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正確認識朱砂的毒性

醫案日記 2023-06-16 13:53:11

中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)以礦(kuang)物入藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)悠久,重鎮(zhen)安(an)神的(de)(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)即為一種(zhong)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物類中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),約10%的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha),其中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)乏安(an)宮(gong)牛黃丸等名藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。近年(nian)來,隨(sui)著中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)毒副作用(yong)日益引(yin)起重視,朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)問題(ti)也浮出水面。目前,雖(sui)然我國有(you)關(guan)機構和醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)從業人員已對(dui)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)有(you)了一定的(de)(de)(de)認識,但仍(reng)須再提高。作為汞劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)應受(shou)到嚴密監控:經常(chang)對(dui)其進行(xing)再評價,根據效益/風險比(bi),限制其臨床應用(yong),尤其應修訂我國《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)安(an)全性(xing)有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)標準,避(bi)免含朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)制劑(ji)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)汞中(zhong)(zhong)毒。

對朱砂毒性(xing)的認識逐漸深入

中醫主要將朱砂用于安神、鎮驚和抗微生物。《神農本(ben)(ben)草經》曰:“朱砂主身體(ti)五臟百病(bing),養精神、安魂魄,益(yi)氣明目,殺鬼魅邪惡鬼,久(jiu)服通(tong)神明不老。”可(ke)見(jian),中(zhong)醫最早認(ren)為(wei)(wei)朱砂是可(ke)以久(jiu)服的。隨著臨(lin)床實踐的深入,《本(ben)(ben)草備要(yao)》、《本(ben)(ben)草從新》等(deng)古籍中(zhong)出(chu)現(xian)了朱砂致(zhi)人癡呆、致(zhi)人呆悶等(deng)中(zhong)毒(du)(du)的記載。現(xian)代研(yan)究認(ren)為(wei)(wei),朱砂為(wei)(wei)汞劑(ji),可(ke)致(zhi)慢性(xing)中(zhong)毒(du)(du),久(jiu)服可(ke)造成機體(ti)蓄積,對兒童危害尤大。

我國1985年(nian)(nian)以前(qian)的(de)(de)各(ge)版(ban)(ban)《藥(yao)典(dian)》對(dui)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)的(de)(de)毒(du)(du)性(xing)認識不(bu)夠或(huo)描述(shu)其毒(du)(du)性(xing)的(de)(de)語(yu)義比較(jiao)含混。隨著(zhu)長期服(fu)用(yong)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)制劑造成慢(man)性(xing)汞(gong)(gong)蓄(xu)積中毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)報(bao)道(dao)不(bu)斷增多,1985年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban)《藥(yao)典(dian)》確認了朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)有(you)毒(du)(du),但(dan)認識較(jiao)為模(mo)糊;1995年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban)《藥(yao)典(dian)》在這方面的(de)(de)認識有(you)所提(ti)高,將朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)的(de)(de)日用(yong)量由0.3~1.5克降至0.1~0.5克,并去掉了含毒(du)(du)性(xing)成分水(shui)(shui)可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)汞(gong)(gong)鹽(yan)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)干研成細粉(fen)的(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)炮(pao)制品(pin),只保留(liu)了水(shui)(shui)飛法(fa)炮(pao)制的(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)粉(fen);2000年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban)《藥(yao)典(dian)》對(dui)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)的(de)(de)毒(du)(du)性(xing)有(you)了進一步認識,規定炮(pao)制時干燥過程(cheng)中溫(wen)度(du)必須在40℃以下,藥(yao)用(yong)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)不(bu)得檢出(chu)水(shui)(shui)可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)汞(gong)(gong)鹽(yan);2005年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban)《藥(yao)典(dian)》對(dui)2000年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban)《藥(yao)典(dian)》相關內(nei)容未作(zuo)修改。

朱砂的有效成分眾(zhong)說紛紜

硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)汞是(shi)朱(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要成(cheng)分,可它是(shi)不是(shi)朱(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)有效成(cheng)分,至今仍無(wu)定論。中藥(yao)復方新(xin)藥(yao)開發國家工程研究中心副(fu)主(zhu)任葉祖光(guang)等在(zai)實驗中,對服用了安宮牛黃丸(含有朱(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha))的(de)(de)實驗動物的(de)(de)糞便進行檢測,并(bing)將檢測到的(de)(de)總汞折(zhe)合成(cheng)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)汞,發現這些硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)汞占給藥(yao)量的(de)(de)98.5%,說明硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)汞未經腸(chang)道吸收,而是(shi)全部排出體(ti)外,因而認為(wei)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)汞實際上是(shi)不被機體(ti)所吸收的(de)(de)無(wu)效、無(wu)毒(du)成(cheng)分,而朱(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)中所含的(de)(de)1.5%的(de)(de)酸可溶(rong)性汞才(cai)是(shi)其(qi)有毒(du)、有效成(cheng)分。

對此,一(yi)些(xie)學者(zhe)有不同看法。因為,《藥(yao)典(dian)》規定藥(yao)用朱砂(sha)粉(即(ji)水(shui)飛炮制品)不含(han)水(shui)溶性汞(gong)(gong)(gong)鹽,但可以含(han)游(you)(you)離(li)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)。有文獻(xian)報道(dao)稱,水(shui)飛朱砂(sha)中的(de)(de)游(you)(you)離(li)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)含(han)量均低于(yu)1微克/克(0.0001%)。即(ji)使按照2000年(nian)版《藥(yao)典(dian)》前規定的(de)(de)水(shui)飛朱砂(sha)游(you)(you)離(li)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)含(han)量為18~35微克/克來計(ji)算,游(you)(you)離(li)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)僅占0.0018~0.0035%,遠(yuan)低于(yu)1.5%。這說明被吸(xi)收的(de)(de)1.5%的(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)絕大(da)部分來源于(yu)硫化(hua)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)。

也有(you)人認為(wei)(wei)(wei)硫化(hua)汞(gong)不應該(gai)是無效、無毒成(cheng)分,而是有(you)效、有(you)毒成(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)前體(ti)藥(yao)物(wu)。理由如下(xia):我(wo)國學者曾以小(xiao)鼠(shu)灌胃給藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)方法研(yan)究朱砂的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)內(nei)吸(xi)收(shou)、分布,發現小(xiao)鼠(shu)吸(xi)收(shou)進(jin)入(ru)體(ti)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)量遠遠高于服用的(de)(de)(de)朱砂中所含的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)溶性汞(gong)和(he)游離汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)最高量,說明(ming)部分硫化(hua)汞(gong)在(zai)(zai)胃腸(chang)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)某(mou)些環(huan)境下(xia)被轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)化(hua)合物(wu)。有(you)報道(dao)稱(cheng)朱砂在(zai)(zai)厭氧有(you)硫條(tiao)件下(xia),在(zai)(zai)pH為(wei)(wei)(wei)7、溫度為(wei)(wei)(wei)37℃的(de)(de)(de)暗(an)環(huan)境中與帶甲基的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)相遇能產生(sheng)甲基汞(gong),而甲基汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)率(lv)可(ke)達100%。人體(ti)腸(chang)道(dao)正(zheng)具備(bei)上述條(tiao)件,而且,胃腸(chang)道(dao)中的(de)(de)(de)消化(hua)酶和(he)腸(chang)道(dao)細菌中可(ke)能具有(you)氧化(hua)還原(yuan)酶、甲基轉(zhuan)移酶等酶類,更有(you)助于硫化(hua)汞(gong)在(zai)(zai)消化(hua)道(dao)被轉(zhuan)化(hua)成(cheng)甲基汞(gong)或半胱氨酸(suan)汞(gong)、谷胱甘肽汞(gong)等小(xiao)分子絡合物(wu)而被吸(xi)收(shou)。

值得注意的(de)是,藥用(yong)朱砂粉除含有(you)98%以上的(de)硫化汞外,還含有(you)許多金屬元(yuan)素(su),如鎂(mei)、鉍(bi)、鐵、硅、鋇、鈣、銅、錳、銻、砷、鋅、硒、碲、鉛等,其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)些是對(dui)人(ren)體有(you)害(hai)的(de)重(zhong)金屬元(yuan)素(su)。是否應對(dui)這些成分在炮制方法、限量標準方面進(jin)行(xing)規定也(ye)應引起重(zhong)視。

中成藥中朱砂用量值得商榷

如果(guo)以1995年版(ban)以后的(de)我(wo)國《藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)》規定的(de)朱砂(sha)藥(yao)(yao)材日(ri)(ri)(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)——0.1~0.5克為標(biao)(biao)準來(lai)衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)中成藥(yao)(yao)中的(de)朱砂(sha)量(liang)(liang),除避瘟散外(由(you)于《藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)》沒有(you)規定該藥(yao)(yao)的(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)服次(ci)數(shu),因而無(wu)法明確其(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)),對成人用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)來(lai)說,沒有(you)一個品種中的(de)朱砂(sha)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標(biao)(biao),遠好于雄黃復方(fang)制劑中一半左右雄黃日(ri)(ri)(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)情(qing)況。

但應(ying)該看(kan)到(dao),朱(zhu)砂是毒性(xing)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai),日(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)規定范(fan)(fan)圍相(xiang)差(cha)5倍(bei),顯然不(bu)合理。因(yin)為(wei)即(ji)使是無毒的中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai),日(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)范(fan)(fan)圍大多(duo)(duo)也(ye)只是2~3倍(bei),超(chao)過3倍(bei)的不(bu)多(duo)(duo)。大多(duo)(duo)數毒性(xing)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)的日(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)范(fan)(fan)圍為(wei)2倍(bei),如雄黃為(wei)0.05~0.1克。如果朱(zhu)砂日(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)范(fan)(fan)圍也(ye)規定為(wei)2倍(bei),即(ji)0.1~0.2克,那么(me)中(zhong)(zhong)成藥(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)朱(zhu)砂日(ri)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標的品種數會多(duo)(duo)于雄黃量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標的品種數。即(ji)使在5倍(bei)范(fan)(fan)圍之內,如果從采(cai)用(yong)最(zui)小劑量(liang)(liang)為(wei)兒(er)童用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)的角(jiao)度來考察,不(bu)少中(zhong)(zhong)成藥(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)的朱(zhu)砂量(liang)(liang)也(ye)超(chao)標,如我國《藥(yao)(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)的小兒(er)驚(jing)風散,朱(zhu)砂超(chao)常規用(yong)量(liang)(liang)2.5倍(bei);小兒(er)清熱片,朱(zhu)砂超(chao)常規用(yong)量(liang)(liang)0.4倍(bei);小兒(er)金(jin)丹片,朱(zhu)砂超(chao)常規用(yong)量(liang)(liang)2.5

倍等等。

而且,在2005年版(ban)《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典》中(zhong)收載(zai)的(de)(de)46個(ge)含(han)朱砂(sha)的(de)(de)中(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong),只(zhi)有7個(ge)品種要求測定(ding)(ding)硫(liu)化(hua)汞含(han)量。如果承(cheng)認硫(liu)化(hua)汞是產生藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)和(he)毒性的(de)(de)前體(ti)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物,就應該(gai)要求所有生產企業必須測定(ding)(ding)中(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)硫(liu)化(hua)汞的(de)(de)含(han)量,以(yi)控制含(han)朱砂(sha)中(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)風(feng)險。

含朱砂中(zhong)成(cheng)藥應再(zai)評(ping)價

我(wo)國對中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)評價(jia)工作遠遠落后于化(hua)學藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品。嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)、科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)評價(jia)可以確定(ding)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物療(liao)效、毒副作用、效益(yi)/風(feng)險比(bi)(bi)、性(xing)/價(jia)比(bi)(bi)及其在同類(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置。可是我(wo)國《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),絕大(da)多數沒有(you)(you)經(jing)過再(zai)評價(jia),同類(lei)產品之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)性(xing)再(zai)評價(jia)更少。為了促進中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)、國際化(hua),首(shou)先對《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)收載的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)有(you)(you)有(you)(you)毒藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(如朱(zhu)砂、雄黃)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進行全方位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)評價(jia)很有(you)(you)必要。

在(zai)我國(guo)《藥(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)收(shou)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)成藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)相當(dang)一部分方子按(an)中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)理論分析,配伍朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),或是(shi)(shi)不(bu)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),或可以用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他(ta)藥(yao)材替(ti)代。如已(yi)有(you)一些動物實(shi)驗(yan)證(zheng)明,朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)在(zai)安宮(gong)牛黃丸中(zhong)(zhong)并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)必(bi)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),甚至(zhi)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)起(qi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。行政管理部門應通(tong)過政策引導,組(zu)織基礎、臨(lin)床研(yan)究機構和(he)生產企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)人(ren)員,從各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)角度去考察(cha)和(he)再評價含朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復方制(zhi)(zhi)劑,以便在(zai)修(xiu)訂藥(yao)品(pin)標準時刪去無用(yong)(yong)(yong)而有(you)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)組(zu)分,對在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)劑中(zhong)(zhong)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、起(qi)有(you)效(xiao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)作出含量(liang)范(fan)圍(wei)要求,以及制(zhi)(zhi)定一系列安全標準和(he)安全用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)規定,為保障用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)安全,促進中(zhong)(zhong)成藥(yao)進入(ru)國(guo)際(ji)市場(chang)提供更加科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)數(shu)據。

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