作者:楊(yang)臺(tai)春(chun)(研究(jiu)員)
根據(ju)《陰符經》“天生天殺,道(dao)之(zhi)理(li)也”的(de)思想(xiang),剖析(xi)道(dao)與盜(dao),三才與三盜(dao),五(wu)(wu)行與五(wu)(wu)賊(zei)的(de)內在聯系,提(ti)出(chu)認盜(dao)識賊(zei)是此經的(de)核(he)心;修煉(lian)就是要反奪天地之(zhi)生氣,逆取造化。此為修煉(lian)之(zhi)樞要。
《黃帝陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》舊名《陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)》、《陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《鬼谷子(zi)陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《太公(gong)陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)》、《周書陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)》等。六朝及唐(tang)朝開(kai)始加“黃(huang)帝(di)”二字,稱為《黃(huang)帝(di)陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)》。在明代編輯《正(zheng)統道(dao)藏》時,將(jiang)所收錄的各家注(zhu)本統一改稱為《黃(huang)帝(di)陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》,此名即沿用至今(jin)。(以下稱《陰(yin)(yin)符(fu)(fu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》,經(jing)(jing)(jing)文附后)
《陰符經》是一部重要的典籍,曾經作為道家、兵家、醫家、縱橫家等的本經,而且歷代都受到人們重視。他們認為,認真學習和領悟此經,并待“機”而動,可以神仙抱一,位列仙班;可以治國安民,成就王道;又可以強兵戰勝,所向披靡;而失其宜,則喪國殞身。唐·皮日休即言此經:“不測似陰陽,難名若鬼神。得之升高天,失之沉厚地。”(《讀陰符經詩》)宋·高似孫稱此經“鑿天之奧,泄神之謀”(《子略》)。歐陽詢、褚遂良、陳子昂等抄寫過此經;李荃、李靖、焦竑、葛洪、王道淵、侯善淵、蹇昌辰、黃居真、伍照一、劉處玄等大德和高道名真均為之作過注;朱熹除化名崆峒道士鄒欣以作注外,還撰寫《陰符經考異》;書志上亦載有曹操、諸葛亮等人作過的注。宋·鄭樵《通志·藝文略》中所載此經書目有39種之多;《正統道藏》收錄有關《陰符經》的著作,包括此經的經文、集注、經注、經疏等亦達33種。修真的羽客們認為此經與《道德經》同是(shi)達真詮、成正(zheng)果的(de)(de)鑰匙。張伯端即贊曰:“《陰符》寶字(zi)逾(yu)三百,《道(dao)德(de)》靈文滿五(wu)千,今古(gu)上(shang)仙無限(xian)數,盡從此(ci)處(chu)達真詮”。(《悟真篇(pian)》)《重陽(yang)真人金(jin)關玉鎖訣》對此(ci)經(jing)的(de)(de)評價也(ye)很高:“昔日老君(jun)煉金(jin)木水(shui)火(huo)土,留(liu)下三乘妙言,行(xing)行(xing)滅罪,句句長生(sheng)”,但(dan)認(ren)為此(ci)經(jing)的(de)(de)作者是(shi)李(li)老君(jun)。《陰符經(jing)》認(ren)為,天道(dao)與(yu)人道(dao)同根(gen)一炁,有陰符暗合(he)(he)之(zhi)理,故以(yi)(yi)“陰符”名之(zhi)。唐·李(li)荃對此(ci)經(jing)名稱(cheng)的(de)(de)解釋也(ye)是(shi)從天機與(yu)人事(shi)“闇(an)也(ye)”與(yu)“合(he)(he)也(ye)”入(ru)手的(de)(de):“陰,闇(an)也(ye)。符,合(he)(he)也(ye)。天機闇(an)合(he)(he)于行(xing)事(shi)之(zhi)機,故曰陰符。”(《黃帝陰符經(jing)疏(shu)》)它雖以(yi)(yi)“經(jing)”相稱(cheng),文字(zi)亦較古(gu)老,但(dan)貫穿著(zhu)樸素的(de)(de)唯物論和辯證法,處(chu)處(chu)閃爍著(zhu)東(dong)方(fang)智慧的(de)(de)光輝。本文從醫家,重點從養生(sheng)學與(yu)修煉的(de)(de)角度,從陰陽(yang)、三才、五(wu)行(xing)入(ru)手,探討(tao)此(ci)經(jing)天人合(he)(he)一、天人相應、人參天地的(de)(de)思(si)想和以(yi)(yi)此(ci)為基礎所(suo)倡導的(de)(de)修煉方(fang)法。
關于天道
《陰符經》開(kai)宗(zong)明義地指(zhi)出(chu):“觀(guan)天之道(dao),執天之行。盡矣!”
觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan):格物致(zhi)之(zhi),認(ren)真觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)察,借鑒(jian)、鑒(jian)戒,極(ji)深研究(jiu),心領神會,觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心,反觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內省(sheng),觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)照,回光返(fan)照,不隱不瞞,形成(cheng)正確的(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)點、觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念,以(yi)及利(li)用(yong)“神機鬼藏”的(de)(de)八卦甲子認(ren)識天(tian)道,等等,均(jun)為(wei)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。執(zhi):專心致(zhi)志,無過不及,身(shen)體力(li)行(xing)(xing),愈久(jiu)愈力(li),始終如一均(jun)為(wei)執(zhi)(黃光華(hua)、一了(le)子《中(zhong)國氣(qi)功十大名(ming)著(zhu)講解·黃帝陰符經》)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)執(zhi)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de):是為(wei)我所(suo)用(yong)。態度是非常(chang)積極(ji)、主動的(de)(de)。人們(men)應該對天(tian)道進行(xing)(xing)認(ren)真的(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)察、研究(jiu),直到(dao)心領神會、徹悟,掌握其(qi)運動變化的(de)(de)規律;再按照規律辦事,專心致(zhi)志、身(shen)體力(li)行(xing)(xing)。即:觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)天(tian)道無為(wei)之(zhi)功,頓(dun)悟也,所(suo)以(yi)了(le)性;執(zhi)天(tian)行(xing)(xing)有(you)為(wei)之(zhi)學(xue),漸修(xiu)也。頓(dun)悟與漸修(xiu)相結合,改造主觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)世(shi)界和客觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)世(shi)界。
什麼是天道呢?老子認(ren)為,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自然之(zhi)道(dao)。“人(ren)法(fa)地,地法(fa)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法(fa)道(dao),道(dao)法(fa)自然”,而(er)(er)且天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)“生(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(私)有(you),為而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(自)恃(shi),長而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(主)宰”。(《老子》二十五章(zhang)、五十一章(zhang))孔子講,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)四(si)時(shi),讓萬物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)化(hua)的(de)(de)力量。“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)何言(yan)哉(zai)?四(si)時(shi)行(xing)焉,萬物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)焉。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)何言(yan)哉(zai)!”(《論語(yu)·陽(yang)貨》)《陰符經(jing)》與他(ta)們的(de)(de)觀點不(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)一樣。它既談(tan)生(sheng)(sheng)又談(tan)死(si)(si)和(he)殺,更(geng)直言(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)諱地講:“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)殺,道(dao)之(zhi)理(li)也(ye)!”此(ci)經(jing)認(ren)為,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)最突出(chu)的(de)(de)表現就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)殺”。其實,生(sheng)(sheng)與死(si)(si),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)與天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)殺,是(shi)(shi)(shi)很平常的(de)(de)事情,在(zai)此(ci)之(zhi)前地球上大(da)約(yue)已經(jing)有(you)850億人(ren)出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)、存活、亡故。(楊文衡《易(yi)學與生(sheng)(sheng)態環境》)又以人(ren)體(ti)為例,我們在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)代謝(生(sheng)(sheng))的(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),也(ye)進(jin)行(xing)著分解代謝(死(si)(si));在(zai)新(xin)(xin)細胞生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(生(sheng)(sheng))的(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),也(ye)有(you)衰(shuai)老細胞壞死(si)(si)、分解(死(si)(si));在(zai)骨骼(ge)中(zhong)既有(you)成(cheng)(cheng)骨細胞活動以形成(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)骨骼(ge)(生(sheng)(sheng)),同(tong)時(shi)又有(you)破骨細胞活動破壞一些不(bu)(bu)(bu)起作(zuo)用的(de)(de)骨骼(ge)(死(si)(si))。可見(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)與死(si)(si)和(he)我們是(shi)(shi)(shi)相伴而(er)(er)行(xing)的(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)很普遍的(de)(de)想象(xiang),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)回避(bi)的(de)(de)事實。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu),包括人(ren)類的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)死(si)(si)過程還(huan)將(jiang)繼續(xu)下去(qu),萬古不(bu)(bu)(bu)變!
天(tian)(tian)道(dao)的(de)核心是(shi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)變化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。《黃帝內經·素問(wen)·陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)印(yin)象大(da)論》講:“陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)者,天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綱紀,變化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父母,生(sheng)(sheng)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本始,神明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府也,治病必求于(yu)本。”董仲舒認為(wei),一(yi)(yi)氣(qi)流行、陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)陽(yang)消(xiao)長,陽(yang)主生(sheng)(sheng)發(fa),陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)主肅殺(sha),“陽(yang)為(wei)德(de),陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)刑(xing)”,“陽(yang),天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de);陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)也”。(《春秋繁露(lu)·王(wang)道(dao)通三》)“春氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)百物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆(jie)(jie)出,夏氣(qi)養(yang)而(er)(er)百物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆(jie)(jie)長,秋氣(qi)殺(sha)而(er)(er)百物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆(jie)(jie)死(si),冬氣(qi)收而(er)(er)百物(wu)(wu)(wu)皆(jie)(jie)藏。是(shi)故(gu)唯天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)而(er)(er)精,出入無(wu)形,而(er)(er)物(wu)(wu)(wu)莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)應”。(《循天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)》)即是(shi)說,一(yi)(yi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)一(yi)(yi)陽(yang)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)(yi)殺(sha)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理。天(tian)(tian)道(dao)決定了世間(jian)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)都尊從生(sheng)(sheng)、長、化、收、藏的(de)規(gui)律,在人便表現為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)、長、壯、老、死(si)。就像天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu),隨后(hou)又(you)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)曰“盜(dao)”(能取而(er)(er)害(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂盜(dao))。生(sheng)(sheng)與死(si),是(shi)自(zi)然法(fa)則,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)古(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)變。所以,《老子》(第五(wu)章)講,“天(tian)(tian)地不(bu)(bu)(bu)仁,以萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)芻狗”。《陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)符經》也講,“天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)恩(en)”、“天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至私(si)”。正因為(wei)有(you)此(ci)無(wu)恩(en)、至私(si)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)仁的(de)天(tian)(tian)道(dao),才有(you)活(huo)活(huo)潑潑,生(sheng)(sheng)化不(bu)(bu)(bu)已的(de)世界。故(gu)謂“天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)恩(en)而(er)(er)大(da)恩(en)生(sheng)(sheng)”,“天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至私(si),用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至公。禽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制在炁(氣(qi))”。
關于“道”和“盜”
請注意,“觀(guan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,執天(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)。盡矣(yi)”這句話(hua)是(shi)此經第一(yi)章(zhang),“神仙抱一(yi)演道章(zhang)”的(de)(de)開篇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,緊接(jie)著便(bian)話(hua)鋒(feng)一(yi)轉,圍(wei)繞(rao)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)殺(sha)(sha)(sha),道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理也(ye)”,不加掩飾地(di)(di)大談盜、賊(zei)(zei)(zei)、生(sheng)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)與殺(sha)(sha)(sha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。等等。此經將五(wu)行(xing)(木、火、土、金、水)比作“五(wu)賊(zei)(zei)(zei)”,聲(sheng)言認識它(ta)、了解它(ta)、心領神會,就能(neng)把握宇宙(zhou)運動變化的(de)(de)規(gui)律(lv),并反過來施(shi)行(xing)于天(tian)(tian)(tian),在(zai)自身及周圍(wei)就會出現很多非同尋常的(de)(de)變化。“天(tian)(tian)(tian)有(you)(you)五(wu)賊(zei)(zei)(zei),見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)昌。五(wu)賊(zei)(zei)(zei)在(zai)心,施(shi)行(xing)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)。宇宙(zhou)在(zai)乎手,萬化生(sheng)乎身”。此經又將三(san)才(cai)(天(tian)(tian)(tian)、地(di)(di)、人(ren)(ren))稱為“三(san)盜”,三(san)盜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間不僅有(you)(you)相(xiang)互盜取的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi),也(ye)有(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)伐的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。經文講:“天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di),萬物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜;萬物(wu)(wu),人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜;人(ren)(ren),萬物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜也(ye)”。又直陳他們發出“殺(sha)(sha)(sha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)情況與結果(guo):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)發殺(sha)(sha)(sha)機(ji)(ji)(ji),移星易(yi)宿;地(di)(di)發殺(sha)(sha)(sha)機(ji)(ji)(ji),龍蛇(she)起(qi)陸(lu);人(ren)(ren)發殺(sha)(sha)(sha)機(ji)(ji)(ji),天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)翻覆。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(地(di)(di))人(ren)(ren)合發,萬化定基!”(后(hou)文還(huan)要討論(lun))并強調(diao)指出,通(tong)過在(zai)適當時機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)盜取與殺(sha)(sha)(sha)伐,最后(hou)有(you)(you)可(ke)能(neng)達(da)到(dao)理想(xiang)的(de)(de)結果(guo),即是(shi)“三(san)盜既宜,三(san)才(cai)既安。”
筆(bi)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei),“盜(dao)”與“天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)(tian)殺(sha),道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)理也”是(shi)(shi)(shi)非常重要(yao)的(de)提示。此經(jing)(jing)(jing)清清楚楚地(di)提醒(xing)修(xiu)煉者(zhe),天(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)除生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)息之(zhi)(zhi)外,還不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷地(di)“盜(dao)取(qu)”人(ren)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氣,使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能免于(yu)死亡;為(wei)此還使(shi)用了(le)奸、禍、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殺(sha)與殺(sha)機(ji),以(yi)(yi)(yi)及機(ji)、時(shi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)克、伏藏等眾多(duo)(duo)觸目驚心(xin)(xin)的(de)名相,言(yan)(yan)(yan)出其它(ta)大多(duo)(duo)數經(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)未言(yan)(yan)(yan)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)《陰(yin)符經(jing)(jing)(jing)》大不(bu)(bu)(bu)同于(yu)其它(ta)經(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)的(de)地(di)方;在“神仙(xian)(xian)抱一(yi)演道(dao)(dao)章”開篇(pian)就(jiu)這(zhe)(zhe)么講,更有其不(bu)(bu)(bu)同尋常之(zhi)(zhi)處,是(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)明(ming)白白地(di)提醒(xing)修(xiu)煉者(zhe),要(yao)實現“神仙(xian)(xian)抱一(yi)”應該如(ru)(ru)何“演道(dao)(dao)”。換(huan)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi),《陰(yin)符經(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)核心(xin)(xin),在于(yu)認盜(dao)識賊;搞明(ming)白這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)核心(xin)(xin),全經(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)奧妙(miao)便迎刃而解了(le)。再來(lai)細(xi)細(xi)地(di)研究和(he)品讀這(zhe)(zhe)第一(yi)句(ju),可否認為(wei),在“觀天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),執(zhi)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)行。盡矣!”的(de)“道(dao)(dao)”字的(de)背后,是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)隱(yin)含著(zhu)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)“盜(dao)”字呢(ni)?“道(dao)(dao)”和(he)“盜(dao)”之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也存在著(zhu)陰(yin)符暗合的(de)關系呢(ni)?是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)而將這(zhe)(zhe)句(ju)話(hua)想(xiang)象成(cheng)“觀天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)‘盜(dao)’,執(zhi)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)行。盡矣”呢(ni)?結(jie)合上下文來(lai)看(kan)(kan),“道(dao)(dao)”與“盜(dao)”之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)存在著(zhu)深(shen)刻(ke)的(de)內在的(de)聯系,似乎可以(yi)(yi)(yi)將這(zhe)(zhe)句(ju)話(hua)看(kan)(kan)成(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)為(wei)主,道(dao)(dao)與盜(dao)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)互換(huan)的(de)。既然(ran)“天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)(tian)殺(sha)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)理,修(xiu)煉者(zhe)就(jiu)要(yao)設(she)法躲過“天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)(tian)殺(sha)”之(zhi)(zhi)劫。不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)而喻,為(wei)了(le)達到“見之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)昌”與“萬(wan)化定基”的(de)目的(de),如(ru)(ru)何認識和(he)掌握這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)“盜(dao)賊”就(jiu)很重要(yao)了(le)。
須(xu)知(zhi)(zhi),盜(dao)(dao)(dao)賊(zei)有(you)兩方面(mian)的(de)意(yi)思:一是偷(tou)盜(dao)(dao)(dao),二是反奪(duo)。如上述,天(tian)(tian)地和(he)(he)(he)萬物“不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)地‘盜(dao)(dao)(dao)取’人(ren)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)”,屬(shu)于(yu)前(qian)者(zhe);而(er)(er)另(ling)一方面(mian),從養生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)修煉(lian)的(de)角(jiao)度(du)而(er)(er)言,需要(yao)認識(shi)、掌握,并“施行(xing)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)”的(de)這個(ge)“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)”,不(bu)(bu)是偷(tou)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao),而(er)(er)是“反奪(duo)”的(de)意(yi)思。此經告訴修煉(lian)者(zhe),要(yao)從死(si)里(li)求(qiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),返老還童,復歸于(yu)嬰(ying)兒,就要(yao)反奪(duo)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi),逆(ni)取造(zao)化。此為(wei)修煉(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樞要(yao)!經文(wen)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)和(he)(he)(he)昌、殺和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、巧和(he)(he)(he)拙、動和(he)(he)(he)靜、神(shen)和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)神(shen)、固躬(gong)和(he)(he)(he)輕命、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)死(si)、無恩(en)和(he)(he)(he)大(da)恩(en)、至私和(he)(he)(he)至公、恩(en)和(he)(he)(he)害,等等,都(dou)是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殺予奪(duo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機,互為(wei)根據。修煉(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)掌握樞要(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,潛心修煉(lian),便能(neng)化不(bu)(bu)利因素為(wei)有(you)利因素,進而(er)(er)能(neng)夠死(si)里(li)求(qiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),害里(li)求(qiu)恩(en),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)已,化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無窮(qiong),達(da)到(dao)長生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)久(jiu)視的(de)理(li)想的(de)境界。(田誠陽《道經知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)寶典》第三(san)章)知(zhi)(zhi)此修煉(lian),謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圣人(ren)。
關于“五賊”
中(zhong)國的(de)先(xian)(xian)民們通過仰觀俯察(cha),發現(xian)世間(jian)萬(wan)物均由五(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同性質(zhi)、不(bu)同體用的(de)物質(zhi)構成,稱(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)”,即水(shui)火木(mu)金土(tu)。《尚書·洪范》便講(jiang):“五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing):一(yi)曰(yue)水(shui),二曰(yue)火,三曰(yue)木(mu),四曰(yue)金,五(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)土(tu)”,先(xian)(xian)民們的(de)認識進一(yi)步深化(hua),將五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)的(de)概念與自然界種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang),如味(wei)道、色彩(cai)、方位、季節、過程等(deng)相對應(ying)(ying);又和(he)人體的(de)臟腑(fu)、五(wu)(wu)(wu)官、五(wu)(wu)(wu)體和(he)五(wu)(wu)(wu)志等(deng)相對應(ying)(ying),形(xing)成了(le)一(yi)個很大(da)的(de)系統(tong)。(見表1)《黃帝內經·素問·陰陽應(ying)(ying)象(xiang)大(da)論》對五(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)與臟腑(fu)、音(yin)(yin)(yin)樂、聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)變(bian)動(dong)的(de)關系也進行(xing)了(le)描述:肝(gan)木(mu)在(zai)(zai)音(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)角,在(zai)(zai)聲(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)呼,在(zai)(zai)變(bian)動(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)握。心(xin)火在(zai)(zai)音(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)征在(zai)(zai)聲(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)笑,在(zai)(zai)變(bian)動(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)憂。脾土(tu)在(zai)(zai)音(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮在(zai)(zai)聲(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)歌(ge),在(zai)(zai)變(bian)動(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噦。肺金在(zai)(zai)音(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商在(zai)(zai)聲(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)悲,在(zai)(zai)變(bian)動(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)咳。腎水(shui)在(zai)(zai)音(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)羽,在(zai)(zai)聲(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)呻,在(zai)(zai)變(bian)動(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)栗。
天(tian)以(yi)陰(yin)(yin)陽五(wu)行化(hua)生(sheng)萬物。氣以(yi)成形,人稟受此氣,以(yi)生(sheng)以(yi)長(chang),五(wu)行本來(lai)是渾(hun)然一(yi)體的(de)。但(dan)經十(shi)月懷胎而成形,陽極生(sheng)陰(yin)(yin)而呱呱墜地,先(xian)天(tian)入于(yu)后天(tian),五(wu)行遂(sui)不(bu)能再和合而相(xiang)互分離,各一(yi)其性,雖(sui)有(you)相(xiang)生(sheng),也有(you)相(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)而自相(xiang)賊害(hai)。相(xiang)生(sheng)即木(mu)生(sheng)火(huo)(huo)、火(huo)(huo)生(sheng)土、土生(sheng)金(jin)、金(jin)生(sheng)水(shui)、水(shui)生(sheng)木(mu);相(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)即木(mu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)土、土克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)水(shui)、水(shui)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)火(huo)(huo)、火(huo)(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)金(jin)、金(jin)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)木(mu)。
進(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)可(ke)(ke)以推(tui)導出(chu),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間也(ye)(ye)存在著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)我(wo)(wo)(wo)、我(wo)(wo)(wo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和克(ke)(ke)(ke)我(wo)(wo)(wo)、我(wo)(wo)(wo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系。如(ru),以火(huo)為(wei)(wei)例,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)我(wo)(wo)(wo)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)木(mu),我(wo)(wo)(wo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)土(tu);克(ke)(ke)(ke)我(wo)(wo)(wo)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)水,我(wo)(wo)(wo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。余類(lei)推(tui)。《陰符經》明(ming)(ming)確地(di)講:世間萬(wan)物(wu)莫(mo)不(bu)在五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)滅滅,所(suo)以此經也(ye)(ye)將五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)視為(wei)(wei)“盜賊(zei)(zei)”。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke),就(jiu)是相(xiang)(xiang)互為(wei)(wei)賊(zei)(zei),換而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),木(mu)為(wei)(wei)土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)(zei)、土(tu)為(wei)(wei)水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)(zei)、水為(wei)(wei)火(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)(zei)、火(huo)為(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)(zei)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)為(wei)(wei)木(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)(zei)。至于(yu)(yu)“火(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)木(mu),禍發(fa)必克(ke)(ke)(ke)”這(zhe)(zhe)句話(hua),是認識(shi)與克(ke)(ke)(ke)服(fu)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賊(zei)(zei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑰匙。為(wei)(wei)此,需要(yao)弄清楚五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與殺(sha)(死)、害與恩、相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辯證關(guan)系。相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(施(shi)“恩”),在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)存在著(zhu)(zhu)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消耗,最(zui)后(hou),我(wo)(wo)(wo)與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)我(wo)(wo)(wo)者(zhe)同(tong)歸于(yu)(yu)盡(jin)(jin),我(wo)(wo)(wo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)亦不(bu)能(neng)正(zheng)常進(jin)行(xing)(xing),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鏈(lian)條因而(er)(er)(er)(er)斷裂,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)終(zhong)結了!最(zui)典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)便(bian)是木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火(huo),在發(fa)光發(fa)熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),也(ye)(ye)伴隨著(zhu)(zhu)木(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耗損(sun),最(zui)終(zhong),木(mu)盡(jin)(jin)火(huo)滅,火(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)亦不(bu)能(neng)正(zheng)常進(jin)行(xing)(xing)!余可(ke)(ke)類(lei)推(tui)。反(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),相(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(加(jia)(jia)“害”),雖有抑制,但(dan)得以保全,可(ke)(ke)見克(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)是克(ke)(ke)(ke)服(fu)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賊(zei)(zei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)辦法(fa)。按(an)此相(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,顛倒五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing),逆施(shi)造化(hua)(hua),使五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用不(bu)在一(yi)般意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)而(er)(er)(er)(er)在于(yu)(yu)適當克(ke)(ke)(ke)制,減(jian)少不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消耗,積(ji)少成(cheng)(cheng)多,從量變(bian)(bian)到質變(bian)(bian),就(jiu)能(neng)在新的(de)(de)(de)(de)、更高的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎和層次(ci)上生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)更加(jia)(jia)活(huo)潑、更加(jia)(jia)深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)克(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系:金(jin)(jin)(jin)克(ke)(ke)(ke)木(mu),木(mu)反(fan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)器(qi);木(mu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)土(tu),土(tu)反(fan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)繁榮(rong),草木(mu)豐茂,避免荒漠(mo)化(hua)(hua)和水土(tu)流失;土(tu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)水,使水有序流動而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)致(zhi)泛濫成(cheng)(cheng)災,且能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)功用;水克(ke)(ke)(ke)火(huo),使火(huo)不(bu)過(guo)燥,產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)應(ying)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)功用而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)致(zhi)蔓延成(cheng)(cheng)災;火(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)金(jin)(jin)(jin),使金(jin)(jin)(jin)千錘百煉,具有新的(de)(de)(de)(de)性質和作用。克(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賊(zei)(zei)”即(ji)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)寶(bao)。其間,既(ji)沒有萬(wan)馬脫韁似的(de)(de)(de)(de)水流,也(ye)(ye)沒有明(ming)(ming)亮(liang)耀眼、熱氣襲人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)光,不(bu)顯山、不(bu)露水地(di)便(bian)達(da)到返本還原,昌(chang)(chang)盛長(chang)存。如(ru)前所(suo)述,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)克(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律既(ji)能(neng)被我(wo)(wo)(wo)們認識(shi),進(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)掌握天道的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律而(er)(er)(er)(er)執之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),修(xiu)煉者(zhe)便(bian)應(ying)該潛心調服(fu)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賊(zei)(zei)”,將喜(xi)、怒、悲、思、恐五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)志轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)仁、義、禮、智、信(xin)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)德,于(yu)(yu)是就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以把握天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua),便(bian)可(ke)(ke)成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)功德,進(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)達(da)到天人(ren)合一(yi),天人(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying),人(ren)參天地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)境界(jie),所(suo)以經文講,“天有五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賊(zei)(zei),見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)昌(chang)(chang)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賊(zei)(zei)在心,施(shi)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)天。宇宙在乎手,萬(wan)化(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)乎身(shen)”。須知(zhi),萬(wan)化(hua)(hua)雖多,仍不(bu)出(chu)一(yi)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,凈化(hua)(hua)身(shen)心,方可(ke)(ke)達(da)到養生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)修(xiu)煉的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高境界(jie)。
顛倒五行的理論對后世有較大的影響,現以《無根樹》的顛倒理論和《周易參同契》的“五行錯王”,“逆運五行,以成丹道”的(de)理論以及(ji)晉·嵇康的(de)摒除“五難”以登(deng)壽域(yu)的(de)思想(xiang)予(yu)以說明。
內丹理論認為,人(ren)身五臟(zang)五行之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),如果聽(ting)其自然順行,則液化(hua)為血(xue),血(xue)化(hua)為精(jing)(jing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),流溢于外(wai),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)竭(jie)精(jing)(jing)涸則身亡。丹道乃用逆(ni)轉顛(dian)倒之(zhi)法,“五行錯王”之(zhi)術,逆(ni)施造化(hua),使(shi)精(jing)(jing)化(hua)為氣(qi)(qi)(qi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)為神,神化(hua)為虛(xu),虛(xu)歸無(wu)(wu)極(ji),則可(ke)長生(sheng)而不滅。《無(wu)(wu)根樹(shu)》便講(jiang)道:“順為凡,逆(ni)為仙(xian),只(zhi)在中(zhong)間(jian)顛(dian)倒顛(dian)。”李涵虛(xu)注:“仙(xian)凡相似,只(zhi)是(shi)凡人(ren)用順,仙(xian)家用逆(ni)耳。……中(zhong)間(jian)顛(dian)倒,先要知逆(ni)字妙用。人(ren)能知逆(ni),則金(jin)木鉛(qian)汞皆在其中(zhong),陰陽(yang)乾坤盡行顛(dian)倒,而且有等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)殊勝的事(shi)情發生(sheng),皆回旋(xuan)于逆(ni)字之(zhi)內,得藥還丹,片(pian)晌可(ke)期也。”
“五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)錯王”內煉(lian)方法(fa)之大要,也(ye)是(shi)逆運五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing),以成(cheng)丹(dan)道(dao)(dao)。“五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)錯王,相(xiang)據(ju)以生(sheng)(sheng),火性銷金(jin),金(jin)伐木(mu)(mu)(mu)榮。”俞琰注:“金(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)水,木(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)火,此(ci)常道(dao)(dao)之順五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。今以丹(dan)法(fa)言之,則木(mu)(mu)(mu)與火為(wei)侶,火反生(sheng)(sheng)木(mu)(mu)(mu);金(jin)與水合處(chu),水反生(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)。故(gu)曰‘五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)錯王,相(xiang)據(ju)以生(sheng)(sheng)’也(ye)。”朱(zhu)元育(yu)注:“常道(dao)(dao)之順五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing),俱從順生(sheng)(sheng),如金(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)水,木(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)火之類。順流無制,必至(zhi)精(jing)氣耗散,去死不遠,生(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)轉作(zuo)殺機(ji),所謂‘生(sheng)(sheng)者死之根(gen)’也(ye)。丹(dan)道(dao)(dao)之五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing),全用逆轉,……水火互藏,金(jin)木(mu)(mu)(mu)顛倒,方得歸根(gen)復命(ming),劫外(wai)長存,殺機(ji)轉作(zuo)生(sheng)(sheng)機(ji),所謂‘死者生(sheng)(sheng)之根(gen)’也(ye)。故(gu)曰‘五(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)錯王,相(xiang)據(ju)以生(sheng)(sheng)。’”(《周易參同契闡幽》)
嵇康認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),過(guo)度的欲(yu)望,會明顯地損(sun)傷身(shen)體,故欲(yu)勝則身(shen)枯,順欲(yu)者美其名曰“厚生”,其結果(guo),只能(neng)是“殺(sha)生”。他將影響壽命的因素(su)歸納為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“五(wu)難(nan)(nan)(nan)”,即(ji)“名利(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)去為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一難(nan)(nan)(nan);喜(xi)怒(nu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)除,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二難(nan)(nan)(nan);聲色不(bu)(bu)(bu)去為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三難(nan)(nan)(nan);滋(zi)味不(bu)(bu)(bu)絕為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四難(nan)(nan)(nan);神(shen)慮轉發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)難(nan)(nan)(nan)也。”摒除此五(wu)難(nan)(nan)(nan),才能(neng)登壽域。“五(wu)者無于(yu)胸中(zhong),則信(xin)順日濟,玄德日全(quan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)祈(qi)喜(xi)而有福,不(bu)(bu)(bu)求壽而自延。此養(yang)生大理之(zhi)所效(xiao)也。”所以養(yang)生的根本(ben)在于(yu)“修性(xing)以保神(shen),安心以全(quan)身(shen),愛(ai)憎(zeng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)棲于(yu)情,憂喜(xi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)留于(yu)意,泊然無感,而體氣(qi)和平。”(《養(yang)生論》)
關于“三盜”
天(tian)(tian)、地(di)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)被稱為(wei)三才(cai)。天(tian)(tian)雖然生(sheng)(sheng)萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu),但無(wu)地(di)卻不能(neng)(neng)(neng)養萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu);而(er)(er)地(di)通(tong)過(guo)萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)對人(ren)(ren)(ren)的衣食住(zhu)(zhu)行而(er)(er)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)作用。天(tian)(tian)地(di)、萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)三者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間亦存在著相(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)殺(sha)的關系。萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)天(tian)(tian)地(di)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)長,故(gu)稱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)”。人(ren)(ren)(ren)從萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)得(de)到衣食住(zhu)(zhu)行,還破壞環(huan)境,形(xing)同竊取一般,亦稱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)”。萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)有賴于人(ren)(ren)(ren)氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)養而(er)(er)存其性,還能(neng)(neng)(neng)造成災害(hai),如水災火災,戕害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類,故(gu)也(ye)“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)”人(ren)(ren)(ren)。天(tian)(tian)地(di)雖然讓萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)化化,最后卻毫無(wu)例(li)外地(di)將他(ta)們通(tong)通(tong)歸于滅亡(wang),更是(shi)大“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行為(wei)。“天(tian)(tian)地(di)萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao),萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao),人(ren)(ren)(ren)萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)”。天(tian)(tian)發(fa)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji)的時(shi)候(hou),天(tian)(tian)上星宿的位置發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)移動;地(di)發(fa)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji)的時(shi)候(hou),陸地(di)上的龍(long)蛇也(ye)會驚得(de)跑(pao)起來(lai);人(ren)(ren)(ren)發(fa)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji)的時(shi)候(hou),體內的小(xiao)天(tian)(tian)地(di)也(ye)會顛倒反(fan)復(fu)(fu)。“天(tian)(tian)發(fa)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji),移星易宿;地(di)發(fa)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji),龍(long)蛇起陸;人(ren)(ren)(ren)發(fa)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji),天(tian)(tian)地(di)翻(fan)覆”。陽主(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)發(fa),陰(yin)(yin)(yin)主(zhu)(zhu)肅(su)殺(sha)。發(fa)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji),即生(sheng)(sheng)殺(sha)變化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)。陰(yin)(yin)(yin)肅(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣,可以造成傷(shang)害(hai)與(yu)(yu)肅(su)殺(sha)。然而(er)(er),無(wu)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)陽,非殺(sha)無(wu)以衛生(sheng)(sheng),故(gu)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji)一發(fa),則(ze)星宿移轉,斗柄回寅(yin),周而(er)(er)復(fu)(fu)始。地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殺(sha)機(ji)(ji)一發(fa),則(ze)剝極而(er)(er)復(fu)(fu),龍(long)蛇起陸,靜極生(sheng)(sheng)動。而(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren),自(zi)有一個小(xiao)天(tian)(tian)地(di),一個小(xiao)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽,如果能(neng)(neng)(neng)法天(tian)(tian)則(ze)地(di),便能(neng)(neng)(neng)使陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽五(wu)行顛倒而(er)(er)形(xing)成天(tian)(tian)地(di)交泰(tai)。因為(wei),“人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)若與(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)心(xin)齊,顛倒陰(yin)(yin)(yin)陽只片時(shi)”,天(tian)(tian)時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)事合而(er)(er)一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)變化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根基(ji)即于此(ci)而(er)(er)定矣。這就是(shi)“天(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合發(fa),萬(wan)(wan)化定基(ji)”。與(yu)(yu)儒家中(zhong)庸所謂(wei)“致中(zhong)和,天(tian)(tian)地(di)位焉,萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)育焉”的意思相(xiang)(xiang)近(jin)。
黃元吉認為,“天(tian)(tian)人(ren)合(he)(he)(he)發”實為天(tian)(tian)人(ren)感(gan)應、天(tian)(tian)人(ren)感(gan)通、天(tian)(tian)人(ren)合(he)(he)(he)一,是(shi)(shi)玄關一竅(qiao)開通,使修煉者(zhe)與先天(tian)(tian)一氣溝通,其(qi)極處(chu)便是(shi)(shi)與道合(he)(he)(he)一。“‘何謂天(tian)(tian)人(ren)合(he)(he)(he)發’?從無知無覺時,是(shi)(shi)純(chun)乎(hu)天(tian)(tian)不雜以人(ren);忽焉有(you)知有(you)覺處(chu),是(shi)(shi)純(chun)乎(hu)人(ren)亦不離以天(tian)(tian),故(gu)曰天(tian)(tian)人(ren)合(he)(he)(he)發。如此(ci)天(tian)(tian)人(ren)合(he)(he)(he)一,始是(shi)(shi)真陽(yang),可以為丹母者(zhe)。”(《清·黃元吉養生靜功心法(fa)注釋》)
老子講,“人(ren)法(fa)地,地法(fa)天(tian),天(tian)法(fa)道(dao)(dao),道(dao)(dao)法(fa)自(zi)(zi)然”,即是講,人(ren)、地、天(tian)和道(dao)(dao),均(jun)法(fa)自(zi)(zi)然,以自(zi)(zi)然為(wei)最(zui)高準則。天(tian)賦之性,即天(tian)性是按(an)照自(zi)(zi)然規(gui)律(lv)發揮作用(yong)的;人(ren)心(xin)也應該順應自(zi)(zi)然規(gui)律(lv)而起作用(yong)。所以說,人(ren)得天(tian)地之道(dao)(dao)以為(wei)性,雖然以心(xin)為(wei)樞機(ji),但此機(ji)不能(neng)妄發,必(bi)須(xu)順應自(zi)(zi)然的規(gui)律(lv)而動。這正是人(ren)安(an)定之道(dao)(dao),此即“三盜既(ji)宜,三才既(ji)安(an)。故曰:食其(qi)時,百骸理(li);動其(qi)機(ji),萬化(hua)安(an)”。
通(tong)(tong)過以(yi)上敘述,可否認為(wei)(wei),此經將(jiang)道與(yu)(yu)盜、五行與(yu)(yu)五賊、三(san)才與(yu)(yu)三(san)盜不加掩飾地相(xiang)提(ti)并(bing)論,還使(shi)用了諸(zhu)多觸目驚心的(de)名(ming)相(xiang),其主要(yao)目的(de)大概是(shi)想提(ti)醒(xing)修煉者,要(yao)將(jiang)這些名(ming)相(xiang)及它們的(de)種種表現通(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)看(kan)破(po),進而(er)跳出(chu)它們的(de)束縛,真正像無(wu)為(wei)(wei)的(de)天(tian)道那樣,按照(zhao)規(gui)律,自自然然地做(zuo)人,自自在(zai)在(zai)地做(zuo)事,自然而(er)然地修煉;無(wu)為(wei)(wei)而(er)無(wu)不為(wei)(wei)。所以(yi)《悟真篇》也講(jiang):“三(san)才相(xiang)盜食其時,此是(shi)神仙道德機(ji)。萬化既安諸(zhu)慮(lv)息,百骸俱理證無(wu)為(wei)(wei)。”
顛(dian)倒(dao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行理論(lun)的(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)的(de)內涵,就是(shi)(shi)要(yao)減少不必要(yao)的(de)損耗,如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)才(cai)能不斷地(di)化五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賊為五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)寶,這大概相(xiang)當(dang)于老子講(jiang)的(de)“莫如(ru)(ru)(ru)嗇”;注意,千萬不要(yao)用有為法的(de)眼光來看待顛(dian)倒(dao)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行的(de)理論(lun),須知(zhi),必須至虛極,守靜篤,歸(gui)根復(fu)命,真正(zheng)觀天道之無為,執而行之。佛經(jing)也(ye)講(jiang):“一(yi)切有為法,如(ru)(ru)(ru)夢(meng)幻泡影,如(ru)(ru)(ru)露亦如(ru)(ru)(ru)電,當(dang)作如(ru)(ru)(ru)是(shi)(shi)觀。”(《金剛經(jing)》)對三才(cai)的(de)理論(lun)也(ye)可參考,照此(ci)辦理。
機(ji)是很重要的(de)。如前(qian)述,經文中例舉了不(bu)(bu)(bu)少互為(wei)根據(ju)的(de)生(sheng)殺(sha)(sha)予(yu)奪(duo)之(zhi)機(ji)。修(xiu)煉者不(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)要認(ren)識機(ji),更要把(ba)握機(ji);前(qian)已述及(ji),如果(guo)搞得不(bu)(bu)(bu)好,就可(ke)(ke)能出偏差(cha),“而失其宜(yi),則喪國殞身”。該如何(he)把(ba)握呢?筆者以為(wei),掌握這個機(ji)的(de)關(guan)鍵是適(shi)度:首(shou)先,應該自然(ran)而然(ran),勿忘勿助;其次,度要在賊和(he)(he)(he)昌、殺(sha)(sha)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)、巧(qiao)和(he)(he)(he)拙、動和(he)(he)(he)靜、神(shen)和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)神(shen)、固躬和(he)(he)(he)輕命、生(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)死、無(wu)恩(en)和(he)(he)(he)大恩(en)、至私和(he)(he)(he)至公、恩(en)和(he)(he)(he)害(hai)等等之(zhi)間尋找(zhao)、體會(hui)、捉摸。換而言之(zhi),度在有(you)意(yi)無(wu)意(yi)之(zhi)間,方能取(qu)舍(she)適(shi)當(dang),應當(dang)做到:不(bu)(bu)(bu)取(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)舍(she),既取(qu)又舍(she);似(si)取(qu)非取(qu),似(si)舍(she)非舍(she)。成(cheng)都(dou)文殊院(yuan)有(you)一(yi)副對聯:“教(jiao)有(you)萬法(fa),體性(xing)無(wu)殊,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)取(qu)法(fa)舍(she)法(fa)非法(fa)非非法(fa);佛本(ben)一(yi)乘(cheng),根源自別,故說(shuo)下乘(cheng)中乘(cheng)上(shang)乘(cheng)上(shang)上(shang)乘(cheng)”。其上(shang)聯所(suo)講的(de)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)取(qu)法(fa)舍(she)法(fa)”大概適(shi)合對度的(de)體會(hui)和(he)(he)(he)把(ba)握,可(ke)(ke)以作參考。
有一位哲人曾經講過:“天(tian)下之事,惟忘(wang)機可(ke)以(yi)消(xiao)眾(zhong)機,惟懵懂可(ke)以(yi)拔不祥。”忘(wang)記(ji)陰(yin)陽、三才、五行吧,忘(wang)記(ji)這些(xie)機以(yi)及眾(zhong)多(duo)的名相(xiang)吧,請在恍兮(xi)惚兮(xi)、惚兮(xi)恍兮(xi)之中去(qu)體會(hui)、感悟(wu)天(tian)地(di)萬物和人生的真諦(di)!
破除迷信正確認識和把握人生
《陰(yin)符經(jing)》闡述了天人合一、天人相應、人參天地(di)的思想,又指(zhi)出人不應該只是(shi)(shi)(shi)消極地(di)順應自然。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)基于(yu)對人自身(shen)的存在、構造(zao)、活動的深刻認識,形(xing)成以(yi)人為本的強(qiang)調人參天地(di)的積(ji)極能動的人文主(zhu)義世(shi)界觀。人是(shi)(shi)(shi)小宇宙,正如孟(meng)夫子所言(yan),“萬物皆備(bei)于(yu)我矣(yi),反身(shen)而誠,樂莫大(da)焉”。(《孟(meng)子》)這是(shi)(shi)(shi)人所以(yi)能上(shang)參天地(di),下化萬物的依據(ju)。
人(ren)(ren)要上參天(tian)地(di)(di)、下化(hua)(hua)(hua)萬(wan)物(wu),發(fa)揮自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能動作用(yong),就必(bi)須破除迷信。從古到(dao)今,不(bu)少人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)神(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度來(lai)(lai)對(dui)待天(tian)地(di)(di)萬(wan)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造化(hua)(hua)(hua),并將(jiang)掌(zhang)握造化(hua)(hua)(hua)知(zhi)識和(he)技能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)當成神(shen)靈(ling),頂禮膜拜;以(yi)(yi)愚昧落后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭腦(nao)來(lai)(lai)猜測(ce)這(zhe)些“神(shen)靈(ling)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)和(he)成就,又對(dui)他們(men)抱(bao)有(you)不(bu)切實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幻想和(he)期待。這(zhe)些都(dou)是愚笨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),對(dui)人(ren)(ren)參天(tian)地(di)(di)是有(you)害無益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是去(qu)探究(jiu)天(tian)地(di)(di)萬(wan)物(wu)造化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律(lv),不(bu)神(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)掌(zhang)握這(zhe)些規律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),將(jiang)他們(men)視為(wei)圣(sheng)(sheng)賢(哲人(ren)(ren)、智者、覺悟者),以(yi)(yi)智慧來(lai)(lai)衡(heng)量他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成就,以(yi)(yi)平常心來(lai)(lai)對(dui)待他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)境界。《陰(yin)符經》講:“愚人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)天(tian)地(di)(di)文理圣(sheng)(sheng),我以(yi)(yi)時物(wu)文理哲。人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)愚虞(yu)(yu)圣(sheng)(sheng),我以(yi)(yi)不(bu)愚虞(yu)(yu)圣(sheng)(sheng)。人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)奇期圣(sheng)(sheng),我以(yi)(yi)不(bu)奇期圣(sheng)(sheng)”。這(zhe)種崇尚自(zi)然(ran),探究(jiu)其(qi)規律(lv)執(zhi)而行(xing)之,不(bu)違背自(zi)然(ran)規律(lv),對(dui)神(shen)靈(ling)、鬼(gui)怪(guai)之說不(bu)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(同“子不(bu)語(yu)怪(guai)力亂(luan)神(shen)”(《論(lun)語(yu)》)很相(xiang)似(si)),是中華(hua)優秀文化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳統中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精華(hua),應當努力繼承、發(fa)揚光(guang)大。
修煉,實際上是由淺入深,由低級到高級的自我調控的過程。一般認為,道家修煉的結果是長生久視、返樸歸真、天人合一。為此,在日常生活中,應當“法于陰陽和于術數,食飲有節,起居有常,不妄勞作。”達到“形與神俱而終其天年,度百歲乃去”。(《黃帝內經·素問·上古天真論》)。要調整好心態,降服其心。《黃帝內經·素問·靈蘭秘典》就明確地講,人的身體,包括五臟六腑是一個有機的整體,但心是君主之官,主神明,發揮主要的調控作用。主明則五臟六腑和諧,身體健康,能長壽,以此治理天下則大昌;反之,會全身失調,疾病叢生,用以治天下,則宗廟江山危矣。當引以為戒。“主明則下安,以此養生則壽,歿世不殆,以為天下則大昌;主不明則十二官危,使道閉塞而不通,形乃大傷,以此養生則殃,以為天下者,其宗大危,戒之戒之!”在修煉時則要有博大的胸懷,注意做到“生而不(私)有,為而不(自)恃,長而不(主)宰”,既精進又不執著,以德為本,體道懷德,重德、守德、有德、修德、積德;從上到下,從內到外都要像嬰兒那樣純樸自然、天真無邪、毫無雜念:“載營魄抱一,能無離乎?專氣致柔,能嬰兒乎?滌除玄覽,能無疵乎?”(《老子》第十章)才能進入修煉的高層次。同時排除外來的和內生的干涉(受邪),人的九竅均能受邪,其中眼、耳、口是主要的受邪之處,“九竅之邪,在乎三要”。“三要”之中,又以目為最,“心生于物,死于物,機在目”。所以,必須戒目收心,無邪妄動,讓后天之神(意識)伏藏,“性有巧拙,可以伏藏”。否則著空執相,追求神異,是不會有大作為的,甚至有害無益。反之,如果“致虛極、守靜篤”(《老子》第十六章),便能“性住氣自回,氣回丹自結,壺中配坎離。……通明造化機”。(呂洞賓《百字碑(bei)》)即,采鴻蒙未(wei)判之(zhi)氣以為(wei)丹田,圣(sheng)功(gong)由(you)此(ci)而(er)生,大成就由(you)此(ci)而(er)出,真如自(zi)性顯現,非(fei)色(se)非(fei)空(kong)至無而(er)實則(ze)萬象森列(lie)。果能如是(shi),不(bu)追(zhui)求(qiu)神(shen)異反而(er)能通明天(tian)地(di)造化。“人知其神(shen)而(er)神(shen),不(bu)知不(bu)神(shen)而(er)所(suo)以神(shen)也(ye)”。
虛(xu)極(ji)靜(jing)篤、返樸歸真(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)下(xia),修(xiu)煉(lian)者可能(neng)會獲得(de)(de)“象(xiang)”、“物”、“精(jing)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)“信(xin)息(xi)”。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)都是(shi)真(zhen)(zhen)真(zhen)(zhen)切(qie)切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感受和(he)(he)(he)體驗(yan):“孔德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong),唯(wei)(wei)(wei)道是(shi)從。道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為物,唯(wei)(wei)(wei)恍(huang)(huang)(huang)唯(wei)(wei)(wei)惚。惚兮(xi)(xi)恍(huang)(huang)(huang)兮(xi)(xi),其(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)象(xiang);恍(huang)(huang)(huang)兮(xi)(xi)惚兮(xi)(xi),其(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)物;窈兮(xi)(xi)冥兮(xi)(xi),其(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)精(jing);其(qi)精(jing)甚真(zhen)(zhen),其(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)信(xin)。自古(gu)及今,其(qi)名不去!”(《老子》第二(er)十(shi)一(yi)章)換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),通(tong)過(guo)“致虛(xu)極(ji)、守靜(jing)篤”,進入(ru)“虛(xu)壹而(er)靜(jing),謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)清明(ming)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai),便(bian)能(neng)“坐于室而(er)觀四(si)海,處于今而(er)論久遠”。(《荀子·解(jie)蔽篇》)這(zhe)(zhe)很可能(neng)就會使修(xiu)煉(lian)者獲得(de)(de)某些(xie)(xie)特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧和(he)(he)(he)信(xin)息(xi),獲得(de)(de)宇宙的(de)(de)(de)(de)某些(xie)(xie)特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧和(he)(he)(he)信(xin)息(xi)。此(ci)(ci)時,如果(guo)關注心理學中的(de)(de)(de)(de)“集體無(wu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)”,是(shi)很有(you)(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。弗洛伊德(de)認為,人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)是(shi)比意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)廣闊得(de)(de)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領域——人(ren)所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue)、經歷、記憶、信(xin)息(xi)都儲藏在這(zhe)(zhe)(大(da)腦!)里;無(wu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)當(dang)中還(huan)繼承了(le)(le)祖祖輩(bei)輩(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經歷和(he)(he)(he)信(xin)息(xi),錄入(ru)了(le)(le)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史,濃(nong)縮(suo)了(le)(le)整個宇宙的(de)(de)(de)(de)演化史。人(ren)腦本身便(bian)是(shi)宇宙信(xin)息(xi)和(he)(he)(he)智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)天然(ran)寶庫,在一(yi)定(ding)條件下(xia),便(bian)能(neng)顯現出來成為意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi),能(neng)被(bei)人(ren)自己(ji)所認識(shi)。顯然(ran),將進入(ru)“恍(huang)(huang)(huang)兮(xi)(xi)惚兮(xi)(xi)”,“窈兮(xi)(xi)冥兮(xi)(xi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)以及此(ci)(ci)時獲得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體驗(yan)和(he)(he)(he)感受,同進入(ru)“集體無(wu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)”及其(qi)心理活動之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)哪(na)些(xie)(xie)聯系、能(neng)不能(neng)畫等號,還(huan)需要做很多(duo)工作才(cai)能(neng)弄清楚,但是(shi)為積(ji)累資料(liao)、深化認識(shi),對二(er)者進行比較(jiao)和(he)(he)(he)研究是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)必要和(he)(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
《陰符經》對(dui)八卦、甲子是很推崇的,認為它們(men)是自(zi)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道的模式(shi),是圣(sheng)人創造出來闡述自(zi)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道的工具(奇器),“是故圣(sheng)人知自(zi)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道不可違,因而制之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。“八卦甲子,神(shen)機鬼藏,陰陽(yang)相勝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術(shu),昭昭乎進乎象矣”。這同孔夫子的說法(fa)“以通(tong)神(shen)明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,以類萬物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)”。(《周(zhou)易·系辭(ci)·下傳》)是很一致的。
客觀地(di)講,《陰(yin)符經(jing)》仍有不(bu)足(zu)之處:雖然從(cong)(cong)宏觀上(shang)把握了(le)(le)天(tian)道(dao)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)的(de)關(guan)(guan)系、陰(yin)陽(yang)五行(xing)(xing)與(yu)修(xiu)煉的(de)關(guan)(guan)系,但其敘述(shu)(shu)(shu)簡略,且(qie)須有明師指導,方能體會“顛(dian)倒陰(yin)陽(yang)”、“顛(dian)倒五行(xing)(xing)”和(he)(he)“發(fa)(fa)殺機”之說(shuo)(shuo)。等(deng)等(deng)。如前述(shu)(shu)(shu),文(wen)字較古老。另外(wai),關(guan)(guan)于(yu)該經(jing)成書年代(dai)和(he)(he)作者說(shuo)(shuo)法較多,尚無定論。但是,瑕不(bu)掩(yan)瑜,《陰(yin)符經(jing)》倡(chang)導的(de)崇尚自(zi)然,要(yao)求(qiu)探究(jiu)自(zi)然規律執而行(xing)(xing)之;倡(chang)導的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)天(tian)地(di)精神相往來(lai),人(ren)(ren)(ren)參天(tian)地(di);倡(chang)導的(de)“宇宙在乎手,萬化(hua)生乎身(shen)”。等(deng)等(deng),都顯示出(chu)中(zhong)華優(you)秀傳統文(wen)化(hua)特有的(de)氣質(zhi)和(he)(he)雄偉的(de)氣魄。《陰(yin)符經(jing)》從(cong)(cong)樸素唯物論和(he)(he)辯(bian)證法的(de)角度,闡(chan)述(shu)(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)天(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)一,天(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)相應,人(ren)(ren)(ren)參天(tian)地(di)的(de)思(si)想(xiang),應當認真繼承和(he)(he)在當代(dai)條件下發(fa)(fa)揚光大。如前述(shu)(shu)(shu),《陰(yin)符經(jing)》講的(de)“天(tian)性,人(ren)(ren)(ren)也。人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin),機也”,說(shuo)(shuo)明在人(ren)(ren)(ren)參天(tian)地(di)的(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong),人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)起著重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)樞機作用。在修(xiu)煉中(zhong)“調心(xin)(xin)”是很重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)。顯然,在人(ren)(ren)(ren)體科學和(he)(he)修(xiu)道(dao)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)研究(jiu)中(zhong),對腦(nao)和(he)(he)“五臟”的(de)研究(jiu)應該擺在重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)位置上(shang)。
小結
1、根據《陰符經(jing)》“天(tian)生天(tian)殺(sha),道之理也”的(de)思想,對道與盜、三才與三盜,五行(xing)(xing)與五賊(zei)的(de)內在聯系進行(xing)(xing)剖析;提出認盜識賊(zei),是此經(jing)的(de)核心。
2、修煉的(de)途徑(jing),就是(shi)要(yao)掌握時機,顛倒(dao)陰陽(yang)五行,反奪天地之生氣,逆取造化。此為修煉之樞要(yao),所以(yi)經文講:“知之修煉,謂之圣人(ren)”。
3、要注意,掌握(wo)機必須適度;這個(ge)度,在(zai)有意無(wu)意之間(jian)、在(zai)取舍之間(jian)體會。修(xiu)煉者不要執(zhi)著于種(zhong)種(zhong)名相,要真正像無(wu)為的天道那樣(yang),按(an)照規律,自自然(ran)(ran)然(ran)(ran)地做人(ren),自自在(zai)在(zai)地做事,自然(ran)(ran)而然(ran)(ran)地修(xiu)煉;無(wu)為而無(wu)不為。
4、要破除(chu)迷信,正確(que)認識和把握人生。
陰符經
上卷
神仙抱一演道章
觀天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)道,執(zhi)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)行(xing),盡矣。天(tian)(tian)有(you)五(wu)賊,見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)者昌(chang)。五(wu)賊在心,施行(xing)于天(tian)(tian)。宇(yu)宙在乎手,萬(wan)化(hua)生乎身。天(tian)(tian)性,人(ren)(ren)也,人(ren)(ren)心,機(ji)(ji)也。立(li)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)道,以定(ding)人(ren)(ren)也。天(tian)(tian)發殺(sha)機(ji)(ji),移星易宿;地發殺(sha)機(ji)(ji),龍蛇(she)起陸;人(ren)(ren)發殺(sha)機(ji)(ji),天(tian)(tian)地反覆。天(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)合發,萬(wan)化(hua)定(ding)基。性有(you)巧拙(zhuo),可以伏藏。九(jiu)竅之(zhi)(zhi)邪(xie),在乎三要,可以動靜。火生于木,禍發必(bi)克,奸生于國,時動必(bi)潰。知之(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)煉,謂之(zhi)(zhi)圣人(ren)(ren)。
中卷
富國安民演法章
天(tian)生天(tian)殺,道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理也(ye)。天(tian)地(di),萬物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao);萬物,人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao);人(ren),萬物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)。三盜(dao)既(ji)宜,三才(cai)既(ji)安(an)。故(gu)曰:“食其(qi)時,百骸理;動其(qi)機,萬化安(an)。”人(ren)知(zhi)其(qi)神而神,不知(zhi)不神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以神也(ye)。日月有數,大小有定,圣功生焉,神明(ming)出焉。其(qi)盜(dao)機也(ye),天(tian)下(xia)莫(mo)能(neng)見,莫(mo)能(neng)知(zhi)。君子得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固(gu)躬(gong),小人(ren)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輕(qing)命(ming)。
下卷
強兵戰勝演術章
瞽者(zhe)善聽,聾者(zhe)善視(shi)。絕利一源,用師(shi)十(shi)倍(bei);三反晝(zhou)夜,用師(shi)萬倍(bei)。心生(sheng)于物,死(si)于物,機在(zai)(zai)目(mu)。天之(zhi)(zhi)無恩而大恩生(sheng),迅雷烈風(feng),莫不(bu)蠢然。至(zhi)樂(le)性(xing)余,至(zhi)靜(jing)性(xing)廉。天之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)私(si),用之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)公。禽(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)炁。生(sheng)者(zhe)死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)根,死(si)者(zhe)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)根。恩生(sheng)于害,害生(sheng)于恩。愚(yu)人以天地(di)(di)文理圣,我(wo)(wo)以時物文理哲。人以愚(yu)虞圣,我(wo)(wo)以不(bu)愚(yu)虞圣。人以奇(qi)期(qi)圣,我(wo)(wo)以不(bu)奇(qi)期(qi)圣。故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰:“沉水入火,自(zi)取滅亡”。自(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)靜(jing),故(gu)(gu)(gu)天地(di)(di)萬物生(sheng);天地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)浸,故(gu)(gu)(gu)陰(yin)陽勝。陰(yin)陽相推而變化順矣。是故(gu)(gu)(gu)圣人知自(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)可違,因而制(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi)靜(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),律歷所不(bu)能(neng)契。爰有奇(qi)器,是生(sheng)萬相。八卦(gua)甲子(zi),神機鬼藏。陰(yin)陽相勝之(zhi)(zhi)術,昭昭乎進乎象矣。
文源:修行圈
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