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道教內丹養生學“識神”的概念和表現形態

道醫 2023-06-24 18:48:56

【摘要】 內丹養(yang)生(sheng)學中的“識(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)”是相(xiang)對(dui)于“元(yuan)神(shen)(shen)”而言的,是指后天欲念(nian)、思慮以(yi)及由(you)此(ci)引發(fa)的紛(fen)亂狀態的心(xin)神(shen)(shen)。從(cong)本體論上看,識(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)有氣質說(shuo)和胞(bao)胎說(shuo)兩種,即(ji)識(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)由(you)氣質之性產(chan)生(sheng),嬰(ying)兒出(chu)生(sheng)時識(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)入竅。識(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)的表現形(xing)態為妄(wang)(wang)念(nian)和魔境。識(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)藏于心(xin)。去識(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)的方法為虛靜、去除妄(wang)(wang)念(nian)。

在道教內(nei)丹養(yang)生學(xue)看來,“識(shi)神(shen)(shen)”是和“元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)”相對的(de)一個概念。在內(nei)丹修(xiu)煉(lian)中要極力摒除識(shi)神(shen)(shen),讓元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)顯現(xian),如此才能招(zhao)攝先天之氣。一旦識(shi)神(shen)(shen)發生作用,神(shen)(shen)意就處于雜(za)亂狀態,妄念紛生,內(nei)丹修(xiu)煉(lian)也就無從展開。

1 什么是識神

“識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)”作為(wei)(wei)一個獨立(li)的(de)術語,大概最早由(you)佛教使(shi)用,指心識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、心靈(ling),后被道教內丹養生學借鑒引入。《魏書·釋老志》稱:“浮(fu)圖,或言佛陀(tuo),聲(sheng)相轉也(ye)。譯(yi)(yi)云凈覺,言滅穢(hui)成明道,為(wei)(wei)圣悟也(ye)。凡其經(jing)(jing)旨(zhi),大抵言生生之類(lei)皆因行業(ye)而(er)起,有(you)過去、當今、未來(lai),歷三世(shi),識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)常不滅也(ye)。”[1]三國時代的(de)康僧會編譯(yi)(yi)《六度集經(jing)(jing)》云:“深睹人原始,自本無生。元(yuan)氣,強者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)地,軟者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)水,暖者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)火,動者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)風,四者(zhe)和焉,識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)生焉。”[2]認為(wei)(wei)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)是由(you)地、水、火、風四者(zhe)和合而(er)生的(de)。

及至北宋,內丹家張伯端提出“欲(yu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”概(gai)念,是內丹養生學(xue)中較早使用類似術語的。其《青華秘文》云:“夫(fu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe),有(you)元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)焉(yan),有(you)欲(yu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)焉(yan)。元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe),乃(nai)先天以來(lai)一點靈光也;欲(yu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe),乃(nai)后人所染氣(qi)稟之(zhi)(zhi)性也。”[3]以“欲(yu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”與(yu)“元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”相對。南宋白(bai)玉蟾對“意”和“識(shi)”作(zuo)了(le)討論(lun),認(ren)為意多貪(tan)欲(yu)、識(shi)多愛(ai)(ai)(ai)求(qiu)(qiu)。其《修道真言》說:“夫(fu)心之(zhi)(zhi)動,非(fei)心也,意也。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)馳,非(fei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)也,識(shi)也。意多欲(yu),識(shi)多愛(ai)(ai)(ai)。去此二賊,真性圓明(ming)。不(bu)欲(yu)何貪(tan),不(bu)愛(ai)(ai)(ai)何求(qiu)(qiu)。無貪(tan)無求(qiu)(qiu),性如虛空,煩惱妄(wang)想(xiang),皆(jie)不(bu)為累。再(zai)加煉氣(qi),金丹可成,神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)仙可冀。”[4]

至明(ming)(ming)代,丹經《性(xing)(xing)(xing)命(ming)圭旨》出現了“識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)”概念,與(yu)“欲(yu)神(shen)”同義。《性(xing)(xing)(xing)命(ming)圭旨》之(zhi)“八識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歸元說”明(ming)(ming)確指稱:“蓋造化(hua)間有(you)(you)個萬古不移(yi)之(zhi)真(zhen)宰,又有(you)(you)個與(yu)時(shi)推移(yi)之(zhi)氣(qi)運。真(zhen)宰與(yu)氣(qi)運合,是謂天(tian)命(ming)之(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。天(tian)命(ming)之(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)者,元神(shen)也(ye)(ye)。氣(qi)質之(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)者,識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)儒家有(you)(you)變化(hua)氣(qi)質之(zhi)言(yan),禪宗有(you)(you)返(fan)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為智之(zhi)法。”[5]認為發現識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)容(rong)易,去(qu)除識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)困難,但(dan)無(wu)論如何,必須摒除識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen),否則(ze)修煉難有(you)(you)長進。

在內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)養生學(xue)中,“識(shi)神(shen)”是(shi)(shi)指后天欲望、欲念、思(si)慮以(yi)及由此引發的(de)(de)紛(fen)亂狀態(tai)的(de)(de)心神(shen)。這種所謂的(de)(de)紛(fen)亂狀態(tai)是(shi)(shi)相對于(yu)內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)修(xiu)煉(lian)的(de)(de)具體程序而言的(de)(de),合于(yu)當下(xia)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)修(xiu)煉(lian)狀態(tai)的(de)(de),處(chu)于(yu)澄靜無(wu)為、無(wu)思(si)無(wu)慮的(de)(de)身心態(tai),即是(shi)(shi)元神(shen);否則(ze)就是(shi)(shi)妄念,就是(shi)(shi)識(shi)神(shen)在發生作用(yong)。

識神在內丹修煉狀態下外化為妄念、雜念;在平時表現為欲念,包括眼耳鼻舌身等低層次的感官欲望,還包括抽象思維等高層次的意識。《老子》云(yun):“五色令人(ren)(ren)(ren)目盲;五音(yin)令人(ren)(ren)(ren)耳(er)聾(long);五味(wei)令人(ren)(ren)(ren)口爽(shuang);馳騁畋獵(lie)(lie),令人(ren)(ren)(ren)心發狂;難得之貨(huo),令人(ren)(ren)(ren)行妨。”[6]五色、五音(yin)、五味(wei)、田獵(lie)(lie)、貨(huo)財等(deng)所引發的欲(yu)念即屬于識神。

2 識神的本體論

本(ben)質(zhi)上(shang),內(nei)丹(dan)養生學(xue)(xue)是一門有(you)關(guan)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)健(jian)康的學(xue)(xue)問,是古人(ren)(ren)探索生命奧秘(mi)的成果,在不斷實(shi)踐的同(tong)(tong)時,歷代內(nei)丹(dan)養生者也(ye)試圖(tu)結(jie)合當時的哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)理論(lun),給內(nei)丹(dan)養生學(xue)(xue)尋找(zhao)本(ben)體(ti)(ti)論(lun)的支持,對于識神也(ye)作了(le)同(tong)(tong)樣的努力。大體(ti)(ti)而言,識神在本(ben)體(ti)(ti)論(lun)上(shang)有(you)氣質(zhi)說和胞胎說兩種。

有(you)宋一代,天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)觀念(nian)廣(guang)泛(fan)流行。北宋哲學家張載認為(wei)人(ren)有(you)天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是太虛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)本(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),是純(chun)粹至善(shan)、沒有(you)污染(ran)的(de);氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)則是人(ren)有(you)了(le)形質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后才有(you)的(de),是有(you)善(shan)有(you)惡、善(shan)惡相(xiang)混的(de),要將氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)返回到天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),即(ji)所(suo)謂“變化氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。丹經也借鑒此說,引入內丹理論,以(yi)(yi)(yi)天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與元(yuan)神(shen)相(xiang)應(ying),以(yi)(yi)(yi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與欲(yu)神(shen)相(xiang)對(dui),認為(wei)欲(yu)神(shen)即(ji)是氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。張伯(bo)端(duan)的(de)《青華秘文》云:欲(yu)神(shen)者,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也。元(yuan)神(shen)乃(nai)先(xian)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也。形而后有(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),善(shan)反之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)存焉。自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)所(suo)蔽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,如(ru)(ru)云掩月。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)雖(sui)定,先(xian)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)則無有(you)。然元(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)微(wei)而質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)彰,如(ru)(ru)君臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不明,而小人(ren)用(yong)事以(yi)(yi)(yi)蠹國也。且父(fu)母媾形而氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)于我(wo)矣(yi),將生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際而元(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)始(shi)入。父(fu)母以(yi)(yi)(yi)情(qing)而育(yu)我(wo)體(ti),故氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)每寓物而生情(qing)焉。今則徐(xu)(xu)徐(xu)(xu)鏟除。主于氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盡而本(ben)元(yuan)始(shi)見,本(ben)元(yuan)見,而后可以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)事。無他,百姓日(ri)用(yong),乃(nai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)勝本(ben)元(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。……以(yi)(yi)(yi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亦后天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也,以(yi)(yi)(yi)本(ben)元(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)乃(nai)先(xian)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)本(ben)微(wei),自(zi)(zi)(zi)生以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai),日(ri)長(chang)日(ri)盛(sheng),則日(ri)用(yong)常行,無非氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。一旦(dan)反之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi),自(zi)(zi)(zi)今以(yi)(yi)(yi)往,先(xian)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)微(wei),吾勿(wu)忘勿(wu)助長(chang),則日(ri)長(chang)日(ri)盛(sheng),至乎純(chun)熟,日(ri)月常行,無非本(ben)體(ti)矣(yi)。此得(de)先(xian)天制(zhi)后天而為(wei)用(yong)[3]。

這(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)欲神(shen)即為(wei)(wei)識神(shen),稱為(wei)(wei)氣(qi)質(zhi)之(zhi)性(xing)。認(ren)為(wei)(wei)氣(qi)質(zhi)之(zhi)性(xing)是后天之(zhi)物,必(bi)須要(yao)返(fan)(fan)回(hui)先天,返(fan)(fan)回(hui)元性(xing)、本元,元神(shen)才能(neng)出現。也就是說,人自(zi)出生后,元神(shen)、天地之(zhi)性(xing)被(bei)識神(shen)、氣(qi)質(zhi)之(zhi)性(xing)所(suo)掩蔽,要(yao)鏟除氣(qi)質(zhi)之(zhi)性(xing),方(fang)可(ke)使(shi)元神(shen)發揮功用。這(zhe)個(ge)過程也可(ke)以稱為(wei)(wei)丹家的(de)(de)“變化氣(qi)質(zhi)”。

清代丹經《梅華問答編》也有論述,認為儒家和佛家所談性宗,與道家所謂性命雙修不相違悖。佛家所言之性,謂之本來真性,即性命之本源,也就是父母未生前面目,即《太極圖說》所謂無極之真。但到了后天,“一落知識,則性體光明掩蔽,若明鏡之被塵,澄源之泥渾。將機就機,無非是識神用事,是真性之混而為氣質也。”[7]清代托名呂洞賓的扶乩書《醫道還元》也稱:“在人稟天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)靈氣以生,當其未(wei)有(you)(you)形質(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)先,五(wu)行未(wei)判,已有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點真靈,渾然(ran)(ran)居中(zhong)立(li)極,此性(xing)(xing)命合(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)初也。一(yi)(yi)(yi)自形質(zhi)(zhi)既成,五(wu)行判然(ran)(ran),而(er)性(xing)(xing)與(yu)命遂分(fen)為兩途(tu)。所以然(ran)(ran)者(zhe),五(wu)行判后(hou)(hou)(hou),則(ze)分(fen)鎮各宮,水(shui)潤下而(er)不復與(yu)火合(he),火炎上而(er)不與(yu)水(shui)交,先天之(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)火合(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi),變而(er)為后(hou)(hou)(hou)天判然(ran)(ran)兩途(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)火。后(hou)(hou)(hou)天之(zhi)(zhi)火,是(shi)(shi)人之(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)神(shen),凡一(yi)(yi)(yi)切識(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)識(shi)(shi)非(fei)(fei)、防危慮患等神(shen)明是(shi)(shi)也。后(hou)(hou)(hou)天之(zhi)(zhi)水(shui),則(ze)精(jing)津(jin)血液是(shi)(shi)也。識(shi)(shi)神(shen)盡是(shi)(shi)氣質(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing),精(jing)津(jin)血液,已屬陰濁之(zhi)(zhi)命,皆(jie)非(fei)(fei)本然(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)命之(zhi)(zhi)真。”[8]借(jie)用五(wu)行、先后(hou)(hou)(hou)天之(zhi)(zhi)說來闡(chan)述(shu)識(shi)(shi)神(shen),認為識(shi)(shi)神(shen)是(shi)(shi)氣質(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing),是(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)天的,要通過逆修(xiu)而(er)返歸于先天元始。

識神尚有胞胎(tai)之說。丹經認為識神是嬰(ying)兒出(chu)胞脫(tuo)胎(tai)的(de)時(shi)候,入于嬰(ying)兒孔竅,與元神相合,混(hun)而為一,此即識神之來因(yin)。

清代劉一明的《修真辯難》云:“后天之神,思慮之神。……男女交媾,精血融和,結為胚胎。……及其十月胎完,脫出其胞,落地之時,……后天之神亦于此而生,此神乃歷劫輪回之識神。”并稱,當嬰兒落地“哇”的一聲時,即是識神入竅之時,所以嬰兒落地,不“哇”者不能講話,就因為沒有識神入竅的緣故[9]。清代黃元吉《道德經講義》亦(yi)(yi)云:“到得(de)血肉之(zhi)(zhi)軀既成,十月胎圓,呱地(di)(di)(di)一(yi)聲,嬰兒落生(sheng)(sheng),此(ci)時(shi)識神(shen)(shen)(shen)始(shi)具(ju)。”認為識神(shen)(shen)(shen)“乃人(ren)身精靈之(zhi)(zhi)鬼,萬劫輪回種子(zi),必要五官具(ju)備,百(bai)骸育成,將降生(sheng)(sheng)落地(di)(di)(di)時(shi),然(ran)后(hou)精靈之(zhi)(zhi)魂魄方(fang)有(you)依附。古人(ren)謂‘后(hou)天識神(shen)(shen)(shen)因有(you)形魄而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)’者(zhe)也。”[10]清代李(li)西月《道(dao)竅談》說:“夫人(ren)在(zai)胞胎時(shi),只有(you)一(yi)點元氣(qi)(qi),并(bing)無呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)。及(ji)至十月胎全,脫離母腹,遂(sui)假口鼻之(zhi)(zhi)竅,外(wai)納天地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)和(he),此(ci)呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)所以由來也。于是而(er)思慮之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen)(shen),亦(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)此(ci)氣(qi)(qi)而(er)進。借家(jia)為寓,奪舍而(er)居。此(ci)神(shen)(shen)(shen)乃歷(li)劫輪回種子(zi),生(sheng)(sheng)時(shi)先來,死時(shi)先去,棄(qi)舊圖新(xin),毫無休息(xi)者(zhe)。赤(chi)子(zi)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)而(er)先哭,蓋亦(yi)(yi)默著(zhu)其輪回之(zhi)(zhi)苦也。迨其撫養(yang)漸(jian)成,識神(shen)(shen)(shen)用事,情欲纏擾,元氣(qi)(qi)日亡(wang),并(bing)使呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)刻(ke)無停息(xi),亦(yi)(yi)何慘也!”[11]

丹經認(ren)為(wei)識神(shen)(shen)是后(hou)天陰神(shen)(shen),歷萬劫而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)壞,在輪(lun)回而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)息。認(ren)為(wei)“當(dang)(dang)人生之初,識神(shen)(shen)原與元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)相合(he)。及至二八,純(chun)陽之體(ti)一(yi)破,分(fen)而(er)為(wei)二:先(xian)天氣(qi)散,后(hou)天氣(qi)發,識神(shen)(shen)用事,元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)遁藏,久而(er)純(chun)是識神(shen)(shen)當(dang)(dang)權,元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)滅跡。其不(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)能(neng)生者誰(shui)乎?”[12]丹經認(ren)為(wei)修煉識神(shen)(shen)雖(sui)然可能(neng)產生一(yi)些神(shen)(shen)通,修出一(yi)些超(chao)出常人的功(gong)能(neng),卻無法跳出三界外,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)超(chao)越生死(si)(si)輪(lun)回。

氣(qi)質說和胞胎(tai)說大概都是(shi)為識神尋找形而(er)上的理(li)論(lun)依據(ju),是(shi)否真如其言,難以考察。

3 識神的表現形態

在內(nei)丹(dan)修煉過程(cheng)中,識神(shen)(shen)是以妄念(nian)和魔(mo)境的(de)形態表現出(chu)來的(de)。在一般情況下(xia),有思慮、念(nian)頭的(de)身(shen)心態就是識神(shen)(shen),即凡有不合于內(nei)丹(dan)修煉的(de)當下(xia)身(shen)心和氣機狀態的(de)意念(nian)產生,均屬妄念(nian)生,此(ci)時就是識神(shen)(shen)在起作用。

在(zai)修(xiu)煉(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)初,如果煉(lian)(lian)己沒(mei)(mei)煉(lian)(lian)好,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)修(xiu)養(yang)自己沒(mei)(mei)到位,有(you)欲念、有(you)思慮,即(ji)使合于社會流(liu)行的(de)一般道德規范,也不足(zu)取。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會被識(shi)(shi)神所左右(you),當身(shen)中氣機(ji)充足(zu)時,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會像世間通常做的(de)那樣(yang)去交媾將(jiang)精(jing)氣泄出,或者即(ji)使不交媾也因(yin)欲念而(er)耗(hao)散(san)。清代柳華陽《金仙證(zheng)論》說:“凡思慮有(you)心(xin),總是(shi)(shi)(shi)識(shi)(shi)神用(yong)事也。世人(ren)每遇(yu)身(shen)中燕(yan)機(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)生時,不知修(xiu)煉(lian)(lian),而(er)行世法(fa),則生人(ren)矣。亦有(you)不交媾者,此暴而(er)亦耗(hao)散(san)。何故?燕(yan)既發動(dong),不得其法(fa),留(liu)歸本(ben)處,焉有(you)不順化者耶?”[13]這是(shi)(shi)(shi)說一開(kai)始入手修(xiu)煉(lian)(lian),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)先修(xiu)養(yang),消(xiao)減(jian)欲念,不讓識(shi)(shi)神起(qi)作用(yong)。

《梅華問答編》說:夫(fu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)者,非身(shen)中(zhong)肉(rou)團之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),乃虛(xu)靈(ling)不昧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也(ye)。為(wei)一(yi)(yi)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主宰,故(gu)天(tian)(tian)君泰然則百體從令矣(yi)。……若(ruo)忽起、忽滅(mie),忽善(shan)、忽惡,一(yi)(yi)刻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,無(wu)(wu)數念慮,雜亂(luan)紛紛,此(ci)妄念乃人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也(ye)。人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)即人(ren)(ren)欲,是(shi)輪回(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種子。若(ruo)起滅(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,能察其(qi)善(shan)惡,審(shen)其(qi)是(shi)非,而有(you)(you)把握(wo)在(zai)動靜事物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,辨(bian)其(qi)義利。在(zai)義者,即為(wei)天(tian)(tian)理(li);在(zai)利者,是(shi)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)欲。此(ci)天(tian)(tian)理(li)乃道(dao)(dao)(dao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也(ye)。……又有(you)(you)所(suo)謂(wei)天(tian)(tian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)者,乃天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、道(dao)(dao)(dao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)本耳!夫(fu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),一(yi)(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也(ye),何(he)有(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)、人(ren)(ren)、道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)別耶?蓋庶人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)所(suo)發,無(wu)(wu)非利欲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私,是(shi)以謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。賢(xian)人(ren)(ren)君子所(suo)發,盡是(shi)正理(li)道(dao)(dao)(dao)義,故(gu)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。若(ruo)能心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)無(wu)(wu)其(qi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),發無(wu)(wu)所(suo)發,但覺天(tian)(tian)理(li)流(liu)行,惺(xing)惺(xing)寂(ji)寂(ji),與天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)渾為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體,以天(tian)(tian)地萬(wan)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)為(wei)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),所(suo)以謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。……修道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士將聲色(se)貨(huo)利,一(yi)(yi)切障礙,掃除(chu)廓清(qing),養得此(ci)中(zhong)空空洞洞如(ru)明鏡然,至一(yi)(yi)陽來復之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),生機(ji)發動。蓋所(suo)動者,即天(tian)(tian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發見(jian)也(ye)[7]。

此(ci)處雖說有人心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、道心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與天(tian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)之分,實(shi)際上就是(shi)有念(nian)(nian)、無念(nian)(nian)的(de)區別。不管人心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)還是(shi)道心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)都屬于念(nian)(nian)慮之心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),務必要忘掉人心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、道心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),遣(qian)去一切思(si)慮,空虛其心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),才(cai)能去掉輪回種子,斷除識(shi)神用事。說到底,在實(shi)際修煉用功的(de)時刻,有念(nian)(nian)慮的(de)人心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、道心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)都屬于識(shi)神,無念(nian)(nian)的(de)天(tian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)才(cai)是(shi)元神。

當內(nei)丹修煉(lian)到較(jiao)高(gao)階段(duan)時,如果(guo)各種(zhong)(zhong)貪念(nian)、欲(yu)望(wang)未除,就(jiu)(jiu)可能(neng)以(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)魔(mo)(mo)境(jing)表現出來。如果(guo)心中(zhong)有貪財的念(nian)想,就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)被(bei)富魔(mo)(mo)誘惑;如果(guo)貪戀(lian)女色(se),就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)入于色(se)魔(mo)(mo)。對此《鐘呂傳(chuan)道集》中(zhong)有詳(xiang)論,計(ji)有六賊魔(mo)(mo)、富魔(mo)(mo)、貴魔(mo)(mo)、六情(qing)魔(mo)(mo)、恩愛(ai)魔(mo)(mo)、患(huan)難魔(mo)(mo)、圣賢魔(mo)(mo)、刀兵魔(mo)(mo)、樂魔(mo)(mo)、女色(se)魔(mo)(mo)十種(zhong)(zhong)魔(mo)(mo)境(jing)[14]。這(zhe)是一般(ban)人可能(neng)會(hui)(hui)有的貪念(nian),日常生(sheng)活中(zhong)會(hui)(hui)擾動心神,在夢(meng)中(zhong)也會(hui)(hui)出現,而當修煉(lian)到較(jiao)高(gao)層次(ci)、入靜(jing)較(jiao)深(shen)時,這(zhe)些(xie)魔(mo)(mo)境(jing)也會(hui)(hui)不同程(cheng)度地(di)出現。

丹經認為即使修到了出“陽神”的境界,如果還有識神欲念,也會顯化為天魔。明代《丹道九篇》說陽神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)在未壯健時,“如嬰兒幼(you)小,必憑乳哺,……或有天(tian)魔(mo)來試,亂(luan)我心(xin)君,故須出(chu)入謹慎,……古云:道(dao)高(gao)(gao)一(yi)尺(chi),魔(mo)高(gao)(gao)一(yi)丈。不(bu)(bu)但天(tian)魔(mo)來試道(dao)行,抑且識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)變現使然,總要保扶心(xin)君為(wei)上(shang)。”[13]如果識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)依然存在,就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能貿(mao)然將陽神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)放出(chu)去(qu),否則(ze),欲(yu)念未凈,陽神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)出(chu)去(qu)之后,見到可動(dong)心(xin)之處還(huan)會動(dong)念,容(rong)易入于魔(mo)道(dao)。黃元(yuan)(yuan)吉說:“神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)未養(yang)老,出(chu)之太(tai)早,不(bu)(bu)免見物而遷,墮入魔(mo)道(dao)而散。……有為(wei)而為(wei)者(zhe),識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)也;無(wu)為(wei)而為(wei)者(zhe),元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)也。識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)用(yong)事,元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)退(tui)聽;元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)作主,識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)悉化(hua)為(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。此理欲(yu)之關,不(bu)(bu)容(rong)并立(li)者(zhe)也。若識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)未化(hua),猶難割(ge)斷塵情,一(yi)念不(bu)(bu)謹,即墮入于生死(si)輪(lun)回也而不(bu)(bu)自知(zhi),所謂‘無(wu)量劫來生死(si)種,癡(chi)人喚作本來人’是也。”[10]

丹經認為在(zai)入靜(jing)中(zhong)所產生的(de)(de)各種景象(xiang)(xiang)、魔境(jing)都是由識(shi)(shi)神(shen)化(hua)現(xian)的(de)(de),由于(yu)安靜(jing)了(le)而變化(hua)種種形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang),擾亂(luan)心(xin)(xin)神(shen)。元(yuan)代王志(zhi)謹《盤山語(yu)錄》明確地說(shuo):“修行(xing)之人(ren)靜(jing)中(zhong)境(jing)界(jie)甚(shen)有多(duo)般(ban),皆由自己識(shi)(shi)神(shen)所化(hua),因靜(jing)而現(xian),誘引心(xin)(xin)君。……心(xin)(xin)欲遣識(shi)(shi),識(shi)(shi)神(shen)尚在(zai),便化(hua)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang),神(shen)頭(tou)鬼面,惑亂(luan)心(xin)(xin)主。”[15]清代《唱道真言》也說(shuo):“初(chu)學(xue)的(de)(de)人(ren)日日在(zai)動(dong)中(zhong)顛(dian)倒,才(cai)上蒲(pu)團,六根俱寂(ji),識(shi)(shi)神(shen)閑而無用,彼不耐靜(jing),自然作孽起來,神(shen)頭(tou)鬼面,種種現(xian)前(qian)。”[16]

因此,丹經認為識神(shen)的(de)摒除要貫穿于(yu)內丹修煉(lian)的(de)全過程(cheng),否(fou)則,就會以妄(wang)念、魔境的(de)形式不(bu)斷顯現。

4 識神藏于心

中醫認為心主(zhu)神(shen)明(ming),心藏神(shen)。主(zhu)張“心者,君主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)也,神(shen)明(ming)出焉。……故主(zhu)明(ming)則下安,以(yi)此養生則壽,歿世不(bu)殆,以(yi)為天下則大昌。主(zhu)不(bu)明(ming)則十(shi)二官(guan)危,使(shi)道閉塞(sai)而(er)(er)不(bu)通,形乃大傷,以(yi)此養生則殃。”[17]認為心是生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本、神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)。《靈樞(shu)·本神(shen)》說:“所以(yi)任物者謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,心有所憶謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),意(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所存謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志,因(yin)志而(er)(er)存變(bian)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思,因(yin)思而(er)(er)遠慕謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慮,因(yin)慮而(er)(er)處物謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智。”[18]而(er)(er)儒家孟子也說:“心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)則思。”[19]

道教內丹養(yang)生學提出不同看法,認為(wei)元神并不藏于(yu)心(xin),而是(shi)居于(yu)頭部泥丸宮;居于(yu)血(xue)(xue)肉(rou)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)的是(shi)識神,即識神藏于(yu)下部的血(xue)(xue)肉(rou)心(xin)臟之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。

約出于(yu)魏晉(jin)的(de)《太(tai)上(shang)老君(jun)(jun)內(nei)觀(guan)(guan)經(jing)》云:“太(tai)一帝君(jun)(jun)在(zai)頭(tou),曰泥(ni)丸君(jun)(jun),總眾(zhong)神(shen)也(ye)。”[20]宋(song)代曾慥編集的(de)《道樞》云:“天谷者(zhe),泥(ni)丸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宮也(ye)。……斯(si)元(yuan)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)也(ye),谷神(shen)真(zhen)一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至靈(ling)者(zhe)也(ye)。”[21]李時珍(zhen)《本草綱目(mu)》也(ye)認為腦為元(yuan)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu),其(qi)稱:“肺(fei)開竅(qiao)于(yu)鼻(bi),而(er)(er)陽明胃脈環鼻(bi)而(er)(er)上(shang)行。腦為元(yuan)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu),而(er)(er)鼻(bi)為命門之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)竅(qiao)。人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中氣不足,清(qing)陽不升,則頭(tou)為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傾(qing),九(jiu)竅(qiao)為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不利(li)。辛(xin)夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辛(xin)溫(wen)走(zou)氣而(er)(er)入肺(fei),其(qi)體輕(qing)浮,能助胃中清(qing)陽上(shang)行通(tong)于(yu)天,所以(yi)能溫(wen)中,治頭(tou)面目(mu)鼻(bi)九(jiu)竅(qiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病。”[22]李時珍(zhen)曾作《奇(qi)經(jing)八脈考》,這里“腦為元(yuan)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)”的(de)觀(guan)(guan)點有可能來自道教內(nei)丹(dan)養生(sheng)學,而(er)(er)非西洋醫(yi)學。

清代(dai)丹經(jing)《太乙金華宗旨》則明確指稱識(shi)神(shen)居于(yu)心(xin)(xin)的部位。其(qi)言:“凡人投胎時(shi),元神(shen)居方寸,而識(shi)神(shen)則居下(xia)(xia)心(xin)(xin)。下(xia)(xia)面血肉心(xin)(xin),形如大桃,有(you)肺(fei)以(yi)覆翼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),肝佐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大小腸承之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),假如一日不食,心(xin)(xin)上(shang)便大不自(zi)在,以(yi)致聞驚(jing)則跳,聞怒則悶,見(jian)死亡(wang)則悲,見(jian)美色(se)則眩,頭(tou)上(shang)何嘗微微些(xie)兒動。……下(xia)(xia)識(shi)心(xin)(xin),如強藩悍將,欺天(tian)君(jun)孤立,便遙執紀綱,久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太阿倒置矣(yi)。”[23]這里的“方寸”指頭(tou)頂泥丸宮,認為(wei)識(shi)神(shen)居于(yu)胸(xiong)內心(xin)(xin)臟處(chu),而各種欲(yu)念、情(qing)緒(xu)都與下(xia)(xia)面的心(xin)(xin)臟有(you)關(guan),即與識(shi)神(shen)有(you)關(guan)。而中醫也認為(wei)心(xin)(xin)主情(qing)志,故(gu)識(shi)神(shen)與情(qing)感(gan)大有(you)關(guan)聯。

近代中(zhong)(zhong)醫學家張錫純受道(dao)教內丹理論影響頗深,他(ta)(ta)本(ben)人也(ye)(ye)借(jie)鑒(jian)內丹修煉方法(fa),練習小周天,認同元神(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)、識(shi)神(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)心的觀點。他(ta)(ta)在(zai)(zai)《醫學衷(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)參(can)西錄》中(zhong)(zhong)說:“自(zi)古養生(sheng)之(zhi)家,皆以腦(nao)(nao)(nao)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)為元神(shen)(shen),心中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)為識(shi)神(shen)(shen),元神(shen)(shen)者(zhe)無(wu)思無(wu)慮(lv),自(zi)然(ran)(ran)虛靈也(ye)(ye);識(shi)神(shen)(shen)者(zhe)有(you)思有(you)慮(lv),靈而不虛也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)(ran)其所注重者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)中(zhong)(zhong)元神(shen)(shen),不在(zai)(zai)心中(zhong)(zhong)識(shi)神(shen)(shen)。”[24]他(ta)(ta)還將這種理論應用到臨床實踐中(zhong)(zhong),并借(jie)用西方生(sheng)理學來說明(ming)(ming)心腦(nao)(nao)(nao)之(zhi)間有(you)通路(lu),認為心有(you)四(si)支血管通于腦(nao)(nao)(nao),神(shen)(shen)明(ming)(ming)可以往(wang)來于心腦(nao)(nao)(nao),心腦(nao)(nao)(nao)息息相通,其神(shen)(shen)明(ming)(ming)自(zi)湛然(ran)(ran)長(chang)醒。

5 去識神的方法

在內丹養生學看來,元神是神的本體狀態、平靜狀態、本然狀態,就像平靜的大海一樣。識神是神的紛亂狀態。去識神的方法主要是虛靜、去除妄念,在打坐的時候無欲無念。道家一直強調虛靜,《老子》說:“致虛極,守靜篤。”[6]《莊子》也(ye)說:“夫虛靜恬淡、寂漠無為者,萬物之(zhi)本也(ye)。”[25]都強(qiang)調(diao)虛靜無為,《莊(zhuang)子》還(huan)提(ti)出“心齋”、“坐(zuo)忘”等摒除欲念的方法。

后世(shi)的道(dao)教內丹(dan)養生學承(cheng)繼道(dao)家的傳統,認為若(ruo)求長生,必須找到元神。《金丹(dan)四百字·序》即有明(ming)言(yan):“煉(lian)神者,煉(lian)元神,非心意念慮之(zhi)神。”[26]

要(yao)得元神(shen)(shen)(shen),必(bi)去(qu)識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)塵(chen)封遮(zhe)蔽(bi)。同時(shi),認為(wei)這個過程(cheng)不是一(yi)蹴即就(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de),會(hui)有一(yi)個練習的(de)(de)過程(cheng)。由(you)于元神(shen)(shen)(shen)被識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)所(suo)遮(zhe)蔽(bi),就(jiu)(jiu)像明鏡(jing)為(wei)塵(chen)垢久封,所(suo)以要(yao)勤加(jia)磨洗。在(zai)找尋元神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)時(shi)候,要(yao)平心靜(jing)氣(qi),以平常心等待元神(shen)(shen)(shen)出現,不可急躁;否(fou)則,一(yi)急躁,雜念就(jiu)(jiu)起來(lai)了(le),就(jiu)(jiu)屬(shu)于識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)了(le)。黃元吉認為(wei)不能安靜(jing)打(da)坐(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因之(zhi)一(yi),是由(you)于打(da)坐(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)前沒有將應該(gai)處(chu)(chu)理應酬(chou)的(de)(de)事情(qing)想清楚,打(da)坐(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)時(shi)候就(jiu)(jiu)被這些事情(qing)牽掛著,這些都是識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen),因此,他說:“由(you)于未坐(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)時(shi),未曾將日(ri)間(jian)所(suo)當應酬(chou)之(zhi)事,如(ru)何(he)區處(chu)(chu),如(ru)何(he)分付后(hou)人(ren),一(yi)一(yi)想透,故上榻時(shi),此心即為(wei)塵(chen)情(qing)牽掛,坐(zuo)(zuo)不終局也。非惟不能終局,且一(yi)段真(zhen)機(ji)反為(wei)思慮(lv)識(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)牽引而(er)去(qu)者多矣。諸(zhu)子打(da)坐(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)初,務于當行之(zhi)事,一(yi)一(yi)想過,安頓妥貼,然后(hou)就(jiu)(jiu)坐(zuo)(zuo),庶一(yi)心一(yi)德(de),不致于中攪擾焉。”[10-19]

最關鍵的(de)是(shi)修煉(lian)之(zhi)時須要(yao)無(wu)念,無(wu)惡念亦(yi)無(wu)善念,無(wu)憂慮(lv)也(ye)(ye)無(wu)思想,如此,才可能使識神(shen)(shen)退(tui)位、元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)出現。張錫純(chun)對此也(ye)(ye)有(you)闡述(shu),他(ta)(ta)說:“愚生(sheng)平訪道,幸(xing)遇(yu)良師益友指示法門,而生(sheng)平得力之(zhi)處,不(bu)敢自秘,……夫(fu)靜坐(zuo)之(zhi)功,當凝(ning)(ning)神(shen)(shen)入氣(qi)穴,人之(zhi)所(suo)共知也(ye)(ye)。然所(suo)謂神(shen)(shen)者,實有(you)元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)、識神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)別(bie)。……靜坐(zuo)者,當其凝(ning)(ning)神(shen)(shen)入氣(qi)穴時,宜(yi)(yi)用腦中(zhong)之(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen),不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)用心中(zhong)之(zhi)識神(shen)(shen)。蓋用識神(shen)(shen)則(ze)工夫(fu)落(luo)于后天(tian),不(bu)能返虛入渾,實有(you)著(zhu)跡象之(zhi)弊。……用元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)則(ze)工夫(fu)純(chun)置先天(tian),有(you)光(guang)明下(xia)濟(ji)、無(wu)心成化之(zhi)妙。元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen)者腦中(zhong)無(wu)念之(zhi)正覺(jue)也(ye)(ye)”。[24]他(ta)(ta)特別(bie)強(qiang)調識神(shen)(shen)是(shi)從心中(zhong)發出來(lai)的(de),凝(ning)(ning)神(shen)(shen)修煉(lian)時要(yao)用腦中(zhong)元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)(shen),不(bu)用心中(zhong)識神(shen)(shen)。

值得(de)一提的是,百歲老人大(da)(da)多數(shu)都樂觀開(kai)朗,萬事想得(de)開(kai),知(zhi)足常(chang)樂,隨遇而(er)安(an),整天心(xin)(xin)平氣(qi)和(he),對生(sheng)死(si)看得(de)開(kai),也不刻意追求長壽(shou),大(da)(da)概暗合(he)去識神、無(wu)思無(wu)慮的身(shen)心(xin)(xin)態(tai),所謂心(xin)(xin)境靜時(shi)身(shen)亦(yi)靜,從而(er)起到了非(fei)常(chang)好的養生(sheng)養身(shen)的功效。

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