極者,尊圣人也。
關(guan)尹子曰(yue):圣(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),不我賢(xian)(xian)愚,故(gu)(gu)(gu)因(yin)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)賢(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),因(yin)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愚而(er)(er)愚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不我是非(fei),故(gu)(gu)(gu)因(yin)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是而(er)(er)是之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),因(yin)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)而(er)(er)非(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。知古今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大同,故(gu)(gu)(gu)或(huo)先(xian)古,或(huo)先(xian)今(jin)。知內外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大同,故(gu)(gu)(gu)或(huo)先(xian)內或(huo)先(xian)外。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),無(wu)(wu)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)累之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)本之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)謙;天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),無(wu)(wu)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)含之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)虛;天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),無(wu)(wu)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)難之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)易;天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),無(wu)(wu)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)窒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)變(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)權。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)中天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)禮;以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)和天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)樂;以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)公天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理財;以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)周天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)御侮;以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)因(yin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)立法;以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)觀天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)器。圣(sheng)人不以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)己治天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),而(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)治天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)歸功(gong)于(yu)圣(sheng)人,圣(sheng)人任功(gong)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堯舜禹(yu)湯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)皆曰(yue)自然。曰(yue):天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)無(wu)(wu)不覆,有生(sheng)有殺,而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)無(wu)(wu)愛惡。日無(wu)(wu)不照,有妍有丑,而(er)(er)日無(wu)(wu)厚薄(bo)。
曰:圣(sheng)人(ren)之道(dao)天(tian)命,非圣(sheng)人(ren)能(neng)自道(dao);圣(sheng)人(ren)之德(de)時符,非圣(sheng)人(ren)能(neng)自德(de);圣(sheng)人(ren)之事(shi)(shi)人(ren)為(wei),非圣(sheng)人(ren)能(neng)自事(shi)(shi)。是以圣(sheng)人(ren)不(bu)有道(dao),不(bu)有德(de),不(bu)有事(shi)(shi)。
曰:圣人知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)無(wu)(wu)我(wo),故(gu)同之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)仁;知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)無(wu)(wu)我(wo),故(gu)權之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)義;知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)無(wu)(wu)我(wo),故(gu)戒之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)禮;知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識無(wu)(wu)我(wo),故(gu)照(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)智;知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言無(wu)(wu)我(wo),故(gu)守之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)信。
曰:圣人之道(dao),或(huo)以(yi)(yi)仁(ren)(ren)為仁(ren)(ren),或(huo)以(yi)(yi)義為仁(ren)(ren),或(huo)以(yi)(yi)禮以(yi)(yi)智以(yi)(yi)信為仁(ren)(ren)。仁(ren)(ren)義禮智信,各兼五者,圣人一之不膠,天(tian)下名之不得。
曰:勿(wu)(wu)以(yi)行觀(guan)圣(sheng)人,道(dao)無(wu)(wu)跡;勿(wu)(wu)以(yi)言觀(guan)圣(sheng)人,道(dao)無(wu)(wu)言;勿(wu)(wu)以(yi)能觀(guan)圣(sheng)人,道(dao)無(wu)(wu)為(wei);勿(wu)(wu)以(yi)貌觀(guan)圣(sheng)人,道(dao)無(wu)(wu)形。
曰:行雖(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)卓(zhuo),不(bu)離高下;言雖(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)公(gong),不(bu)離是(shi)非(fei)。能雖(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)神,不(bu)離巧拙;貌雖(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)殊,不(bu)離妍(yan)丑。圣(sheng)人假此,以示天下,天下冥(ming)此,乃見圣(sheng)人。
曰:圣人(ren)師蜂立(li)君臣(chen),師蜘蛛(zhu)立(li)網罟,師拱鼠(shu)制禮(li),師戰(zhan)蟻置兵。眾人(ren)師賢(xian)人(ren),賢(xian)人(ren)師圣人(ren),圣人(ren)師萬物(wu)。惟圣人(ren)同物(wu),所以(yi)無(wu)我。
曰:圣人曰道(dao)(dao),觀天地人物皆吾(wu)道(dao)(dao),倡和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),始終(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),青黃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),卵翼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)愛(ai)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)棄(qi)物,不(bu)(bu)尊君子,不(bu)(bu)賤小人。賢人曰物,物物不(bu)(bu)同,旦旦去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),旦旦與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),短之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是為(wei)(wei)物易也。殊不(bu)(bu)知圣人鄙雜廁別分居,所以為(wei)(wei)人,不(bu)(bu)以此(ci)為(wei)(wei)己。
曰:圣人(ren)之于眾人(ren),飲食(shi)衣服同(tong)也(ye)(ye),屋宇舟(zhou)車(che)同(tong)也(ye)(ye),富貴貧賤(jian)同(tong)也(ye)(ye)。眾人(ren)每(mei)同(tong)圣人(ren),圣人(ren)每(mei)同(tong)眾人(ren)。彼仰(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)高侈(chi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)大者,其(qi)(qi)(qi)然乎(hu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)不然乎(hu)?
曰:魚(yu)欲異(yi)群魚(yu),舍(she)水躍岸(an)即(ji)死;虎(hu)欲異(yi)群虎(hu),舍(she)山(shan)入市即(ji)擒。圣(sheng)人(ren)不異(yi)眾(zhong)人(ren),特物不能拘爾。
曰(yue):道(dao)無作(zuo),以(yi)道(dao)應世者,是事非(fei)道(dao)。道(dao)無方,以(yi)道(dao)寓物(wu)者,是物(wu)非(fei)道(dao)。圣人竟不(bu)能(neng)出道(dao)以(yi)示人。
曰:如(ru)(ru)鐘鐘然,如(ru)(ru)鐘鼓(gu)然,圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)言則然。如(ru)(ru)車(che)車(che)然,如(ru)(ru)車(che)舟然,圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)行(xing)則然。惟莫能名,所(suo)以退天(tian)下之(zhi)言;惟莫能知(zhi),所(suo)以奪(duo)天(tian)下之(zhi)智。
曰:蝍(ji)蛆(qu)食(shi)蛇(she)(she),蛇(she)(she)食(shi)蛙(wa),蛙(wa)食(shi)蝍(ji)蛆(qu),互相食(shi)也。圣(sheng)(sheng)人之(zhi)言(yan)亦然,言(yan)有無之(zhi)弊,又(you)言(yan)非(fei)(fei)有非(fei)(fei)無之(zhi)弊,又(you)言(yan)去非(fei)(fei)有非(fei)(fei)無之(zhi)弊。言(yan)之(zhi)如引鋸(ju)然,惟善圣(sheng)(sheng)者不留(liu)一言(yan)。
曰:若(ruo)龍若(ruo)蛟,若(ruo)蛇(she)若(ruo)龜,若(ruo)魚(yu)若(ruo)蛤,龍皆能之。蛟,蛟而已,不(bu)(bu)能為(wei)(wei)龍,亦不(bu)(bu)能為(wei)(wei)蛇(she)為(wei)(wei)龜為(wei)(wei)魚(yu)為(wei)(wei)蛤。圣人(ren)龍之,賢(xian)人(ren)蛟之。
曰:在己無居,形物自著,其(qi)動若(ruo)水,其(qi)靜若(ruo)鏡,其(qi)應(ying)若(ruo)響,芒乎(hu)若(ruo)亡,寂(ji)乎(hu)若(ruo)清(qing),同焉者和,得焉者失,未嘗先人,而嘗隨人。
曰(yue):渾乎(hu)洋乎(hu)游太初乎(hu),時(shi)(shi)金己(ji),時(shi)(shi)玉己(ji),時(shi)(shi)糞己(ji),時(shi)(shi)土己(ji),時(shi)(shi)翔物(wu)(wu),時(shi)(shi)逐物(wu)(wu),時(shi)(shi)山物(wu)(wu),時(shi)(shi)淵物(wu)(wu),端乎(hu)權乎(hu)狂乎(hu)愚乎(hu)。
曰:人(ren)之(zhi)善琴者(zhe),有悲(bei)心(xin),則(ze)聲凄(qi)凄(qi)然,有思心(xin),則(ze)聲遲遲然,有怨(yuan)心(xin),則(ze)聲回(hui)回(hui)然,有慕心(xin),則(ze)聲裴裴然。所(suo)以悲(bei)思怨(yuan)慕者(zhe),非(fei)手非(fei)竹(zhu)非(fei)絲非(fei)桐。得之(zhi)心(xin),符之(zhi)手;得之(zhi)手,符之(zhi)物。人(ren)之(zhi)有道者(zhe),莫不中道。
曰:圣人以(yi)有言(yan)有為有思(si)者(zhe),所以(yi)同乎人;未(wei)嘗(chang)言(yan)未(wei)嘗(chang)為未(wei)嘗(chang)思(si)者(zhe),所以(yi)異乎人。
曰:利害心愈(yu)明(ming),則親不睦;賢愚(yu)心愈(yu)明(ming),則友(you)不交;是非心愈(yu)明(ming),則事不成,好丑心愈(yu)明(ming),則物不契。是以圣人渾之。
曰:世之愚拙者妄援,圣人(ren)之愚拙自(zi)解。殊不知圣人(ren)時愚時明,時拙時巧。
曰:以圣(sheng)(sheng)師(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)者,賢(xian)人(ren);以賢(xian)師(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)者,圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)。蓋(gai)以圣(sheng)(sheng)師(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)者,徇(xun)跡(ji)而忘道;以賢(xian)師(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)者,反(fan)跡(ji)而合道。
曰:賢人趨上而(er)不見(jian)下,眾(zhong)人趨下而(er)不見(jian)上,圣人通乎上下,惟其(qi)宜之,豈曰離(li)賢人眾(zhong)人,別(bie)有圣人也哉(zai)。
曰(yue):天下之(zhi)(zhi)理,夫者(zhe)倡,婦者(zhe)隨,牡者(zhe)馳,牝(pin)者(zhe)逐,雄者(zhe)鳴,雌者(zhe)應。是(shi)以圣人(ren)(ren)制言行,而賢人(ren)(ren)拘之(zhi)(zhi)。
曰:圣人道(dao)雖虎變,事則鱉行,道(dao)雖絲分,事則棋布。
曰:所謂圣(sheng)人之道(dao)者,胡然(ran)孑孑爾(er)(er),胡然(ran)徹徹爾(er)(er),胡然(ran)堂堂爾(er)(er),胡然(ran)臧(zang)臧(zang)爾(er)(er)。惟其能(neng)遍偶萬(wan)物,而無一物能(neng)偶之,故(gu)能(neng)貴(gui)萬(wan)物。
曰:云之(zhi)卷舒,禽之(zhi)飛(fei)翔(xiang),皆在(zai)虛(xu)空(kong)中,所以變化不窮,圣人之(zhi)道則然。
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