老(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)將至(zhi)云爾。”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·述而(er)(er)》）在治學(xue)(xue)方面勤奮而(er)(er)永不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿足，在教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方面忘我而(er)(er)永不(bu)(bu)(bu)疲(pi)倦。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅勤學(xue)(xue)，而(er)(er)且(qie)善(shan)學(xue)(xue)，十分講究學(xue)(xue)習方法。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“學(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)時習之(zhi)(zhi)”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·學(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)》），“溫(wen)故而(er)(er)知(zhi)新”，“學(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)思(si)則罔，思(si)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)學(xue)(xue)則殆”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·為政》）；“三(san)人行，必有我師焉，擇(ze)其善(shan)者而(er)(er)從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)，其不(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)者而(er)(er)改之(zhi)(zhi)”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·述而(er)(er)》）；“見賢(xian)而(er)(er)思(si)齊焉，見不(bu)(bu)(bu)賢(xian)而(er)(er)內自(zi)省也。”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·里仁》）“敏而(er)(er)好(hao)學(xue)(xue)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)恥(chi)下問。”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·公(gong)冶長》）子(zi)貢(gong)評論(lun)“夫子(zi)焉不(bu)(bu)(bu)學(xue)(xue)，而(er)(er)亦(yi)何常師之(zhi)(zhi)有？”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·子(zi)張》）更難(nan)能可貴的(de)是(shi)，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)做到了：“知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)為知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)為不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)，是(shi)知(zhi)(智)也。”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)(yu)(yu)·為政》）總(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)為學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)道是(shi)反復自(zi)修，獨立思(si)考(kao)，推陳(chen)出(chu)新，經(jing)(jing)常與同調(diao)商討，善(shan)于廣泛向一切有長處(chu)的(de)人學(xue)(xue)習其經(jing)(jing)驗教(jiao)訓，老(lao)實(shi)認(ren)真，謙虛謹(jin)慎，永無止境。

下面僅以禮、樂為例，看孔子(zi)是如何(he)學習的。

孔子自幼學禮，成人后，參觀、訪問、搜集、研討、演習禮。據文獻記載：“子入太廟，每事問”（注：《論語·八佾》），孔子進入周公廟逢人便問，學習祭禮；“仲尼聞之，見于郯子而學之”（注：《左傳》宣公二年、昭公三年、定公四年、閔公元年、哀公十一年、襄公二十九年、昭公二年、文公七年、隱公六年、昭公十七年、成公十四年(二條)、哀公六年、僖公二十八年(二條)、僖公元年、昭公二十九年），向郯子國國君學習少昊氏以來職官制度；“問禮于老聃”（注：《孔子家語·觀周》），“適周問禮，蓋見老子云”（注：《史(shi)記(ji)·孔子(zi)世(shi)家(jia)》），向東周(zhou)王室(shi)柱(zhu)下史(shi)老(lao)子(zi)學(xue)禮(li)(li)，學(xue)習(xi)頗見(jian)成效，曾(ceng)子(zi)向孔子(zi)問(wen)禮(li)(li)，孔子(zi)四次(ci)都說是“吾聞諸(zhu)老(lao)聃”（注：《禮(li)(li)記(ji)·曾(ceng)子(zi)問(wen)》）；“與弟(di)子(zi)習(xi)禮(li)(li)大(da)樹下”（注：《史(shi)記(ji)·孔子(zi)世(shi)家(jia)》），孔子(zi)周(zhou)游列國往(wang)宋(song)的道路上，曾(ceng)在大(da)樹下與弟(di)子(zi)們(men)演習(xi)禮(li)(li)儀。此外一部(bu)《論語》，收載孔子(zi)與弟(di)子(zi)研討禮(li)(li)演習(xi)禮(li)(li)的言行，比比皆是。

至(zhi)于孔子學(xue)(xue)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)：他在魯國親(qin)聞樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)官(guan)(guan)師摯奏樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·泰伯》），與樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)官(guan)(guan)師冕經常往來切(qie)磋（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·衛(wei)靈公》），向(xiang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)官(guan)(guan)大(da)師談論(lun)自己學(xue)(xue)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)心(xin)得（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·八佾》），向(xiang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)官(guan)(guan)師襄學(xue)(xue)彈琴擊(ji)磬(qing)，學(xue)(xue)演奏周(zhou)文王所(suo)作(zuo)《文王操(cao)》曲（注：《史記·孔子世家》）；到(dao)齊(qi)國，與齊(qi)太師談論(lun)音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，聽舜(shun)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《韶》的(de)(de)演奏，簡直到(dao)了如醉如狂的(de)(de)程度，據《論(lun)語(yu)·述(shu)而》記載：“子在齊(qi)聞《韶》，三月不知肉味。曰：‘不圖為樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)至(zhi)于斯(si)也。’”孔子周(zhou)游列國時，“在陳絕糧，從者病，莫能興”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·衛(wei)靈公》），處境十分窘迫(po)，弟子饑餒皆病，然(ran)而孔子依然(ran)“講誦弦歌不衰”（注：《史記·孔子世家》），可見其(qi)癡迷音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)到(dao)何種(zhong)程度。

因(yin)為(wei)孔子(zi)勤(qin)學(xue)善學(xue)，所以(yi)他(ta)博學(xue)多藝。因(yin)為(wei)孔子(zi)酷愛古(gu)代，精(jing)通古(gu)代文獻典籍，即所謂“仲尼祖述堯舜，憲章(zhang)文武”（注：《禮記(ji)(ji)·中(zhong)庸(yong)》），“述三(皇(huang))五(帝)之法，明周(公)召(公)之業”（注：《史記(ji)(ji)·孔子(zi)世家》），從15歲開始就勤(qin)奮機敏地對之搜尋與探究(jiu)，所以(yi)整理編纂六經的任務非他(ta)莫屬。

四、編纂六經的歷程

孔子(zi)歷(li)經周(zhou)折，備(bei)嘗艱辛，絞盡(jin)腦汁，慘淡(dan)經營(ying)，終于完成(cheng)了歷(li)史(shi)使命，編纂成(cheng)六經

(一)選編《詩》。

在孔(kong)子選編(bian)《詩(shi)(shi)》之(zhi)前，已(yi)有多(duo)種抄本(ben)流行，共約三千余篇(pian)。由于(yu)篇(pian)什(shen)過多(duo)，不(bu)宜(yi)用作課(ke)本(ben)教授諸生(sheng)。司(si)馬(ma)遷說：“古者(zhe)《詩(shi)(shi)》三千余篇(pian)，及至(zhi)孔(kong)子，去(qu)其重，取可施于(yu)禮義(yi)，上采(cai)契、后稷，中述殷、周(zhou)之(zhi)盛，至(zhi)幽、厲之(zhi)缺，始于(yu)衽席，故曰：‘《關雎(ju)》之(zhi)亂以為《風》始，《鹿鳴(ming)》為《小雅》始，《文(wen)王》為《大(da)雅》始，《清廟》為《頌(song)》始。’三百五篇(pian)孔(kong)子皆(jie)弦(xian)歌之(zhi)，以求(qiu)合《韶》《武》《雅》《頌(song)》之(zhi)音。”（注：《史記(ji)·孔(kong)子世家》）這(zhe)說明孔(kong)子經過反(fan)復校勘核對，認真整理編(bian)輯，將其不(bu)同(tong)版本(ben)中重復的(de)或不(bu)合禮義(yi)的(de)詩(shi)(shi)篇(pian)去(qu)掉，并一一播于(yu)管弦(xian)，配(pei)合《韶》《武》古樂(le)載(zai)歌載(zai)舞，再按風、雅、頌(song)樂(le)曲的(de)正確音調，進(jin)行篇(pian)章順序的(de)調整，終于(yu)選定其中三百余篇(pian)作為給(gei)學生(sheng)講授的(de)課(ke)本(ben)。因此，《論語》中師生(sheng)之(zhi)間(jian)賞析《詩(shi)(shi)》的(de)例子不(bu)勝枚舉(ju)。

(二)選編《書》。

關于孔子選編《書》的情況，漢唐權威學者均有論述。司馬遷說，孔子“序《書傳》，上紀唐虞之際，下至秦繆，編次其事……故《書傳》……自孔氏。”（注：《史記·孔子世家》）班固說：“《書》之所起遠矣，至孔子纂焉，上斷于堯，下迄于秦，凡百篇，而為之序，言其作意。”（注：《漢書·藝文志》）魏征等人說：“孔子觀《書》周室，得虞夏商周四代之典，刪其善者，上自虞，下至周，為百篇，編而序之。”（注：《隋書·經籍志》）孔穎達引《尚書緯》說：“孔子求《書》，得黃帝玄(xuan)孫(sun)帝魁(kui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)，迄(qi)于秦穆公(gong)，凡(fan)三千(qian)(qian)二(er)百(bai)四(si)十篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。斷遠取近，定可以為(wei)世法者百(bai)二(er)十篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。以百(bai)二(er)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)為(wei)《尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》，十八(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)為(wei)《中候》。”（注(zhu)：孔穎(ying)達(da)《尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)正(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)·尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)序》疏）這(zhe)說明孔子觀《書(shu)(shu)(shu)》于周(zhou)室，還從杞宋魯等國(guo)囊括(kuo)史官所藏的虞夏商周(zhou)四(si)代典誥三千(qian)(qian)多篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，經過篩選，將其中“恢弘至(zhi)道”、“足以垂世立教”（注(zhu)：孔穎(ying)達(da)《尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)正(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)·尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)序》疏）的百(bai)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，上(shang)起(qi)《堯典》，下迄(qi)《秦誓》，編纂為(wei)《書(shu)(shu)(shu)》，并為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)序。總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，孔子編選過、闡述過《書(shu)(shu)(shu)》，是毋庸(yong)置(zhi)疑的。至(zhi)于今(jin)本《尚(shang)(shang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》中的經古文系(xi)晉人偽造，經今(jin)文也有(you)戰國(guo)秦漢間儒生羼(chan)入或竄改之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處，遠非原貌，則(ze)不(bu)(bu)屬本文所論(lun)范圍，恕(shu)不(bu)(bu)贅述。

(三)定《禮》。

禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)文化統治(zhi)西周(zhou)，所謂“禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)三(san)百(bai)，威儀(yi)三(san)千”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)·中庸(yong)》），真是繁文縟節(jie)。春秋(qiu)末(mo)期，禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)壞樂崩，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)痛(tong)心疾(ji)首，特選(xuan)定士(shi)必(bi)須學(xue)習的(de)(de)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)十七(qi)篇(pian)，稱為(wei)《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》(《儀(yi)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》、《士(shi)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》、《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)經》)。據文獻記(ji)(ji)(ji)載：“恤由之喪，哀公使孺悲(bei)之孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，學(xue)士(shi)喪禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，《士(shi)喪禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》于是乎(hu)(hu)(hu)書(shu)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)·雜記(ji)(ji)(ji)》）這條資料透露(lu)了孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)編纂《儀(yi)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》部分的(de)(de)信息。而司馬(ma)遷、班固則認為(wei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)采輯當(dang)時(shi)各諸侯國(guo)的(de)(de)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)制(zhi)度(du)整理(li)匯編成(cheng)《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)經》十七(qi)篇(pian)。（注(zhu)(zhu)：參見《史記(ji)(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)世家》、《漢書(shu)·藝文志(zhi)》；）《儀(yi)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》包括冠、婚(hun)、喪、祭以及朝(chao)聘(pin)宴饗的(de)(de)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)程序，是貴族們(men)行動的(de)(de)規(gui)范。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)非常注(zhu)(zhu)重禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，這從《論語》中“禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”字出現74次可知，他把研(yan)究傳授(shou)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)首要任務。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)死后，其(qi)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)秉(bing)承(cheng)師誨，轉相傳授(shou)。荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)說：“學(xue)，惡乎(hu)(hu)(hu)始(shi)？惡乎(hu)(hu)(hu)終(zhong)？曰(yue)：其(qi)數則始(shi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)誦經，終(zhong)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)讀(du)《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》”（注(zhu)(zhu)：《荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)·勸學(xue)》）。因而戰國(guo)至西漢儒家編定《周(zhou)官》(《周(zhou)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》)與《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)》，前者(zhe)(zhe)講述周(zhou)之官制(zhi)，后者(zhe)(zhe)討(tao)論禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)、禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)器、習俗(su)。總之，三(san)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)即《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)》、《周(zhou)禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)》與《禮(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)》都同孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)有關(guan)。

(四)正《樂》。

孔子(zi)雅好古(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，善(shan)(shan)(shan)于(yu)欣賞和評論(lun)(lun)古(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)：“子(zi)謂《韶(shao)(shao)》盡(jin)美(mei)矣，又盡(jin)善(shan)(shan)(shan)也；謂《武》盡(jin)美(mei)矣，未盡(jin)善(shan)(shan)(shan)也。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)(lun)語·八佾》）他(ta)認為舜(shun)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)《韶(shao)(shao)》無論(lun)(lun)內容(rong)還(huan)是形式(shi)，都盡(jin)善(shan)(shan)(shan)盡(jin)美(mei)，而(er)周武王樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)《武》只是形式(shi)很美(mei)但內容(rong)并不(bu)十分(fen)善(shan)(shan)(shan)。然而(er)，孔子(zi)如何正《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》？他(ta)說(shuo)：“吾自衛(wei)反(fan)魯，然后樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)正，《雅》、《頌(song)》各(ge)得其(qi)所(suo)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《論(lun)(lun)語·子(zi)罕》）孔子(zi)自衛(wei)返魯，已有68歲高(gao)齡(ling)。當(dang)(dang)時，道衰樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)廢(fei)，他(ta)卻閱歷豐(feng)富(fu)，樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)理專深，演技精湛(zhan)，因而(er)擔(dan)當(dang)(dang)起正《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》工(gong)作。他(ta)選編(bian)《詩(shi)》時，從樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曲的(de)性質入(ru)手，將其(qi)一一配了樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)譜(pu)，再按風、雅、頌(song)排序(xu)，使(shi)其(qi)各(ge)得其(qi)所(suo)，可以(yi)演奏歌唱。但可惜的(de)是，經孔子(zi)整理加工(gong)的(de)《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》早已亡(wang)佚。沈約(yue)說(shuo)：“秦焚典(dian)籍，《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)經》用亡(wang)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《宋書·樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)志》）然而(er)，《周禮·大司樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)》和《禮記·樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)記》還(huan)保(bao)留其(qi)部分(fen)內容(rong)。其(qi)實，當(dang)(dang)時古(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)、新(xin)(xin)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)并存(cun)。古(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)節奏緩慢(man)，肅(su)穆(mu)莊重，氣氛(fen)沉悶；新(xin)(xin)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)吹打彈唱，俳優雜戲，熱鬧詼諧。因而(er)古(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)使(shi)人“唯(wei)恐臥(wo)”，新(xin)(xin)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)使(shi)人“不(bu)知倦”。（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《禮記·樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)記》）新(xin)(xin)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)勢必取代(dai)舊樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，舊樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)難逃淘汰命運。看(kan)來，孔子(zi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重《韶(shao)(shao)》《武》而(er)排斥(chi)“鄭(zheng)聲”(新(xin)(xin)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le))，其(qi)音(yin)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)觀是偏(pian)于(yu)保(bao)守的(de)。

(五)贊《易》。

贊者明也。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)對(dui)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》有(you)深入研究，還(huan)闡(chan)(chan)明傳(chuan)(chuan)授過《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》。司(si)馬(ma)(ma)遷說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晚而喜《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》，序《彖(tuan)》、《系(xi)(xi)》、《象(xiang)》、《說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)卦(gua)》、《文言(yan)》。讀《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》，韋(wei)(wei)(按，韋(wei)(wei)同緯)編三絕。”（注(zhu)：《史記(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)世家》）又說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》于(yu)瞿(ju)”，經輾轉傳(chuan)(chuan)授，八傳(chuan)(chuan)至楊何，“何元朔中以(yi)治《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》為漢(han)中大(da)夫(fu)。”（注(zhu)：《史記(ji)(ji)·仲尼弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)列傳(chuan)(chuan)》）班(ban)固(gu)也有(you)類似記(ji)(ji)載（注(zhu)：《漢(han)書·儒林傳(chuan)(chuan)序》），從略。這說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不但喜歡《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》，而且下大(da)氣力鉆研過《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》的(de)(de)卦(gua)辭(ci)、爻(yao)辭(ci)。因反(fan)復(fu)讀《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》，以(yi)致使編連(lian)簡冊的(de)(de)緯繩(sheng)(緯繩(sheng)系(xi)(xi)絲麻擰成，絕非熟牛皮)斷過多次。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)闡(chan)(chan)釋《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》的(de)(de)授課記(ji)(ji)錄(內有(you)幾代傳(chuan)(chuan)《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》大(da)師的(de)(de)補充)，總稱為《易(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)》(《十翼(yi)》)，有(you)《彖(tuan)辭(ci)》(統論一卦(gua)大(da)意)、《系(xi)(xi)辭(ci)》(通(tong)論全部《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》理，說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明“變(bian)化之道”)、《象(xiang)辭(ci)》(解釋卦(gua)辭(ci)、爻(yao)辭(ci))、《說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)卦(gua)》(解釋八卦(gua)性質及象(xiang)征)和《文言(yan)》(專論乾、坤二卦(gua))等等。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)將《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》授給商瞿(ju)，其后師承關系(xi)(xi)歷歷可數，傳(chuan)(chuan)至漢(han)武(wu)帝元朔年間(前128年至前123年)的(de)(de)中大(da)夫(fu)楊何，司(si)馬(ma)(ma)遷的(de)(de)父親司(si)馬(ma)(ma)談便(bian)“受《易(yi)(yi)(yi)》于(yu)楊何”（注(zhu)：《史記(ji)(ji)·太史公(gong)自序》）。在十分(fen)重(zhong)視家學(xue)淵源的(de)(de)古(gu)代，上引司(si)馬(ma)(ma)遷的(de)(de)敘述應是(shi)可信的(de)(de)。

(六)作《春秋》。

孟(meng)子(zi)、司(si)(si)馬遷都認為傳(chuan)世《春(chun)秋(qiu)》乃(nai)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)所(suo)作(zuo)(zuo)。孟(meng)子(zi)說(shuo)：“世道衰微，邪說(shuo)暴行有作(zuo)(zuo)。臣弒(shi)其(qi)君者(zhe)有之(zhi)，子(zi)弒(shi)其(qi)父者(zhe)有之(zhi)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)懼，作(zuo)(zuo)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》。”（注：《孟(meng)子(zi)·滕文公(gong)下》）司(si)(si)馬遷說(shuo)：“子(zi)曰(yue)：‘弗(fu)乎弗(fu)乎，君子(zi)病沒世而名不稱焉。吾道不行矣，吾何以自(zi)見于后(hou)世哉？’乃(nai)因史記作(zuo)(zuo)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》。”（注：《史記·孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)世家》）孟(meng)子(zi)從(cong)時代背景，司(si)(si)馬遷從(cong)創作(zuo)(zuo)動機，說(shuo)明孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)作(zuo)(zuo)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》。下面，試分五(wu)點評析作(zuo)(zuo)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》的過程。

第(di)一，廣泛搜集資(zi)料。司馬(ma)遷說(shuo)，孔子(zi)(zi)“西觀周(zhou)(zhou)室，論史(shi)(shi)記舊(jiu)聞，興于魯(lu)而次《春秋(qiu)》”（注(zhu)：《史(shi)(shi)記·十(shi)二諸侯年表(biao)序》）；東漢何休《春秋(qiu)公羊傳注(zhu)疏》卷(juan)一引閔因《敘》云：“昔孔子(zi)(zi)受端門之命(ming)，制《春秋(qiu)》之義，使(shi)子(zi)(zi)夏(xia)等十(shi)四人求周(zhou)(zhou)史(shi)(shi)記，得百二十(shi)國(guo)寶書”。后者(zhe)難(nan)免(mian)夸張。這足以(yi)表(biao)明孔子(zi)(zi)作《春秋(qiu)》，主要(yao)依據(ju)魯(lu)史(shi)(shi)舊(jiu)文并參考周(zhou)(zhou)王室和其(qi)他諸侯國(guo)的編年史(shi)(shi)。

第二(er)，考訂、取舍、整理(li)資料，整齊書法，或(huo)襲用舊(jiu)史(shi)，或(huo)修改舊(jiu)史(shi)，或(huo)刪(shan)繁就簡，或(huo)削而(er)(er)不用。正如(ru)司(si)馬(ma)遷所說(shuo)，孔子作《春(chun)秋》是“約其(qi)(qi)辭(ci)文，去其(qi)(qi)煩重”（注：《史(shi)記·十二(er)諸侯年表(biao)序》）；杜(du)預(yu)說(shuo)：“仲尼因魯(lu)史(shi)策書成文，考其(qi)(qi)真偽，而(er)(er)志其(qi)(qi)典禮”（注：杜(du)預(yu)《春(chun)秋左(zuo)氏(shi)傳序》）。

第三，確(que)定宗旨。莊(zhuang)子說：“《春秋》以道名分(fen)。”（注：《莊(zhuang)子·天下(xia)》）孔子作《春秋》是按照(zhao)周禮的嚴格標準(zhun)，企(qi)圖達到正名分(fen)、別(bie)貴賤(jian)、寓褒貶、別(bie)善惡(e)、“懲惡(e)而勸(quan)善”（注：《左傳》宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)、定公(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)、襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十九年(nian)(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)、文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)十七年(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(二(er)條)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十八年(nian)(nian)(二(er)條)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十九年(nian)(nian)）的目(mu)的。

第四，確(que)定(ding)體例(li)(“比(bi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)”)。司馬遷說(shuo)：“孔(kong)子因史(shi)文次《春秋(qiu)》，紀元年，正時日(ri)月(yue)，蓋其詳哉(zai)。”（注：《史(shi)記·三代世表序》）杜(du)預說(shuo)，《春秋(qiu)》“記事(shi)(shi)(shi)者，以(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)日(ri)，以(yi)日(ri)系(xi)月(yue)，以(yi)月(yue)系(xi)時(按，季)，以(yi)時系(xi)年。”（注：杜(du)預《春秋(qiu)左氏傳(chuan)序》）這說(shuo)明《春秋(qiu)》是按明確(que)而連續的時間順序把史(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)排列起來的編年體。

第五(wu)，態度(du)與用(yong)詞(ci)。孔(kong)子具體(ti)作(zuo)《春秋(qiu)》時(shi)，“筆則(ze)(ze)筆，削(xue)則(ze)(ze)削(xue)，子夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)贊(zan)(按，佐助(zhu))一辭(ci)”（注(zhu)：《史記(ji)(ji)·孔(kong)子世家》），態度(du)極(ji)其認(ren)真；用(yong)詞(ci)造(zao)句(“屬詞(ci)”)也極(ji)其精心(xin)，正如《左(zuo)傳》引(yin)君子曰：“《春秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)(按，用(yong)詞(ci)造(zao)句)，微而顯(xian)，志而晦，婉(wan)而成(cheng)章，盡而不(bu)(bu)(bu)污”（注(zhu)：《左(zuo)傳》宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)條)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)條)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）。像(xiang)《春秋(qiu)》記(ji)(ji)齊(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與姊(魯桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)夫人)通奸，魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)忘殺(sha)父之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仇、縱母淫奔、帥師追隨齊(qi)(qi)征伐以求(qiu)媚(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)，揭發隱(yin)微，言(yan)簡意顯(xian)；像(xiang)記(ji)(ji)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，“天王(wang)崩”，魯國吊唁(yan)使臣或(huo)去(qu)會(hui)晉人、戎人，或(huo)中途折回，魯君不(bu)(bu)(bu)加誅戮(lu)，侮(wu)慢(man)周天子，記(ji)(ji)事(shi)義(yi)深；像(xiang)隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)書(shu)：“十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有一月壬辰，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)薨”，不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)薨于何處(chu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)書(shu)葬(zang)，顯(xian)示其非善終，讀者(zhe)可以意會(hui)隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)殺(sha)，表(biao)達委婉(wan)而順理成(cheng)章；像(xiang)記(ji)(ji)齊(qi)(qi)桓、晉文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)達數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條，盡記(ji)(ji)其事(shi)卻不(bu)(bu)(bu)污曲。這說明孔(kong)子用(yong)字鄭重謹慎(shen)，以一字之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微，表(biao)示史事(shi)的(de)曲折。

五、編纂六經的準則

大(da)體說(shuo)來，孔子編纂六經遵循的準(zhun)則有(you)下列四(si)條：

(一)從世界觀(guan)層(ceng)面看，孔子編纂六經(jing)遵循的(de)準則(ze)是“不語怪、力、亂、神(shen)”。

孔子(zi)(zi)對鬼神(shen)(shen)持(chi)懷(huai)疑(yi)(yi)疏(shu)遠態(tai)度(du)，對人事頗為(wei)重視。他“不(bu)(bu)語(yu)怪、力、亂、神(shen)(shen)”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·述而(er)》），認(ren)為(wei)“未(wei)能事人，焉能事鬼？”“未(wei)知生(sheng)，焉知死？”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·子(zi)(zi)路》）因(yin)此他主(zhu)(zhu)張：“務民之(zhi)義(yi)，敬鬼神(shen)(shen)而(er)遠之(zhi)。”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·雍也(ye)(ye)(ye)》）他還指出(chu)：“天地(di)之(zhi)性，人為(wei)貴(gui)”（注：《孝經·圣治》），“三軍可(ke)奪(duo)帥(shuai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)，匹夫不(bu)(bu)可(ke)奪(duo)志也(ye)(ye)(ye)”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·子(zi)(zi)罕》）。孔子(zi)(zi)對舊的(de)神(shen)(shen)鬼觀(guan)念(nian)基本持(chi)否定態(tai)度(du)，既不(bu)(bu)談(tan)論(lun)鬼神(shen)(shen)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)希望學生(sheng)與(yu)他議(yi)論(lun)鬼神(shen)(shen)，但(dan)肯(ken)定老百姓(xing)有(you)自己的(de)人格(ge)。并(bing)且，孔子(zi)(zi)心(xin)目中的(de)“天”只是(shi)(shi)(shi)自然(ran)的(de)，與(yu)商周(zhou)時有(you)意識的(de)“天”是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)。因(yin)而(er)他“不(bu)(bu)怨(yuan)天”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·憲問》），并(bing)贊揚既反對禳祭為(wei)已消災(zai)、又(you)不(bu)(bu)主(zhu)(zhu)張祭祀黃(huang)河的(de)楚昭(zhao)王(wang)：“楚昭(zhao)王(wang)知大道矣，其(qi)不(bu)(bu)失(shi)國也(ye)(ye)(ye)宜(yi)哉！”（注：《左傳》宣公(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定公(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀公(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文公(gong)(gong)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)條)、哀公(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)條)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）孔子(zi)(zi)雖然(ran)在(zai)《儀(yi)禮(li)》中肯(ken)定祭祀，但(dan)他認(ren)為(wei)“祭神(shen)(shen)如(ru)神(shen)(shen)在(zai)”（注：《論(lun)語(yu)·八(ba)(ba)佾》）。既然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“如(ru)神(shen)(shen)在(zai)”，就不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)真正的(de)“在(zai)”。可(ke)見他肯(ken)定祭祀，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)認(ren)為(wei)鬼神(shen)(shen)真正存(cun)在(zai)，只是(shi)(shi)(shi)求得祭祀者心(xin)理慰藉與(yu)滿足而(er)已，這與(yu)他懷(huai)疑(yi)(yi)疏(shu)遠鬼神(shen)(shen)的(de)態(tai)度(du)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一致的(de)。盡管孔子(zi)(zi)相信“命”和“天命”，但(dan)他說的(de)“命”是(shi)(shi)(shi)無可(ke)奈何，與(yu)傳統觀(guan)念(nian)奉(feng)為(wei)至高無上人格(ge)神(shen)(shen)的(de)“天命”是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)區別(bie)的(de)。

孔(kong)子(zi)在這種傾(qing)向(xiang)唯物的(de)(de)(de)世界(jie)觀的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)導下，所作《春秋》就主(zhu)要記(ji)朝聘、會盟、征伐、喪葬等人事，不與鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen)聯系，雖記(ji)載(zai)自然變異(yi)，如日(ri)食、彗星(xing)、地震、水旱、蝗災，但只是(shi)從(cong)“異(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度記(ji)載(zai)，并未做過多的(de)(de)(de)附會。古代文獻中大量有關鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai)，被孔(kong)子(zi)本著(zhu)“不語怪、力、亂、神(shen)(shen)”的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)去掉了，因而六經很少(shao)有鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen)主(zhu)宰(zai)之類荒誕蕪雜的(de)(de)(de)篇章。從(cong)此，六經奠定了中國傳統文化人文傾(qing)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎。

(二)從(cong)政治觀層(ceng)面看，孔子把(ba)周禮(li)親親尊(zun)尊(zun)的(de)基(ji)本精神作為(wei)編纂六經的(de)準(zhun)則。

奉周禮(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)圭臬的(de)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)往往從周禮(li)親(qin)(qin)親(qin)(qin)尊尊的(de)基本精神出(chu)發，主張(zhang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)親(qin)(qin)者(zhe)(zhe)、賢者(zhe)(zhe)、尊者(zhe)(zhe)諱。比如，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)如果父親(qin)(qin)偷(tou)了別(bie)人的(de)羊，兒子(zi)知(zhi)道了，不(bu)(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)(bu)能檢舉，還要隱瞞其(qi)真相。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“父為(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)隱，子(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)父隱。直在(zai)其(qi)中矣(yi)。”（注(zhu)：《論語·子(zi)路》）這(zhe)叫為(wei)(wei)(wei)親(qin)(qin)者(zhe)(zhe)諱。又如魯昭公(gong)明知(zhi)同姓(xing)結婚為(wei)(wei)(wei)“非禮(li)”，仍娶了同姓(xing)的(de)吳姬(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)妻，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)卻(que)硬說(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)“知(zhi)禮(li)”。（注(zhu)：《論語·述而(er)》）這(zhe)是為(wei)(wei)(wei)尊者(zhe)(zhe)諱。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)將這(zhe)一理論付諸史(shi)學實踐，便有(you)“天王狩于(yu)河陽”之類(lei)的(de)曲筆(bi)。順便指出(chu)，前文提到孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)贊揚董狐敢于(yu)直筆(bi)，而(er)在(zai)中國(guo)歷史(shi)上真正直筆(bi)的(de)史(shi)家卻(que)屈指可數。執(zhi)意(yi)曲筆(bi)或(huo)違心曲筆(bi)的(de)史(shi)家則數不(bu)(bu)(bu)勝數，其(qi)始作俑者(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)說(shuo)(shuo)是孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)作的(de)《春秋》。

原來，踐土之盟，實際(ji)上是(shi)“晉侯(hou)召(zhao)王，以(yi)諸侯(hou)見”，周(zhou)王不(bu)敢不(bu)應(ying)召(zhao)。無論“以(yi)臣召(zhao)君(jun)(jun)”，還(huan)是(shi)君(jun)(jun)應(ying)臣召(zhao)，都“不(bu)可以(yi)訓”（注(zhu)：《左傳》宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao))、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），不(bu)合周(zhou)禮。孔子既要為尊者(zhe)諱(hui)，不(bu)責周(zhou)襄王，又要為賢(xian)者(zhe)諱(hui)，不(bu)責晉文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，并隱(yin)晉文召(zhao)君(jun)(jun)之失，明其勤王之德，因(yin)而只好(hao)書“天王狩于何陽。”（注(zhu)：《左傳》宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao))、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)(er)條(tiao))、僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）

再(zai)如《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊傳》定(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)稱(cheng)：“定(ding)(ding)、哀(ai)多(duo)微辭(ci)”。司馬遷也(ye)說：“孔氏著《春(chun)秋(qiu)》，隱、桓之(zhi)間則(ze)彰，至定(ding)(ding)、哀(ai)之(zhi)際(ji)則(ze)微，為其切當世之(zhi)文(wen)而(er)罔褒，忌諱之(zhi)辭(ci)也(ye)。”（注：《史(shi)記·匈(xiong)奴(nu)傳太(tai)史(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)》）孔子主要政治學術活動在(zai)定(ding)(ding)、哀(ai)之(zhi)世，他本著“諱國惡(e)、禮也(ye)”（注：《左傳》宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)、定(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)、閔公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)、襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)年(nian)、文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(nian)、隱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(二(er)(er)條)、哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)六(liu)年(nian)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(二(er)(er)條)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)、昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)）的原則(ze)，再(zai)由于(yu)深知齊(qi)太(tai)史(shi)直筆(bi)被(bei)殺的教訓，行文(wen)有(you)所(suo)忌諱，對當代的事不便真(zhen)切記載與褒貶，因而(er)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》記定(ding)(ding)、哀(ai)之(zhi)際(ji)多(duo)隱晦(hui)之(zhi)詞。

還有，《春秋(qiu)》反對(dui)一切違背周禮的(de)僭越行為，因而(er)吳楚之君自稱“王”，而(er)《春秋(qiu)》貶(bian)之曰“子”，這(zhe)是為了“正名分”。

總之，孔子視周禮為評論歷史、褒貶人物(wu)的(de)準則，往(wang)往(wang)從“禮”與“非禮”出發，決(jue)定“書”、“不書”及“如何(he)書”，猶如杜預將此歸納為《春秋》書法“五十凡”那樣。司馬遷說(shuo)：“《春秋》者，禮義之大宗也(ye)”（注：《史記(ji)·太(tai)史公自(zi)序(xu)》），真是一(yi)語破的(de)。

(三)從學術角度看，孔子編(bian)纂六經遵循的(de)準則是“攻乎(hu)異端，斯害也已矣(yi)”。

孔子(zi)說：“攻(按，治)乎異(yi)端，斯害(hai)也已矣。”（注：《論(lun)語·為(wei)(wei)(wei)政》）他(ta)主張研究(jiu)六經正道(dao)，反(fan)對(dui)學習異(yi)端邪道(dao)，旗幟是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鮮明的(de)(de)，態度是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)堅決的(de)(de)。像(xiang)宰予反(fan)對(dui)“三年之喪”，遭到孔子(zi)指責：“予之不仁也！”（注：《論(lun)語·陽(yang)貨》）又像(xiang)樊(fan)須向孔子(zi)請教種菜(cai)種莊稼(jia)的(de)(de)事，孔子(zi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)學禮、義、信(xin)就足夠了，“焉用稼(jia)？”并斥(chi)之為(wei)(wei)(wei)“小(xiao)人哉，樊(fan)須也！”（注：《論(lun)語·子(zi)路》）可見孔子(zi)對(dui)與(yu)自己(ji)觀(guan)點對(dui)立或不同的(de)(de)言行是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)排斥(chi)的(de)(de)。他(ta)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)克服“異(yi)端”為(wei)(wei)(wei)已任(ren)，以(yi)“正”與(yu)“禮”為(wei)(wei)(wei)準繩，整理(li)與(yu)編纂(zuan)六經的(de)(de)。

孔子說：“《詩(shi)(shi)》三百，一言以蔽(bi)之，曰：‘思無邪。’”（注(zhu)：《論語·為政》）這說明，孔子編(bian)《詩(shi)(shi)》時，入選的(de)是有(you)益(yi)的(de)“正”詩(shi)(shi)，去掉的(de)是有(you)害的(de)“邪”詩(shi)(shi)。

孔(kong)子編(bian)(bian)選《書》時，也是留“正”去“邪(xie)”。后來居(ju)然有人將孔(kong)子刪(shan)而不用的篇(pian)章搜集攏來編(bian)(bian)成一部《周書》(《逸周書》)。據《漢書·藝(yi)文志》著錄：“《周書》七十一篇(pian)，周史記。”顏師古注引劉向云(yun)：“周時誥誓號今也，蓋孔(kong)子所論百(bai)篇(pian)之余也。”

再者，魯昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前513年(nian)(nian)(nian))冬，晉(jin)(jin)趙鞅、荀寅“賦(fu)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)一(yi)鼓鐵(tie)，以(yi)鑄刑鼎，著(按(an)，銘(ming)刻)范宣子所為刑書焉。”孔子認(ren)為“鑄刑鼎”，屬于異(yi)端(duan)邪道，違(wei)背了晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)從周王(wang)那里(li)接受的“法(fa)(fa)度”(禮(li)制(zhi))，將使(shi)晉(jin)(jin)“貴賤無(wu)序”，“晉(jin)(jin)其亡乎！”（注(zhu)：《左傳》宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、閔(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)、文公(gong)(gong)(gong)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)、隱(yin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)、成公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)條(tiao))、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(二(er)條(tiao))、僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)、昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)）因此堅決反(fan)對范宣子制(zhi)訂(ding)的法(fa)(fa)律(lv)文書的公(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)，以(yi)致(zhi)《春秋》“不(bu)書”之。幸賴《左傳》較詳記(ji)下此事(shi)，否(fou)則，中(zhong)國(guo)法(fa)(fa)學史(shi)上的這件(jian)大(da)事(shi)就湮(yin)沒無(wu)聞了。

(四)從具(ju)體實施角(jiao)度看(kan)，孔子編纂六經遵循的準則是“述而(er)不(bu)作(zuo)”。

孔子(zi)的認識論不(bu)(bu)(bu)乏唯物觀(guan)(guan)點。他說：“多(duo)(duo)聞闕疑”，“多(duo)(duo)見闕殆”（注(zhu)：《論語·為政》），“君(jun)子(zi)于其所不(bu)(bu)(bu)知，蓋(gai)闕如也。”（注(zhu)：《論語·子(zi)路》）還說：“道聽(ting)而涂說，德之(zhi)棄也。”（注(zhu)：《論語·陽貨》）孔子(zi)主(zhu)張多(duo)(duo)聽(ting)多(duo)(duo)見，對(dui)(dui)(dui)可疑的靠不(bu)(bu)(bu)住的及自己不(bu)(bu)(bu)懂的事情，一般應采取保留態度，不(bu)(bu)(bu)隨(sui)便發(fa)表意見；反對(dui)(dui)(dui)道聽(ting)途(tu)(tu)說，因(yin)為道聽(ting)途(tu)(tu)說，必多(duo)(duo)謬(miu)妄(wang)。因(yin)此，“子(zi)絕(jue)四：毋(wu)意，毋(wu)必，毋(wu)固，毋(wu)我。”（注(zhu)：《論語·子(zi)罕》）孔子(zi)主(zhu)張看問題(ti)辦事不(bu)(bu)(bu)要主(zhu)觀(guan)(guan)猜測，不(bu)(bu)(bu)要武斷，不(bu)(bu)(bu)要固執己見，不(bu)(bu)(bu)要自以為是，反對(dui)(dui)(dui)隨(sui)意性、絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)(dui)化、思想僵(jiang)化與唯我是從。

孔子(zi)(zi)從自己的(de)(de)這種認(ren)識論(lun)出發(fa)，主張在整理編纂(zuan)故有(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)過程中應遵循“述而不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)，信(xin)而好古”（注：《論(lun)語·述而》）的(de)(de)準則，即必須保(bao)留(liu)故有(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)的(de)(de)原貌(原有(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)字、原有(you)(you)內容、原有(you)(you)風(feng)格)，對(dui)故有(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)稍(shao)作(zuo)篡改都是(shi)要不(bu)(bu)得(de)的(de)(de)。孔子(zi)(zi)整理編纂(zuan)的(de)(de)《詩》、《書》、《禮(li)》、《樂》、《易》是(shi)選編、厘訂、闡釋，保(bao)持了(le)故有(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)辭(ci)。而他作(zuo)的(de)(de)《春秋》，盡管有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)少曲筆隱晦(hui)，但基本(ben)上(shang)做(zuo)到了(le)對(dui)于(yu)明確的(de)(de)事(shi)情寫出，對(dui)于(yu)可(ke)疑的(de)(de)事(shi)情采取保(bao)留(liu)態度。正(zheng)如《春秋谷梁傳》桓公五年(nian)所(suo)云：“《春秋》之(zhi)義，信(xin)以傳信(xin)，疑以傳疑。”

我(wo)們認為孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)所說(shuo)(shuo)“述而不(bu)作”是相對的(de)(de)，不(bu)是絕對的(de)(de)。孟(meng)子(zi)說(shuo)(shuo)：“其(按，《春秋》)事則齊(qi)桓、晉文，其文則史(shi)，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)曰：‘其義則丘竊取之(zhi)矣。’”（注：《孟(meng)子(zi)·離婁下》）《春秋》是這樣，其他五經也有“義”在(zai)。總之(zhi)，六經的(de)(de)編(bian)纂有史(shi)義有剪裁，說(shuo)(shuo)都是孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)編(bian)著也未嘗(chang)不(bu)可。

六、結束語

孔子是春秋時(shi)(shi)期最偉大(da)的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育家和(he)文獻學(xue)(xue)(xue)家，他偉大(da)的(de)歷史(shi)功績在(zai)于(yu)打(da)破了(le)(le)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)官府(fu)”的(de)桎(zhi)梏，破天(tian)荒地開(kai)創(chuang)了(le)(le)私人講學(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)私人編(bian)纂(zuan)的(de)局面(mian)。特別是他整(zheng)理、選(xuan)定、編(bian)著和(he)親(qin)自傳授的(de)六經(jing)(jing)(今存(cun)(cun)(cun)五經(jing)(jing))，為(wei)源(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)流(liu)長的(de)中國(guo)(guo)傳統文化保存(cun)(cun)(cun)了(le)(le)“元(yuan)典(dian)”，成為(wei)指導中國(guo)(guo)整(zheng)個封建社會政(zheng)治生活(huo)及(ji)精神(shen)生活(huo)的(de)經(jing)(jing)典(dian)，成為(wei)封建社會思想理論基礎，對中國(guo)(guo)兩千多年的(de)政(zheng)治、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)、文化(文學(xue)(xue)(xue)、史(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)、宗教(jiao)(jiao)倫理道德(de)觀念)產生了(le)(le)深遠(yuan)(yuan)的(de)正面(mian)或負面(mian)影響(xiang)。同時(shi)(shi)，六經(jing)(jing)保存(cun)(cun)(cun)了(le)(le)夏商周三代文獻，為(wei)我們提供(gong)了(le)(le)研(yan)究(jiu)這(zhe)段歷史(shi)的(de)寶貴資料。如果孔子不(bu)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)整(zheng)理編(bian)纂(zuan)，后(hou)世(shi)就無(wu)從得知夏商周(含春秋)時(shi)(shi)代事跡，其(qi)保存(cun)(cun)(cun)上古文獻與傳播(bo)文化之功永遠(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)可磨滅。

但是(shi)，我(wo)們必須認識到，孔子(zi)一(yi)(yi)生恰逢奴隸制(zhi)向封建制(zhi)社(she)會(hui)大轉型(xing)的(de)(de)年代(dai)，由于時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)個人(ren)的(de)(de)局限，他的(de)(de)思想事(shi)業都(dou)反映了新(xin)舊(jiu)交替的(de)(de)矛盾。正像(xiang)40多年前(qian)史學家郭(guo)沫若等人(ren)所說：“他有(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)維(wei)(wei)新(xin)，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)復(fu)古、開(kai)(kai)倒(dao)車。處(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)變化的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)，他一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)腳跨在(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)前(qian)頭，一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)腳又拖在(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)后面(mian)。”（注：郭(guo)沫若主(zhu)(zhu)編《中國(guo)史稿》第一(yi)(yi)冊194頁，人(ren)民出(chu)版社(she)1962年版）也(ye)像(xiang)哲學史家張岱年等人(ren)近(jin)來所說，孔子(zi)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)“守舊(jiu)而(er)又維(wei)(wei)新(xin)，復(fu)古而(er)又開(kai)(kai)明，這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)種二(er)重性的(de)(de)立場，使(shi)得(de)儒(ru)家學說能夠在(zai)(zai)(zai)維(wei)(wei)護禮教倫常的(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)下，一(yi)(yi)手伸向過(guo)去(qu)，一(yi)(yi)手指向未來”（注：張岱年等主(zhu)(zhu)編《中國(guo)文化概(gai)論》(修訂(ding)版)65頁，北京師范大學出(chu)版社(she)2004年版。）。因此，六(liu)經當中既有(you)民主(zhu)(zhu)性精華，也(ye)有(you)宗(zong)法(fa)式糟粕，還有(you)技術性缺(如《春(chun)秋》記事(shi)過(guo)簡，《尚書》各(ge)篇不具年月)。今(jin)天(tian)，我(wo)們在(zai)(zai)(zai)研讀時(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)應該(gai)理性對待、實事(shi)求是(shi)批(pi)判(pan)繼(ji)承的(de)(de)。（吳(wu)榮政(zheng)）

參考文獻：

[1][清]阮元校(xiao)刻(ke)《十三經注疏》，中華書(shu)局1980年(nian)版

[2]楊伯峻(jun)《春秋左(zuo)傳注》，中華書局(ju)1981年版

[3]范文瀾《中國通史簡編(bian)》修訂本第(di)一編(bian)第(di)三章(zhang)第(di)九節(jie)十(shi)節(jie)，人民出(chu)版(ban)社1961年版(ban)

[4]周予同《“六經”與孔(kong)子(zi)的關系問題》，載《復旦(dan)學報》社會科學版1979年(nian)1期

[5]匡亞明《孔子評傳》齊魯書1985年版

[6]曹喜琛(chen)、韓寶華《中國檔(dang)案文獻編纂史略》第一章，高等(deng)教育出版社1999年版

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