王重陽祖師,祖籍京兆咸陽,是全真道開派祖師。道教尊為“重陽廣教興玄育德帝君”、“飛雨妙化天尊”等,居全真演教宮。與王玄輔祖師、鐘離權祖師、呂洞賓祖師、劉海蟾祖師合稱“北(bei)五祖”。
據《七真(zhen)年譜》、《歷世真(zhen)仙(xian)體(ti)道通鑒(jian)續(xu)編》、《金蓮正(zheng)宗(zong)仙(xian)源像傳》載,重陽祖師母(mu)親感異夢而妊,孕二十有四月乃生。宋徽宗(zong)政和二年臘月二十二降生于咸(xian)陽大(da)魏(wei)村(cun)。據《金蓮正(zheng)宗(zong)記(ji)》、《終南山神仙(xian)重陽真(zhen)人(ren)全真(zhen)教祖碑(bei)》等載,重陽祖師自(zi)幼不群,及(ji)長體(ti)貌雄偉而美須髯,眼大(da)于口,髯過于腹,倜儻尚義,不拘小節。
一、甘河遇仙掘活死人墓,焚庵東去
金正隆四(si)年,重(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)曾在(zai)終南甘河鎮遇(yu)(yu)(yu)鐘呂(lv)二祖(zu)(zu)受(shou)口訣,又(you)遇(yu)(yu)(yu)劉(liu)海蟾祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)醉(zui)敘(xu)。重(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)在(zai)“甘河遇(yu)(yu)(yu)仙”后,慨(kai)然入道,改名(ming)嚞(zhe),字知明,號(hao)重(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)。金世(shi)宗大(da)定(ding)元年,重(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)前往終南山南時(shi)村掘地為隧,名(ming)為“活死人墓(mu)”,便開始離(li)家棄俗修道。后醴泉(quan)史處厚(hou)聞得重(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)遇(yu)(yu)(yu)仙并得受(shou)秘訣,遂到終南山請求為師(shi),成為重(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)首位入門(men)弟子。
大(da)(da)定(ding)三年,重陽(yang)祖師(shi)填堵了“活死人(ren)墓”,并遷居到劉蔣(jiang)村結茅居,與和玉蟾及李(li)靈陽(yang)一起(qi)同住(zhu)修道(dao)。大(da)(da)定(ding)七年四月二十(shi)六日,重陽(yang)祖師(shi)將劉蔣(jiang)村茅庵焚(fen)毀,并向(xiang)眾人(ren)辭別說要到東海“捉馬”。在五月路過北邙山(shan)上(shang)清宮(gong)時,他在墻壁題(ti)詩云:邱譚(tan)王風捉馬劉,昆侖頂(ding)上(shang)打玉球。你還(huan)般(ban)在寰海內,嬴得三千八百籌。這預示了他將要度化邱處機、譚(tan)處端、馬鈺(yu)、劉處玄四人(ren)。
二、東海說法昆崳山傳道,普化三州
東(dong)行期(qi)間,重(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)師經過掖(ye)城(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)萊州)時收(shou)弟子劉通(tong)微(山(shan)東(dong)傳教后的首(shou)徒(tu))。閏七月十(shi)(shi)八日到(dao)寧海,開始(shi)在膠東(dong)半(ban)島傳道(dao)。首(shou)先重(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)師度化(hua)(hua)的是(shi)馬丹陽(yang)和孫不二夫婦,為度馬丹陽(yang)夫婦棄除家緣修(xiu)道(dao),通(tong)過分梨賜芋(yu)栗、重(zhong)重(zhong)入夢以天(tian)堂地獄(yu)十(shi)(shi)犯大戒罪警及(ji)送(song)贈詩(shi)詞傳達(da)教化(hua)(hua)要旨的循(xun)循(xun)誘導,終在大定八年馬丹陽(yang)祖(zu)師出家。
邱(qiu)處(chu)機祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)、譚處(chu)端祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)早在(zai)前(qian)一(yi)年已投師(shi)(shi)(shi)于重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)門下,王處(chu)一(yi)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)亦(yi)繼馬(ma)(ma)丹陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)后在(zai)同年成為重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)弟子。而馬(ma)(ma)丹陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)邀請重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)到城中(zhong)南(nan)庵(an)居住期間,旦夕與(yu)之(zhi)問(wen)道,該庵(an)被重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)題名曰“全(quan)真”。“全(quan)真”之(zhi)名,亦(yi)由此而起。
后,重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)領(ling)著馬(ma)、譚、邱(qiu)(qiu)、王四人入昆(kun)崳山(shan)石門(men)口開煙霞洞(dong)修練,三月(yue)(yue)(yue)時郝大通(tong)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)亦到昆(kun)崳山(shan)跟隨(sui)重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)出家(jia)。同(tong)年(nian)八月(yue)(yue)(yue),重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)連同(tong)五(wu)位弟(di)子(zi)遷居(ju)到文登姜實庵建立(li)(li)七寶會(hui)。大定(ding)九年(nian)四月(yue)(yue)(yue),重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)與馬(ma)、譚、邱(qiu)(qiu)、郝四位弟(di)子(zi)返回(hui)寧海郡,周伯通(tong)修建了庵堂(tang)禮請重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)居(ju)住(zhu),名曰“金蓮堂(tang)”。孫不二(er)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)則在同(tong)年(nian)五(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初五(wu)日到金蓮堂(tang)出家(jia),后又(you)(you)于八月(yue)(yue)(yue)在金蓮堂(tang)成(cheng)立(li)(li)金蓮會(hui)。九月(yue)(yue)(yue),重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)到登州(zhou)福山(shan)縣(今山(shan)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)煙臺市福山(shan)區)立(li)(li)三光(guang)會(hui),又(you)(you)于蓬萊(lai)(lai)(lai)(今山(shan)東(dong)(dong)蓬萊(lai)(lai)(lai))組織玉華(hua)會(hui)。同(tong)月(yue)(yue)(yue),重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)與馬(ma)、譚、邱(qiu)(qiu)三位弟(di)子(zi)西至萊(lai)(lai)(lai)州(zhou),度化(hua)了劉處玄(xuan)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)入道。十月(yue)(yue)(yue),又(you)(you)于掖縣成(cheng)立(li)(li)平等會(hui)。至此(ci),重陽(yang)(yang)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)在膠東(dong)(dong)半島短短兩年(nian)“普化(hua)三州(zhou),同(tong)歸(gui)五(wu)會(hui)”。
秦志安《金(jin)蓮(lian)正(zheng)宗記》載有:五會名字的關系(xi)與意涵,其榜(bang)曰(yue):竊以(yi)平等(deng)者,為(wei)道(dao)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖,清凈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源。乃金(jin)蓮(lian)玉(yu)華(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本,三(san)光七寶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗。普(pu)濟群生,遍(bian)超庶俗,銀焰充盈(ying)于(yu)(yu)八極,彩霞蒸滿于(yu)(yu)十方,人人愿吐(tu)于(yu)(yu)黃(huang)芽,比(bi)比(bi)不游(you)于(yu)(yu)黑路(lu)。玉(yu)華(hua)者,氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗;金(jin)蓮(lian)者,神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖。氣神(shen)相結,謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)仙。
三、七真演教全真道大興,萬古長春
大定(ding)十年正月(yue)初四(si),重陽(yang)祖師(shi)自(zi)知將羽化,召(zhao)集弟(di)子說“吾今赴師(shi)真(zhen)(zhen)之約矣”,并(bing)留有一頌(song)云:地肺重陽(yang)子,呼為王害風。來時長日月(yue),去后任西東。作伴云和水,為鄰虛與(yu)空(kong)。一靈真(zhen)(zhen)性在,不與(yu)眾(zhong)人同。眾(zhong)人知重陽(yang)祖師(shi)將去,皆悲慟不已。
重陽(yang)(yang)祖師(shi)(shi)羽化前,遺(yi)詩(shi)曰:一(yi)弟(di)一(yi)侄兩個(ge)兒,連(lian)予五逸做xiuchi。結(jie)(jie)為(wei)物外真親(qin)眷,擺(bai)脫(tuo)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)假(jia)合尸。周匝(za)種(zhong)(zhong)成清凈境(jing),遞相傳授紫(zi)靈(ling)枝(zhi)。山頭迸出(chu)靈(ling)華會,我趁蓬(peng)萊先禮(li)師(shi)(shi)。其中(zhong),詩(shi)中(zhong)“一(yi)弟(di)一(yi)侄兩個(ge)兒”是指馬(ma)丹陽(yang)(yang)、譚處端、邱(qiu)處機、劉(liu)處玄(xuan)四(si)人(ren)(ren)。“連(lian)予五逸做xiuchi”是指重陽(yang)(yang)祖師(shi)(shi)最后托付(fu)馬(ma)丹陽(yang)(yang)的五篇(pian)秘訣(jue)。“結(jie)(jie)為(wei)物外真親(qin)眷”以(yi)同道(dao)結(jie)(jie)為(wei)“物外親(qin)眷屬”共(gong)同修道(dao),以(yi)擺(bai)脫(tuo)世間(jian)(jian)上種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)虛幻的“人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)假(jia)合”。“周匝(za)種(zhong)(zhong)成清凈境(jing),遞相傳授紫(zi)靈(ling)枝(zhi)”期(qi)盼全真道(dao)將來道(dao)脈繁衍,“我趁蓬(peng)萊先禮(li)師(shi)(shi)”則喻意自(zi)己羽化。
重(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)羽(yu)化后(hou),馬(ma)鈺、譚處端、邱處機、劉處玄(xuan)四人把重(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)遺脫暫(zan)時安葬于(yu)(yu)孟宗獻花圃后(hou),回(hui)到(dao)終南山與和(he)德(de)瑾、李靈(ling)陽(yang)及其他重(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)的好友弟子會面。次年,四人居于(yu)(yu)劉蔣(jiang)庵(an)(今重(zhong)陽(yang)萬壽(shou)宮)并修治葬所(suo),大定十二(er)年將(jiang)重(zhong)陽(yang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)(shi)(shi)遺蛻葬于(yu)(yu)劉蔣(jiang)庵(an)。
后經過“北七(qi)真(zhen)”的演教傳道(dao),特別是邱(qiu)處(chu)機祖師的“一言止殺”,全真(zhen)道(dao)受到特別尊崇。元世祖忽(hu)必烈(lie)在至元六年敕封(feng)重(zhong)陽(yang)祖師為“重(zhong)陽(yang)全真(zhen)開(kai)(kai)化真(zhen)君”。元武(wu)宗(zong)至大(da)三年進一步加封(feng)為“重(zhong)陽(yang)全真(zhen)開(kai)(kai)化輔極帝君”。
重陽祖師誥
志心皈命禮,北宗后殿(dian),仙(xian)籍名賢。輕財好施,任強恣取。感孔孟(meng)之(zhi)不惑不動(dong),四(si)十以之(zhi)自方;樂煙霞之(zhi)棄室(shi)棄家,三洞(dong)從之(zhi)是式。自提(ti)攜得鐘(zhong)呂,乃妙(miao)悟會陰陽。甘(gan)河鎮內,心傳秘語五篇(pian);東(dong)極云中,瑞現金蓮七朵。視富若浮云,以道德(de)(de)為至(zhi)寶。四(si)世之(zhi)續音,七真之(zhi)始祖。大悲大愿(yuan),大圣大慈。重陽廣教(jiao),興玄育(yu)德(de)(de)帝(di)君,飛雨妙(miao)化天尊。
志心皈命禮,先天至圣,不朽金仙。廣垂(chui)法力,度濟愚賢。積功偉(wei)大,道法萬千。泛(fan)濫郡州,萬儒受(shou)點(dian)(dian)。宣揚(yang)道教,不辭舌尖。頑石點(dian)(dian)頭(tou),豚蛇鍛(duan)煉。七真銜賜,功蓋凌煙。位(wei)列(lie)金仙,玉清靈顯(xian)。常存慈愛(ai),照遍大干。至靈真宰,至上(shang)法嚴。垂(chui)世不朽,道范長存,全真開化(hua),重(zhong)陽帝君(jun)。
志心稱念(nian)飛雨妙化天尊,不可(ke)思議功德。
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