隋唐五代醫(yi)學（公元581-960年）
公元581年(nian)楊堅(jian)奪取(qu)了北周政權，建(jian)立隋(sui)朝，改元開(kai)皇，定都長安(an)，是為隋(sui)文帝(di)。
隋的(de)統(tong)一，加(jia)強了(le)南北(bei)經濟(ji)(ji)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)聯(lian)系(xi)，促進(jin)了(le)各民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)間的(de)融合(he)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)(ji)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)發展。盡管隋政權(quan)僅38年(nian)，但隋文(wen)帝(di)創立的(de)一些政治、經濟(ji)(ji)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)科技方面的(de)制度，對以后歷(li)代封(feng)建王(wang)(wang)朝都產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)深遠影(ying)響。統(tong)一不(bu)(bu)久的(de)隋朝，上層(ceng)統(tong)治集團的(de)腐朽逐漸(jian)暴露，土地兼并加(jia)劇，社會矛盾日(ri)益加(jia)深，特(te)別是煬帝(di)窮(qiong)兵贖武，橫(heng)征暴斂，窮(qiong)奢極(ji)侈，大修宮河，巡游無度，連年(nian)征戰，役稅酷繁，勞民(min)(min)(min)傷財，以致使國(guo)內“耕稼失時，田疇(chou)多荒”，嚴重破壞了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)(ji)基(ji)礎(chu)，廣大人民(min)(min)(min)被(bei)迫不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)“采(cai)樹(shu)皮葉，或搗藁為末，或煮土而食(shi)之(zhi)，諸物皆盡，乃自相食(shi)，”此致民(min)(min)(min)怨沸騰遍(bian)處暴發起義，從根本上動搖了(le)隋王(wang)(wang)朝政權(quan)。此時，官(guan)僚(liao)、地主(zhu)乘機紛(fen)紛(fen)起兵，奪取農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)起義的(de)果實，公元618年(nian)，出身于關隴(long)貴(gui)族(zu)的(de)李淵(yuan)攻入長安，廢除恭帝(di)，建國(guo)號唐。
唐高祖李淵和(he)唐太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)李世(shi)民(min)以(yi)(yi)及他(ta)們的(de)輔臣(chen)，都親眼見到(dao)隋(sui)(sui)末(mo)政治的(de)腐敗和(he)隋(sui)(sui)政權(quan)的(de)覆(fu)亡，親身(shen)體驗到(dao)農民(min)起(qi)義的(de)巨大威力，因(yin)(yin)此，唐太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)多次告(gao)誡太(tai)子、諸(zhu)王說：“舟(zhou)(zhou)所以(yi)(yi)比(bi)(bi)人君，水(shui)所以(yi)(yi)比(bi)(bi)黎庶，水(shui)能載舟(zhou)(zhou)，亦(yi)能覆(fu)舟(zhou)(zhou)”。因(yin)(yin)而(er)他(ta)“去奢省費，輕徭(yao)薄賦，選用廉吏(li)，使民(min)衣食(shi)有余，則自(zi)不為盜”。
在意識形態方面，佛教經南北朝的長足發展，到唐朝進入鼎盛階段，唐高祖托附老子李聃為先祖，提高了(le)(le)道教地位，而儒(ru)學(xue)則一直是(shi)統(tong)治者(zhe)始終(zhong)尊崇的(de)(de)(de)治國之本。佛(fo)道儒(ru)的(de)(de)(de)發展對醫(yi)學(xue)和(he)(he)醫(yi)學(xue)家(jia)也產(chan)生(sheng)重要影響，許多醫(yi)學(xue)著(zhu)作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也可(ke)看到儒(ru)、道、釋的(de)(de)(de)時代烙印。佛(fo)經(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)若干醫(yi)學(xue)思(si)想(xiang)和(he)(he)醫(yi)療經(jing)驗，道家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)養生(sheng)學(xue)說(shuo)等(deng)曾為隋唐(tang)醫(yi)家(jia)廣(guang)泛(fan)吸取。關(guan)(guan)于(yu)佛(fo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)因果(guo)(guo)報應和(he)(he)道家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)長生(sheng)不(bu)老等(deng)唯(wei)(wei)心思(si)想(xiang)，柳宗元所作《天對》、《天說(shuo)》、《封建論》等(deng)，指出天地、陰陽(yang)都(dou)是(shi)自然物，否定(ding)因果(guo)(guo)報應，反對韓愈無能行(xing)使賞罰禍福的(de)(de)(de)唯(wei)(wei)心觀點，他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)“元氣論”，也豐富了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)理論。劉禹錫則在(zai)《天論》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，探討了(le)(le)天與人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系，提出“天人(ren)交相勝”等(deng)說(shuo)，指出天之道在(zai)生(sheng)萬物，人(ren)之道在(zai)于(yu)治萬物，自然界與社會(hui)存在(zai)區別，又相互作用，有力(li)地反對了(le)(le)宗教宿命論的(de)(de)(de)世界觀，有利于(yu)醫(yi)學(xue)家(jia)在(zai)實際中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研究。
隨著生(sheng)產(chan)發展，社(she)會安(an)定，人(ren)口也不斷增長。永徽三年（652）全國有戶(hu)三百八(ba)十(shi)萬，較(jiao)太宗初(chu)年增加將近一(yi)(yi)百萬。開元二十(shi)四年計戶(hu)八(ba)百一(yi)(yi)萬八(ba)千七百一(yi)(yi)十(shi)，比永徽初(chu)年增加兩倍余。
經濟的(de)(de)繁榮，促進(jin)(jin)了商品貿(mao)(mao)易的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，對外貿(mao)(mao)易也(ye)明顯發(fa)(fa)展。唐代(dai)的(de)(de)統一，絲綢之路(lu)暢通(tong)，這條通(tong)道上(shang)的(de)(de)交流更(geng)為(wei)頻繁，長安是此路(lu)的(de)(de)起點。通(tong)過這條道路(lu)，我國同中(zhong)亞、南(nan)亞、伊朗、阿拉伯(bo)，直(zhi)至歐洲都保持著聯系；唐中(zhong)期以后，海(hai)(hai)上(shang)貿(mao)(mao)易也(ye)發(fa)(fa)達(da)起來，唐政府開始在廣州(zhou)設“市舶(bo)司”以管理國際(ji)貿(mao)(mao)易，造(zao)船技術與此相應也(ye)有很大進(jin)(jin)步。隨著天文(wen)學進(jin)(jin)步，利用日、月、星(xing)辰(chen)來確定航(hang)行方(fang)位的(de)(de)天文(wen)航(hang)海(hai)(hai)技術亦進(jin)(jin)步熟練，更(geng)促進(jin)(jin)了航(hang)海(hai)(hai)事業的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)達(da)和(he)海(hai)(hai)上(shang)航(hang)路(lu)的(de)(de)擴展。
在(zai)此時(shi)期，如傳(chuan)統的紡織(zhi)、礦冶、陶瓷、造紙(zhi)等手工業(ye)技(ji)藝也都達到了新水平。造紙(zhi)手工業(ye)已遍及(ji)全國(guo)。雕版印(yin)刷(shua)(shua)術在(zai)隋唐(tang)之際問世，是人(ren)類文明史上劃時(shi)代的發(fa)明。雕版印(yin)刷(shua)(shua)工藝簡單，費用(yong)低廉，印(yin)刷(shua)(shua)便捷，較手寫傳(chuan)抄優越(yue)，因而被迅速推廣，當時(shi)印(yin)刷(shua)(shua)主要用(yong)于印(yin)佛經、佛像。
印刷術發明不僅推動了國內(nei)文化(hua)科學的(de)發展，還相(xiang)繼傳入新羅、日本，以至(zhi)中(zhong)亞和歐洲，促進了世界(jie)文化(hua)的(de)傳播。唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)繪畫、書法(fa)(fa)、雕(diao)塑(su)、音樂都有很(hen)高(gao)成就，敦煌莫(mo)高(gao)窟(ku)(ku)壁畫和雕(diao)塑(su)窟(ku)(ku)洞(dong)中(zhong)，唐(tang)窟(ku)(ku)約占(zhan)一(yi)半，其(qi)(qi)他雖以佛教故事為主要(yao)題材(cai)，但亦(yi)存不少反(fan)映唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)社(she)會生活的(de)內(nei)容(rong)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)包括反(fan)映醫藥衛生的(de)壁畫，非(fei)常(chang)寶貴。唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)書法(fa)(fa)對后世影響(xiang)很(hen)大，后世中(zhong)醫學者亦(yi)多重視(shi)書法(fa)(fa)，孫思(si)邈書法(fa)(fa)功力頗深，其(qi)(qi)墨(mo)跡被收南宋淳熙秘閣續法(fa)(fa)帖之中(zhong)。
唐代史(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)有重要發展。我國第一部(bu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)評論著作(zuo)劉(liu)知幾的《史(shi)(shi)(shi)通》，富于(yu)批判精神，他提出史(shi)(shi)(shi)家須具(ju)才(cai)、學(xue)、識三長等見解，對(dui)史(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)家包(bao)括醫史(shi)(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)者(zhe)，也深有啟迪。
唐王朝曾把道教奉為國教，不少帝王熱衷于煉丹餌藥，煉丹道士出入(ru)宮庭，出現(xian)了不少(shao)煉丹(dan)家(jia)和煉丹(dan)著述，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)許(xu)多(duo)有關制藥(yao)和化學(xue)(xue)的知(zhi)識(shi)及(ji)技術已相(xiang)當成熟。此外也掌握了煉丹(dan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)調(diao)節炭量(liang)和燃燒時間來控制溫度的經驗(yan)，知(zhi)道了“以(yi)硫黃，雄黃合(he)硝(xiao)石，并密(mi)（當是“蜜”字之誤）燒之”會發生“焰起，燒手面及(ji)屋(wu)宇”的現(xian)象(xiang)，煉丹(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)所得到的化學(xue)(xue)藥(yao)物，在唐代(dai)醫藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)上得到廣泛應用。孫思邈在《千金方(fang)》記載的飛(fei)水(shui)銀(yin)霜方(fang)和“太一神精丹(dan)”的制備，《唐本草》記述的齒科(ke)填充(chong)劑(ji)等等，真實(shi)地反映了這方(fang)面的情(qing)況。
醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)，在(zai)隋(sui)唐(tang)時期也得到了(le)全面的(de)(de)(de)發展。經濟(ji)文化繁(fan)榮昌(chang)盛，科學(xue)技術的(de)(de)(de)進步，中外交(jiao)流頻繁(fan)，以及(ji)隋(sui)唐(tang)統治者對醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)重視都(dou)對醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)發展和進步創造了(le)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)機遇和條件。
隋唐醫學發展的特點(dian)：
一(yi)、隋(sui)唐(tang)時期(qi)特別是唐(tang)代，是中國(guo)封建社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)鼎盛(sheng)時期(qi)，醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文化也絢麗紛呈，醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)學思維活躍，內外交流頻繁，出現(xian)空前(qian)昌(chang)盛(sheng)的(de)(de)局面。以前(qian)只以局部(bu)地區或醫(yi)(yi)學個(ge)人(ren)經驗(yan)從事醫(yi)(yi)療實踐(jian)和(he)(he)著述活動的(de)(de)局面已被打破。全面綜合整理以前(qian)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)學成就(jiu)，吸(xi)取當(dang)代醫(yi)(yi)家、人(ren)民群(qun)眾和(he)(he)來(lai)自外國(guo)和(he)(he)兄弟民族(zu)的(de)(de)有效方藥(yao)經驗(yan)，在總結新(xin)經驗(yan)和(he)(he)吸(xi)收新(xin)成就(jiu)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)，繼(ji)往開來(lai)，為醫(yi)(yi)學的(de)(de)理論和(he)(he)實踐(jian)在更高的(de)(de)層次上(shang)(shang)繼(ji)續發(fa)展奠定了新(xin)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。
二、醫(yi)藥學術和(he)疾(ji)病(bing)防治的(de)(de)(de)研究，趨向(xiang)深入細致，對(dui)每(mei)一類疾(ji)病(bing)和(he)每(mei)一癥侯的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)因(yin)、病(bing)理、臨床表現在(zai)更深的(de)(de)(de)層次中提高了認(ren)識，治療的(de)(de)(de)針對(dui)性更強(qiang)，也更為(wei)有效。
三、興辦醫(yi)學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)育，形成較(jiao)完整的(de)醫(yi)學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)育體(ti)系，同(tong)時(shi)注意醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)術和防治知識(shi)的(de)規(gui)范(fan)和普(pu)(pu)及(ji)，培養醫(yi)學(xue)后(hou)(hou)繼人才，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)事業的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)。唐(tang)代(dai)，從中央到地方(fang)(fang)已形成了(le)較(jiao)為完整的(de)醫(yi)學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)育體(ti)系。還(huan)吸(xi)收(shou)外國留學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)入學(xue)，從而(er)極大地促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)醫(yi)學(xue)整體(ti)水平(ping)的(de)提高(gao)，對(dui)后(hou)(hou)世(shi)學(xue)校式醫(yi)學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)有奠(dian)基作用(yong)。唐(tang)政(zheng)府主(zhu)持修(xiu)訂并(bing)頌布了(le)《新修(xiu)本草》，使(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物學(xue)在新的(de)時(shi)代(dai)有了(le)新的(de)規(gui)范(fan)，并(bing)且是學(xue)校教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)。隋代(dai)曾編(bian)撰《四海類聚方(fang)(fang)》2600卷(juan)，掇其要300卷(juan)，頒(ban)行天下，到唐(tang)代(dai)先后(hou)(hou)編(bian)有《廣(guang)濟方(fang)(fang)》、《廣(guang)利方(fang)(fang)》等(deng)頒(ban)行，對(dui)普(pu)(pu)及(ji)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)知識(shi)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)事業發展(zhan)(zhan)起(qi)了(le)良好的(de)作用(yong)。
四、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的統一，中外(wai)(wai)交通的發(fa)達，民族文(wen)化的融合，促進了醫(yi)藥(yao)知識的交流和(he)傳播，不僅對國(guo)(guo)外(wai)(wai)及我國(guo)(guo)許多少數民族醫(yi)藥(yao)知識兼收并蓄，并給祖國(guo)(guo)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)注(zhu)入(ru)新的血液(ye)，如(ru)唐代(dai)文(wen)成公(gong)主(zhu)、金城(cheng)公(gong)主(zhu)入(ru)藏，帶去大批醫(yi)書藥(yao)物(wu)等，對藏醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的形(xing)成和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)產生(sheng)重要(yao)影(ying)響。中外(wai)(wai)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)交流也有(you)(you)發(fa)展(zhan)，如(ru)在唐代(dai)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)著作中有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的印(yin)度醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的影(ying)響，而(er)日、朝留學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的來華，中國(guo)(guo)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)對日、朝醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的形(xing)成和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)也有(you)(you)不可低估的作用(yong)。
公共基礎知識考(kao)點(dian):隋唐和五(wu)代十國(guo)
公共基礎知識考點:隋唐和五代十國
在每年全國各地的公考筆試中，歷史人文常識題目幾乎逢考必出，所以充分備考的話，需要我們系統掌握中國古代歷史文化的基礎知識。針對考試常出現的考點，本篇為大家整理隋唐和五代十國時期的主要歷史史實。
一、隋朝
(一)隋朝的建立
1.開皇之治
公元581年，北周外戚楊堅廢周自立，改國號為隋，定都長安，年號開皇，楊堅即隋文帝。589年，隋滅陳，南北實現統一。隋文帝時期，社會安定，社會經濟恢復、發展較快，因此他所統治的開皇年間，史稱?開皇之治?。
(二)隋朝的主要制度
1.三省六部制
三省為中書省、尚書省、門下省，中書省負責起草詔令，門下省負責審核詔令、簽署奏章、有封駁之權，尚書省掌管行政、統領六部。六部為吏部、戶部、禮部、兵部、刑部、工部。三省六部制是中國官制史的重大變革，它標志著封建政治制度的成熟。
2.科舉制度
隋文帝廢除九品中正制，開始采用分科考試的方式選拔官員。隋煬帝時始建進士科，科舉制形成。科舉制度的實行，打破了以往世家大族壟斷選官的局面，使各階層人士能更廣泛地參與到國家政權中，既選拔了優秀的人才，又穩固了政權的統一。這一制度被一直沿用到清末(1905年)。
二、唐朝
(一)唐朝的建立
1.隋朝滅亡，唐朝建立
隋煬帝繼位以后，濫用民力，濫行誅殺，人民賦役繁重，社會經濟遭到了嚴重破壞，迫使農民不斷起義。618年3月，隋煬帝在江都被其部將宇文化及殺死。大業十三年(617)三月，太原留守唐國公李淵在晉陽起兵，十一月占領長安，擁立隋煬帝孫子楊侑為帝，李淵任大丞相，進封唐王。義寧二年(618)五月，李淵篡隋稱帝，定國號為唐，李淵即唐高祖。
(二)唐朝的政權更替
1.貞觀之治
從627年至649年，是李世民統治的貞觀年代。在此期間，由于唐太宗君臣勵精圖治，政治清明，社會安定，開創了唐代繁榮昌盛的局面，因而被譽為?貞觀之治?。
2.貞觀遺風
武則天是我國歷史上唯一的女皇帝。武則天統治期間繼續實行唐太宗發展農業生產、選拔賢才的政策，使唐朝社會經濟進一步發展，國力不斷增強，稱?貞觀遺風?。郭沫若稱她?政啟開元，治宏貞觀?。
3.開元盛世
唐玄宗統治的前期，年號?開元?，唐玄宗在政治上任用賢臣，重視吏治;在經濟上發展生產，崇尚節儉，這些改革措施，使開元年間的政局為之一新，政局穩定，經濟繁榮，被譽為?開元盛世?。
4.安史之亂
唐玄宗統治后期，朝政日漸腐敗。755年，節度使安祿山乘唐朝內地兵力空虛，政局混亂，在范陽起兵叛亂，攻占洛陽、長安，唐玄宗逃往四川。直至763年，唐朝才平息叛亂。這場持續八年的?安史之亂?使農業生產受到極大破壞，唐朝由強盛轉向衰落。
三、五代十國
從(cong)907年(nian)節度使朱全忠(朱溫)廢唐(tang)建(jian)立后(hou)梁，到960年(nian)北宋建(jian)立，黃(huang)河流(liu)域相繼(ji)有后(hou)梁、后(hou)唐(tang)、后(hou)晉(jin)、后(hou)漢、后(hou)周五(wu)(wu)個(ge)朝代(dai)(dai)更替，統(tong)治北方(fang)長達50多年(nian)，史稱五(wu)(wu)代(dai)(dai)。與五(wu)(wu)代(dai)(dai)同時，在南方(fang)各地和(he)北方(fang)的山西出現(xian)過10個(ge)割據政權交替并(bing)存，總(zong)稱十國。歷史上(shang)把這一時期稱為(wei)?五(wu)(wu)代(dai)(dai)十國?時期。
模擬手(shou)工記(ji)賬在我(wo)國會(hui)計(ji)信(xin)息化(hua)發展(zhan)過程中處(chu)于什(shen)么(me)階段?
模擬手工記賬在我國會計信息化發展過程中處于什么階段?
書上的(de)(de)(de)(de)原文是這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)：“我國(guo)會計(ji)信息化工作經歷了模(mo)擬手工記賬的(de)(de)(de)(de)探索起(qi)步階(jie)段、與企(qi)業(ye)其他(ta)業(ye)務相結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)發(fa)展階(jie)段、適應會計(ji)準則(ze)和(he)發(fa)展要求引入會計(ji)專業(ye)判斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲透融合階(jie)段以(yi)及(ji)與內部控制相結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)建立ERP系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)集成管(guan)理階(jie)段。”
那(nei)么會計(ji)電算化的(de)(de)發展(zhan)經(jing)歷(li)了什(shen)么階段呢？書上(shang)的(de)(de)原文是(shi)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)：下面簡要介紹會計(ji)電算化發展(zhan)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)沿革：“一(yi)、模擬手(shou)工記(ji)賬的(de)(de)探索起步。二、與其他業務相結(jie)(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)發展(zhan)。三、引入會計(ji)專業判斷的(de)(de)滲透融合(he)。四、與內控相結(jie)(jie)合(he)建(jian)立ERP系統的(de)(de)集成管理(li)。”
關于我國會計信息化發展存在的問題和對策的文獻提供一些?!
我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)對(dui)(dui)策(ce)2008-8-12【大(da) 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) 小】【打印(yin)】隨(sui)著(zhu)世界(jie)由(you)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)向信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)轉變，以(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)促進(jin)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。在(zai)市場(chang)瞬息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)萬變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢(shi)下，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)，能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、準(zhun)確(que)(que)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財務信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)增強(qiang)決策(ce)有(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)性(xing)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益，不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)市場(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)。一、問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)出二十世紀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來，隨(sui)著(zhu)世界(jie)由(you)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)向信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)轉變，以(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)促進(jin)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。在(zai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)普(pu)遍應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)角落(luo)。信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)也呈現(xian)(xian)與以(yi)(yi)(yi)往不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征：信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)，信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)創造了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)方式。數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)網(wang)絡化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)環境使(shi)得企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)去優化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)其資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)配置，從(cong)(cong)而(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)可能(neng)追(zhui)求到(dao)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)潤，同時(shi)(shi)亦面(mian)(mian)臨著(zhu)激烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)。在(zai)市場(chang)瞬息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)萬變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢(shi)下，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)，能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、準(zhun)確(que)(que)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財務信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)增強(qiang)決策(ce)有(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)性(xing)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益，不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)市場(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)關研究(jiu)表明，信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)對(dui)(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)促進(jin)作(zuo)用(yong)表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：①產(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)量平均(jun)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)200—500％；②勞動生產(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)40—70％；③設(she)(she)備利(li)用(yong)率(lv)(lv)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)200—300％；④綜合(he)工(gong)作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)300—500％；⑤重(zhong)復制品減少30—60％；⑥設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)費降低15—30％；⑦人工(gong)費用(yong)減少5—20％；⑧生產(chan)(chan)周期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)縮短(duan)了(le)(le)30—50％。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)，世界(jie)范(fan)圍內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)努力(li)來實施(shi)包(bao)括會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此來提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水平和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)已(yi)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)二十多(duo)年，取得了(le)(le)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績，培養了(le)(le)一批既(ji)掌握包(bao)括會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學在(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)科學又(you)了(le)(le)解(jie)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人才，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)奠定了(le)(le)很(hen)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)由(you)于(yu)種種原因，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)很(hen)理(li)(li)(li)想。權威機(ji)構調(diao)查表明：在(zai)對(dui)(dui)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雖然(ran)有(you)(you)(you)(you)74％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)建(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)(le)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)站、或在(zai)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)上建(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)(le)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頁，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)從(cong)(cong)網(wang)站質(zhi)量看(kan)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)僅占(zhan)28％，且行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)地(di)區發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)十分(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡：從(cong)(cong)網(wang)絡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況看(kan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)55.5％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)防火墻(qiang)設(she)(she)備，64.9％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)安全(quan)(quan)審計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，67.2％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)入侵監測系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，72.3％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)網(wang)站自動恢復系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。在(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)(bu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)整合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，部(bu)(bu)分(fen)實現(xian)(xian)CAD、OA、MIS系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)占(zhan)70—80％，全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)實現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)均(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足10％；作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)商務核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)ERP系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，雖然(ran)得到(dao)大(da)多(duo)數(shu)(shu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視，有(you)(you)(you)(you)63％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，但(dan)(dan)目前已(yi)實現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)僅占(zhan)2.9％。在(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)70％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)于(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)(she)備投(tou)資(zi)(zi)累計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)僅占(zhan)總資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.3％，與發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)家大(da)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)8％—10％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平相距甚遠(yuan)(yuan)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)62％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)缺(que)乏專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)人才。針對(dui)(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)必須認(ren)真(zhen)分(fen)析，找出解(jie)決對(dui)(dui)策(ce)，逐項實施(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此切實推進(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。二、我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)筆者對(dui)(dui)此進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)認(ren)真(zhen)、細致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)研，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)目前影響我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)：（1）認(ren)識問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)①對(dui)(dui)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)本質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)內涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識有(you)(you)(you)(you)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)習(xi)慣上稱“現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)或計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)雖然(ran)僅僅是(shi)一個(ge)稱謂，但(dan)(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)名稱本身降低了(le)(le)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)意義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)地(di)涵蓋其實質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)內容(rong)。前一段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間，一些(xie)(xie)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)專(zhuan)家經(jing)過對(dui)(dui)“會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實踐(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)思(si)考(kao)，鑒于(yu)“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)要國(guo)(guo)策(ce)之一，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”改稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”，簡稱“會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)確(que)(que)切，一些(xie)(xie)論文(wen)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)教(jiao)科書(shu)里面(mian)(mian)也出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)概(gai)念(nian)，但(dan)(dan)還遠(yuan)(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)從(cong)(cong)根本上解(jie)決會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)對(dui)(dui)人們(men)思(si)想和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)認(ren)識上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。②對(dui)(dui)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)開發(fa)認(ren)識上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤區對(dui)(dui)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)開發(fa)認(ren)識上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤區主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)三個(ge)：一是(shi)盲(mang)目求大(da)求全(quan)(quan)，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)解(jie)決所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，好(hao)(hao)大(da)喜功，期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)望建(jian)(jian)立(li)大(da)而(er)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，最(zui)終只能(neng)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)高(gao)(gao)投(tou)入低成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)(xiao)，達不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)預期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)(guo)，或者以(yi)(yi)(yi)失敗而(er)告終。二是(shi)缺(que)乏系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)析，走分(fen)散開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)路。會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)一個(ge)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)菲、涉及(ji)面(mian)(mian)廣、內容(rong)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)程，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)仔(zi)細、認(ren)真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)析就(jiu)匆匆上馬，不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)達到(dao)預期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)(guo)。三是(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)圖通(tong)過會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來強(qiang)行(xing)(xing)貫(guan)徹管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制度。對(dui)(dui)一些(xie)(xie)基(ji)礎管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，領導(dao)人想通(tong)過“冷冰冰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屏幕”來強(qiang)行(xing)(xing)貫(guan)徹管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制度，最(zui)終只能(neng)導(dao)致管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混亂(luan)，達不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)預期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)(guo)。...來源(yuan)于(yu) :chinaa./new/287%2F288%2F305%2F2008%2F8%2Fxu48800212864-0.htm
中學階段在人生發展過程中處于什么樣的階段和地位
中(zhong)學時期(qi)是人生的很(hen)重要(yao)(yao)的轉(zhuan)折點(dian)，這(zhe)時期(qi)的孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)都會(hui)有點(dian)叛(pan)逆，感(gan)情也(ye)處于懵懂(dong)期(qi)，這(zhe)時的孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)要(yao)(yao)正確(que)引導適當教育(yu)，不能(neng)放任也(ye)不能(neng)管的過嚴，中(zhong)學時期(qi)的孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)要(yao)(yao)為自己樹立明確(que)的目標，有個奮斗的方向會(hui)過得(de)更(geng)有意義！
會計信息化模擬手工記賬能夠減輕會計人員工作量提高工作效率對嗎?
會計(ji)電(dian)(dian)算(suan)化(hua)最重(zhong)要，最基礎的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作是錄入憑(ping)證，只要憑(ping)證錄入之后，就可以審核和(he)記(ji)(ji)(ji)賬(zhang)(zhang)，而(er)(er)記(ji)(ji)(ji)賬(zhang)(zhang)、過(guo)(guo)賬(zhang)(zhang)、匯總等(deng)過(guo)(guo)程由軟件(jian)完成，而(er)(er)在(zai)手(shou)(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條件(jian)下，必須(xu)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)去執行，工(gong)(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)率提高(gao)了(le)(le)不少(shao)，而(er)(er)且，會計(ji)電(dian)(dian)算(suan)化(hua)對會計(ji)信息的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確性也提高(gao)了(le)(le)不少(shao)，避免(mian)了(le)(le)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)(ji)賬(zhang)(zhang)、過(guo)(guo)賬(zhang)(zhang)等(deng)發生的(de)(de)(de)錯誤，并且，計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)記(ji)(ji)(ji)賬(zhang)(zhang)，比手(shou)(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)(ji)賬(zhang)(zhang)更加規范(fan)，通過(guo)(guo)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)記(ji)(ji)(ji)賬(zhang)(zhang)，將(jiang)會計(ji)人員從(cong)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)程中解(jie)放(fang)出來，以便于會計(ji)人員有更多的(de)(de)(de)時間參與(yu)單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，更好地進(jin)行稅收籌劃、預算(suan)等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。
在我過會計信息化的模擬手工記賬階段企業已經主動的將會計電算化工作作為企業信息化建設的重要組成部分
考試大(da)綱、各地報名通知，
視頻教程(cheng)+模考(kao)系統、電算化軟件(jian)、遠程(cheng)協助安裝等更多(duo)信息，
見(jian)附(fu)件，或(huo)點(dian)擊(ji)我(wo)的(de)百度(du)用(yong)戶名，瀏覽我(wo)的(de)百度(du)空間即可見(jian)。
現在，我國說我會計信息化正處在什么的階段
B.向標準化和國際化發展
1、2006年2月15日財政部發布了《企業會計準則》，2007年1月1日在全國上市公司實施，《企業會計準則》的頒布實施與國際慣例中的財務會計概念是一致的。
2、從“兩則、兩制”到《企業會計制度》的實施，我國企業會計制度實現了初步的統一。《企業會計準則》的發布，標志著適應我國市場經濟發展要求、與國際慣例趨同的企業會計準則體系正式建立。
3、專(zhuan)家指出：“企業會(hui)計(ji)準則(ze)對(dui)會(hui)計(ji)要素的確認、計(ji)量、記(ji)錄和報告全(quan)過程作出規定，是我國30年來會(hui)計(ji)改革(ge)的重大成果(guo)。”
利用計算機進行簡單的模擬手工會計業余處理過程是我國會計發展的什么階段
利用計算機進行簡單的模擬手工會計業余處理過程= 會計電算化
現在是我國(guo)會計(ji)發展的提高階段
我國現在檔案信息化發展程度
發展程度不怎么樣
在我國農業的發展過程中，依次有幾個主要階段
1.農業質檢的萌芽時期 新石器時代 （距今1萬~4千年） 已經栽培粟、黍、稻等農作物；已經飼養狗、豬、牛、羊等家畜、家禽；發明養蠶、 利用蠶絲；發明釀酒；發明打井。 2.農業技術的初步發展時期 夏商西周 （約公元前2000年~前711年） 發明了歷法指導農事；使用金屬農具；使用倉儲；普遍采用物候指示農事；出現園囿，開始栽培果樹和蔬菜；出現溝洫制度；出現壟作；已有作物品種的記載，并形成嘉種的良種概念；發明麻類漚制及脫膠技術；創造腌漬防腐貯藏蔬菜和冰鎮冷藏技術；使用除草、治蟲技術。 3.精耕細作農業術術發生時期 春秋戰國 （公元前770年~前221年） 發明利用杠桿原理的提水工具——桔槔； 使用鐵農具，并出現了鐵犁、牛耕、畜力直接用于農業生產；“糞種”技術的出現，施肥見于先秦典籍的記載；壟作的發展——甽畝法的形成；出現“土化之法”，創造以肥改土技術；以土質、土色、濕度、鹽分、肥力為標準區分土壤，開始土壤分類；農業區劃思想開始萌芽；戰國出現“四種五獲”，“一歲而再獲”的技術，復種開始產生；創造用“注填瘀之水，溉澤鹵之地”的施淤壓鹽技術。農學著作《
神農》、《野老》問(wen)世(shi)(shi)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)(xue)論文《呂氏春秋·上農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)》等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)四篇寫成(cheng)(cheng)。 4.北方(fang)(fang)旱(han)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)系形成(cheng)(cheng)時期 秦漢三國(guo)(guo)(guo) （公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前221年~公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)280年） 耕(geng)(geng)犁(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)改革，犁(li)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)；發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)楊谷器風扇；獨創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)24節(jie)氣形成(cheng)(cheng)；利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)蛋白制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)豆(dou)腐；發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)進渠，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)渠道；苜蓿(xu)引(yin)(yin)入中原(yuan)(yuan)；廣(guang)東海南(nan)島已(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)棉，并(bing)(bing)織(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)“廣(guang)幅布”；壟作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)形成(cheng)(cheng)“代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)田(tian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)”；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條播農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)耬(lou)車(che)(che)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)中；“覆(fu)以屋廡，晝夜燃煴火(huo)”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)蔬菜(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫室已(yi)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《漢書(shu)(shu)(shu)》記載；間(jian)(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、套(tao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)已(yi)在(zai)園(yuan)(yuan)藝中運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“溲(sou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)”及(ji)基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)田(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐產(chan)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)“區種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”法(fa)(fa)(fa)；穗(sui)選(xuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、嫁接技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)已(yi)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)記載；出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)滲灌(guan)(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)育(yu)(yu)秧(yang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；對(dui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)變異(yi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)已(yi)有明(ming)確認識，并(bing)(bing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)初步(bu)解釋；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)“藏宿麥(mai)這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，烈日曝(pu)干，投(tou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)燥器”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)麥(mai)類貯藏方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)擔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)翻(fan)(fan)車(che)(che)及(ji)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)虹吸原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)“渴鳥(niao)”。《汜勝之書(shu)(shu)(shu)》問(wen)世(shi)(shi)。 兩(liang)晉、南(nan)北朝 應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)凸輪轉(zhuan)動方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)以水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為動力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)碓 （公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)265~580） 機(ji)(ji)和連(lian)轉(zhuan)磨；北方(fang)(fang)形成(cheng)(cheng)耕(geng)(geng)、耙、耱抗旱(han)耕(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子單(dan)(dan)收單(dan)(dan)打單(dan)(dan)存單(dan)(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)雜(za)保存技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)留種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)田(tian)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)鑒別種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)(fa)(fa)芽率技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、催芽技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)已(yi)經(jing)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；烤田(tian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)熱進倉防(fang)(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)(xian)存早(zao)(zao)早(zao)(zao)、最(zui)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)(xue)名著(zhu)(zhu)《齊民(min)要術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》問(wen)世(shi)(shi) 5.南(nan)方(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)時期 隋唐(tang)五(wu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai) （公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)581年~960年） 創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)自(zi)動擔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪（筒車(che)(che)）；牡丹(dan)成(cheng)(cheng)為唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)著(zhu)(zhu)名花(hua)(hua)卉，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)盤(pan)花(hua)(hua)和盆(pen)景(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)積制(zhi)廄肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)踏(ta)糞(fen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)機(ji)(ji)具(ju)(ju)(ju)人力(li)犁(li)，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)“夜設火(huo)，坎(kan)其旁(pang)，且焚且瘞”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)誘殺蝗(huang)(huang)(huang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，是年捕蝗(huang)(huang)(huang)十(shi)四萬(wan)擔；菌(jun)類開(kai)(kai)始(shi)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)茶籽砂藏技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；曲轅(yuan)犁(li)已(yi)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)；太(tai)湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網圩田(tian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)形成(cheng)(cheng)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu)《耒(lei)耜經(jing)》印刷發(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。 宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai) （公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)960~1297年） 創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)竹子開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)伐更新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；稻(dao)(dao)(dao)麥(mai)二熟(shu)制(zhi)度推廣(guang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)江南(nan)，占城(cheng)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)推廣(guang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)江淮流域；運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)插秧(yang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)秧(yang)馬；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)豆(dou)芽菜(cai)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)頒(ban)布第一(yi)(yi)個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；硫磺(huang)、石灰(hui)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)礦物(wu)(wu)質已(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)花(hua)(hua)卉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)促成(cheng)(cheng)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)“唐(tang)花(hua)(hua)”術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)碎土(tu)(tu)、平土(tu)(tu)及(ji)混合泥漿(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)耖；利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)風力(li)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)風車(che)(che)（風力(li)翻(fan)(fan)車(che)(che)）南(nan)方(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)耕(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)深(shen)耕(geng)(geng)曬垡、凍(dong)垡、田(tian)間(jian)(jian)熏(xun)土(tu)(tu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)措(cuo)施(shi)促進土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)熟(shu)化(hua)(hua)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力(li)學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)“地(di)(di)(di)(di)力(li)常新(xin)壯”理(li)論形成(cheng)(cheng)；培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)壯秧(yang)已(yi)胡較系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)，得出(chu)(chu)(chu)“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)糞(fen)得理(li)”，“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)糞(fen)如用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)原(yuan)(yuan)則；雜(za)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)漚制(zhi)、餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)酵、燒(shao)制(zhi)熏(xun)土(tu)(tu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)積肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、造(zao)(zao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)已(yi)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)記載，設置糞(fen)屋，注意肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)效(xiao)保存；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)(xue)著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《陳敷農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》印刷發(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)； 我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)頒(ban)布第一(yi)(yi)個治(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規。 元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)（公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan) 1280~1368） 出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)蔬菜(cai)冷(leng)床(chuang)育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；棉花(hua)(hua)由(you)邊疆分南(nan)北兩(liang)路傳(chuan)(chuan)入內地(di)(di)(di)(di)；畜力(li)牽引(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中耕(geng)(geng)除(chu)草(cao)(cao)及(ji)培(pei)(pei)土(tu)(tu)聯合作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)——耬(lou)鋤用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)紡(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)家(jia)黃(huang)道婆在(zai)她(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故鄉松江傳(chuan)(chuan)棉紡(fang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)青飼發(fa)(fa)(fa)酵技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)溝洫(xu)臺(tai)田(tian)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)鹽咸(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)；采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)；已(yi)有耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)套(tao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)——麗刂刀；水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)“耘蕩(dang)”，“耘爪”等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)中耕(geng)(geng)除(chu)草(cao)(cao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)；高轉(zhuan)筒車(che)(che)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)轉(zhuan)翻(fan)(fan)車(che)(che)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)擔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)已(yi)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)；生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)和使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)開(kai)(kai)溝、播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、鎮(zhen)壓等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)聯合作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)——下(xia)(xia)(xia)糞(fen)耬(lou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和 砘車(che)(che)，麥(mai)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)套(tao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)麥(mai)釤、麥(mai)綽(chuo)、麥(mai)籠(long)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)；我(wo)我(wo)現(xian)(xian)存最(zui)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)圖譜《王禎(zhen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)·農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)器圖譜》問(wen)世(shi)(shi)；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)(xian)存最(zui)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)氣象(xiang)(xiang)專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu)《田(tian)家(jia)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)》印刷發(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。 6.傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)入發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和繼續提高 明(ming)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai) （公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1368~1644） 雙(shuang)季(ji)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)普遍發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，并(bing)(bing)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)連(lian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，間(jian)(jian) 作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、混作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；西北地(di)(di)(di)(di)區創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)抗旱(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“砂田(tian)”栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)套(tao)耕(geng)(geng)深(shen)翻(fan)(fan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)由(you)有機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和無(wu)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)配(pei)制(zhi)面成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料“糞(fen)丹(dan)”；福州一(yi)(yi)帶已(yi)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)雙(shuang)季(ji)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)與冬小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)輪作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)年三熟(shu)制(zhi)；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)養(yang)鴨治(zhi)(zhi)蝗(huang)(huang)(huang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；玉米、甘薯、煙草(cao)(cao)、馬鈴薯等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)重要農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)先后傳(chuan)(chuan)入我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)；粒選(xuan)已(yi)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)記載；創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)輪番(fan)增(zeng)盈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“親田(tian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)”；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)骨灰(hui)粉(fen)末作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料并(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)骨灰(hui)蘸秧(yang)根；小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)稱(cheng)霸運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)上已(yi)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)看苗(miao)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；太(tai)湖地(di)(di)(di)(di)區、珠江流域創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)“桑基(ji)魚塘”，實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)糧、桑、魚綜(zong)合經(jing)營；出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)甘薯留種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)繁殖技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；絞關(guan)(guan)(guan)犁(li)（即代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)耕(geng)(geng)犁(li)，又(you)名代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)耕(geng)(geng)架）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀和結構見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)記載；已(yi)知蝗(huang)(huang)(huang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)過、蝗(huang)(huang)(huang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)卵規律(lv)，提出(chu)(chu)(chu)清(qing)除(chu)蝗(huang)(huang)(huang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)滋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)以消(xiao)滅(mie)蝗(huang)(huang)(huang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)、運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)砒霜撞拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)研究野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)早(zao)(zao)專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu)《救荒本草(cao)(cao)》、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu)《理(li)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)玉境稻(dao)(dao)(dao)品(pin)》、《沈氏農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》《補農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》印刷發(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰陽五(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)解釋農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)說(shuo)》及(ji)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)綜(zong)合性農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》問(wen)世(shi)(shi)。 清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai) （公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1644~1911） 使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)“冬月種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)谷法(fa)(fa)(fa)”促使(shi)(shi)春化(hua)(hua)，利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)倒灌(guan)(guan)海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)；出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)穗(sui)傳(chuan)(chuan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，并(bing)(bing)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)御稻(dao)(dao)(dao)；北方(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)谷、麥(mai)、菜(cai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)輪作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)復種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)二年三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，總結出(chu)(chu)(chu)因(yin)時因(yin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)因(yin)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)合理(li)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)深(shen)翻(fan)(fan)壓鹽、綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)治(zhi)(zhi)堿技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甘薯栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu)《金薯傳(chuan)(chuan)習錄》、棉花(hua)(hua)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu)《木棉譜》、清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)官修農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)《授時通(tong)考》刊行(xing)(xing)(xing)。該書(shu)(shu)(shu)刻有小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)500多(duo)個，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3000多(duo)個。 7.現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye) 公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)（1911~1949） 公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)（1949~） 雜(za)交(jiao)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、輻射育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)常規育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)；抗病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)棉等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)育(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)，陸(lu)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)、雜(za)交(jiao)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)雜(za)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優(you)勢利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)、基(ji)因(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)高新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)；化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料、微量元(yuan)(yuan)素肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料、菌(jun)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)；地(di)(di)(di)(di)膜覆(fu)蓋、保護地(di)(di)(di)(di)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)、無(wu) 土(tu)(tu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化(hua)(hua)育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)移栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)田(tian)和園(yuan)(yuan)藝作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)；噴灌(guan)(guan)、滴灌(guan)(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)降(jiang)雨、防(fang)(fang)(fang)雹(bao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)除(chu)草(cao)(cao)、植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長激素等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)高新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)產(chan)品(pin)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；遙感技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、飛機(ji)(ji)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)造(zao)(zao)林、飛防(fang)(fang)(fang)，田(tian)間(jian)(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)微機(ji)(ji)監(jian)測管(guan)理(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。
寫出關于我國會計信息發展過程中，經歷的四個階段，像下面題目一樣，每個階段分別寫出幾個表述
四個發展過程，分別是：
一、模擬手工記賬。（這個是嘗試階段）
這個過程是最開始的過程，只適用于財務內部的，只能夠做財務核算和報表核算，初級電算化只要就是學這個了
二、財務業務一體化（屬于自發發展階段）
這個是財務跟業務部門共同可以使用的，以前的只能用于財務，但現在則是以財務部門為主，而業務部門為輔的操作過程。
三、引入會計專業判斷（屬于有計劃地穩步發展階段）
這個是由國家來主持的，因為咱們不同的行業有不同的制度，現在國家就是把這些整理起來，讓咱們更方便操作運用
四、與內控相結合建立ERP系統的集成管理（屬于管理型會計軟件發展階段）
這個主要就是來源唯一，實時共享
來源唯一，就是說咱們財務的信息是通過業務方面提供的，也就是直接由ERP來獲取的
實時共享，則是說當業務方面的比如銷售物品，咱們財務方便也可以同一時間了解到。
2008年6月六部委聯合發布《企業內部控制基本規范》
2010年4月三會一部一署發布 企業內部控制應用指引、評價指引、審計報告指引
內控是內部控制的簡稱，內部控制分為內部會計控制和內部管理控制兩類。
與內控相結合建立ERP系統的集成管理階段要求會計電算化與內部控制相結合，運用計算機實現內部控制的上述要求，建立ERP系統的集成管理(來源惟一、實時共享)。
會計電算(suan)(suan)化不等于會計信息化，會計電算(suan)(suan)化是會計信息化的初級(ji)階(jie)段和基(ji)礎工作
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隋唐五代醫學(公元581－960年)
公元581年楊堅奪取了北周政權，建立隋朝，改元開皇，定都長安，是為隋文帝。
隋的統一，加強了南北經濟文化的聯系，促進了各民族間的融合和經濟文化的發展。盡管隋政權僅38年，但隋文帝創立的一些政治、經濟、文化科技方面的制度，對以后歷代封建王朝都產生了深遠影響。統一不久的隋朝，上層統治集團的腐朽逐漸暴露，土地兼并加劇，社會矛盾日益加深，特別是煬帝窮兵贖武，橫征暴斂，窮奢極侈，大修宮河，巡游無度，連年征戰，役稅酷繁，勞民傷財，以致使國內“耕稼失時，田疇多荒”，嚴重破壞了生產和經濟基礎，廣大人民被迫不得不“采樹皮葉，或搗藁為末，或煮土而食之，諸物皆盡，乃自相食，”此致民怨沸騰遍處暴發起義，從根本上動搖了隋王朝政權。此時，官僚、地主乘機紛紛起兵，奪取農民起義的果實，公元618年，出身于關隴貴族的李淵攻入長安，廢除恭帝，建國號唐。
唐高祖李淵和唐太宗李世(shi)民(min)以及他們的(de)輔(fu)臣，都親眼見到隋末政……
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