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亞低溫在急性呼吸窘迫綜合征治療中的應用前景探討

醫案日記(ji) 2023-06-08 23:14:50

作者(zhe):王學敏 徐惠芳

自(zi)1967年Ashbaugh首次(ci)描(miao)述急性(xing)呼吸窘迫(po)綜合征(zheng)(ARDS)以(yi)來(lai),國內 外對(dui)其(qi)流行(xing)病學和(he)發病機制(zhi)的(de)研(yan)究取得(de)了(le)很大(da)的(de)進展(zhan)。由于ARDS病因多樣,發病機制(zhi)尚未完 全(quan)闡(chan)明,病理(li)生理(li)變化廣泛而復(fu)雜(za),因此至今尚無特效的(de)治療方法(fa),只是根(gen)據(ju)其(qi)病理(li)生理(li)改 變和(he)臨床癥(zheng)狀進行(xing)針對(dui)性(xing)或支持性(xing)的(de)治療。目前認為,多器官功能障礙綜合征(zheng)(MODS)是全(quan)身 炎(yan)癥(zheng)反(fan)應(ying)綜合征(zheng)(SIRS)、代償(chang)性(xing)抗(kang)炎(yan)反(fan)應(ying)綜合征(zheng)(CARS)或混(hun)合性(xing)抗(kang)炎(yan)反(fan)應(ying)綜合征(zheng)(MARS)發展(zhan) 的(de)結(jie)果。而ARDS實(shi)際上(shang)就(jiu)是MODS在(zai)肺部的(de)表(biao)現,在(zai)此過(guo)程中,過(guo)度(du)炎(yan)癥(zheng)反(fan)應(ying)激活(huo)大(da)量效應(ying)細(xi) 胞,并(bing)釋放炎(yan)性(xing)介質參(can)與了(le)肺損傷(shang)。

將亞(ya)低溫用于ARDS防治方面的研究還處于起(qi)步階(jie)段(duan),但已(yi)經顯(xian)示(shi)出(chu)其可能(neng)具有的誘人(ren)前景。

1ARDS病理生理

ARDS發病(bing)(bing)機(ji)制錯綜(zong)復雜,但病(bing)(bing)變主要分(fen)為兩大部分(fen)。①呼(hu)吸功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)障礙:ARDS患者(zhe)肺(fei)(fei)泡-毛細(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管間隙(xi)水腫,氣體(ti)(ti)交換(huan)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)障礙,同時(shi)殘(can)存的有(you)(you)通氣功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)的肺(fei)(fei)泡大大減少。這(zhe) 不但造成機(ji)體(ti)(ti)缺(que)氧,而且為了維持必須的氣體(ti)(ti)交換(huan),還帶來了與呼(hu)吸機(ji)有(you)(you)關的肺(fei)(fei)損傷(shang)。②肺(fei)(fei) 部的炎癥(zheng)反(fan)應(ying):細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)因子大量釋(shi)(shi)放,并(bing)通過扳(ban)機(ji)樣作用觸(chu)發炎癥(zheng)介(jie)質的瀑布樣級聯反(fan) 應(ying)。巨噬細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)產(chan)生氧自由基、溶酶(mei)體(ti)(ti)酶(mei)等損傷(shang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管內(nei)皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)和肺(fei)(fei)泡上皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao),而且還產(chan)生 細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)因子,促使大量中性(xing)粒細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(PMN)向肺(fei)(fei)組(zu)織微血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管內(nei)聚集(ji)。活化(hua)的PMN黏附(fu)在血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管內(nei)皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi) 胞(bao)表面,并(bing)引(yin)起(qi)呼(hu)吸爆發,釋(shi)(shi)放氧自由基、蛋(dan)白溶解酶(mei)、花(hua)生四烯(xi)酸代謝產(chan)物等損傷(shang)肺(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管 內(nei)皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao),還可通過誘導釋(shi)(shi)放炎性(xing)介(jie)質,激活補體(ti)(ti)、凝(ning)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和纖溶系統等。此(ci)外,凝(ning)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和纖溶 功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)紊亂致(zhi)微栓子形成,通過多種機(ji)制引(yin)起(qi)肺(fei)(fei)泡毛細(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管損傷(shang),肺(fei)(fei)毛細(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管通透性(xing)增加,肺(fei)(fei) 泡上皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)和肺(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管內(nei)皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)凋亡也參(can)與ARDS的發病(bing)(bing)。

2亞低溫抗炎機制

亞(ya)低溫(wen)(wen)保護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)并不(bu)僅限于降低機體代謝,還通(tong)過多種(zhong)機制減(jian)輕缺血-再(zai)灌(guan)注(zhu)或 創(chuang)傷后(hou)的繼(ji)發性(xing)損(sun)傷,如氧供(gong)需失(shi)衡、氧化反(fan)應、細胞凋亡、興奮性(xing)氨(an)基酸釋(shi)放、腦水腫(zhong)、血-腦脊液屏障受損(sun)、白(bai)三烯生成、顱內(nei)高(gao)壓、炎(yan)性(xing)因(yin)子釋(shi)放以(yi)及PMN聚集等 〔1〕。目前在(zai)低溫(wen)(wen)保護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)機制方面(mian)已(yi)經進行(xing)了(le)大(da)量廣泛而深入(ru)的研究,這些成果加 深了(le)我們(men)對低溫(wen)(wen)保護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)的理解(jie),并為其(qi)在(zai)臨床上的應用(yong)提供(gong)了(le)理論基礎和新的思路。

2.1對PMN功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang):很(hen)早以前,人們就發現腦(nao)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)后損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)組(zu)織(zhi)中有大(da) 量(liang)PMN聚集(ji)。亞低(di)溫(wen)(wen)可(ke)抑(yi)制(zhi)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)后PMN浸(jin)(jin)潤從而減(jian)輕組(zu)織(zhi)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)。Maier等〔2〕發現,創 傷(shang)(shang)后1小時的(de)(de)(de)(de)亞低(di)溫(wen)(wen)可(ke)減(jian)少(shao)PMN 浸(jin)(jin)潤達75%,2小時后減(jian)低(di)程度(du)為72%。其可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)通過保持血-腦(nao)脊液屏障的(de)(de)(de)(de)完整性(xing)或減(jian)少(shao)相關(guan)炎性(xing)因子的(de)(de)(de)(de)釋(shi)放來抑(yi)制(zhi)PMN浸(jin)(jin)潤的(de)(de)(de)(de)。亞低(di)溫(wen)(wen)不 但減(jian)少(shao)浸(jin)(jin)潤PMN數(shu)量(liang),還(huan)抑(yi)制(zhi)其功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。PMN釋(shi)放氧(yang)自(zi)由基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)與(yu)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)密切相關(guan),有報道當溫(wen)(wen) 度(du)從37℃降至33℃時,PMN釋(shi)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)自(zi)由基(ji)減(jian)少(shao)4倍〔3〕。Mizuno等〔4〕的(de)(de)(de)(de) 研究顯示,將(jiang)PMN孵育在35℃時,其吞(tun)噬(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)顯著(zhu)提高。作者認為抑(yi)制(zhi)神經(jing)酰胺的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)成可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng) 是(shi)亞低(di)溫(wen)(wen)提高PMN吞(tun)噬(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機制(zhi)之一。

2.2對細胞因子(zi)(zi)(zi)的影響:亞(ya)低溫(wen)(wen)可(ke)以顯(xian)著地(di)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)炎(yan)癥(zheng)早期腫瘤壞死(si)因子(zi)(zi)(zi)-α(TNF-α)的釋(shi)放〔5〕和白(bai)介素-1β RNA( IL-1β RNA)表達(da)〔6〕。Marion等〔7〕發現在腦(nao)創(chuang)傷(shang)后(hou)36小 時,亞(ya)低溫(wen)(wen)組IL-1β含量(liang)明顯(xian)低于常溫(wen)(wen)組,且復溫(wen)(wen)后(hou)差異依(yi)然存(cun)在。Aibiki等 〔8〕證實,亞(ya)低溫(wen)(wen)可(ke)以抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)腦(nao)損傷(shang)后(hou)IL-6升高,且作用可(ke)延續到復溫(wen)(wen)時 和復溫(wen)(wen)后(hou)。低溫(wen)(wen)降低機(ji)體(ti)(ti)的代謝率,并有可(ke)能改變(bian)一些酶等蛋(dan)白(bai)質分子(zi)(zi)(zi)的結構,降低其生物 活性,這(zhe)可(ke)能是低溫(wen)(wen)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)炎(yan)癥(zheng)因子(zi)(zi)(zi)釋(shi)放的機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)之一。

2.3對血管通(tong)透性(xing)的影響(xiang):一(yi)般認(ren)為血管通(tong)透性(xing)增(zeng)高是(shi)由于(yu)內皮細(xi)胞內 鈣離(li)子(zi)濃度增(zeng)高導致(zhi)內皮細(xi)胞收(shou)縮所致(zhi)。另外在病理情況下血管內皮細(xi)胞損傷,連接破(po)壞也 可導致(zhi)通(tong)透性(xing)增(zeng)高。近年來發現(xian)內皮細(xi)胞凋亡亦是(shi)原(yuan)因之一(yi)。

亞(ya)低溫(wen)可保護(hu)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)損(sun)傷、腦(nao)(nao)(nao)缺(que)血后血-腦(nao)(nao)(nao)脊(ji)液屏障功能,降(jiang)低血管通(tong)透性,減(jian)(jian) 少血中(zhong)有(you)害物質進入腦(nao)(nao)(nao)組織。氧自由(you)(you)基,特別是-OH可損(sun)傷毛細血管內皮細胞,增加血-腦(nao)(nao)(nao)脊(ji)液屏障通(tong)透性。亞(ya)低溫(wen)可降(jiang)低腦(nao)(nao)(nao)代謝,抑制所有(you)的酶促反應,從而 減(jian)(jian)少氧自由(you)(you)基產生〔9〕。亞(ya)低溫(wen)還(huan)可顯(xian)著(zhu)減(jian)(jian)輕腦(nao)(nao)(nao)水(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)以及缺(que)血-再灌注 損(sun)傷后的腎臟水(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)。Maier等〔2〕報道,創傷后1小時的亞(ya)低溫(wen)可減(jian)(jian)輕腦(nao)(nao)(nao)水(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)程(cheng) 度達(da)85%。

2.4對凋(diao)(diao)亡(wang)的影響(xiang):多種生理刺激、物(wu)理損傷(shang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)誘(you)發(fa)凋(diao)(diao)亡(wang)。如(ru)TNF-α可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)直(zhi)接與(yu)靶細胞(bao)上其(qi)(qi)受(shou)體結(jie)合誘(you)發(fa)凋(diao)(diao)亡(wang),組織缺血(xue)本(ben)身也可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)誘(you)發(fa)凋(diao)(diao)亡(wang)。實(shi)驗(yan)證(zheng)實(shi)局 部組織60分鐘的低溫(10℃)治(zhi)(zhi)療可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)直(zhi)接阻斷TNF-α誘(you)發(fa)的細胞(bao)凋(diao)(diao)亡(wang),這可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng) 與(yu)低溫治(zhi)(zhi)療恢復毛細血(xue)管灌流、改善組織缺血(xue)有關(guan)。當(dang)然,也不能(neng)排除低溫可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)干擾TNF-α與(yu)其(qi)(qi)受(shou)體結(jie)合而發(fa)揮(hui)保護(hu)作用〔10〕。Maier等〔2〕在大鼠腦缺血(xue) 模(mo)型中發(fa)現,

與正常體溫組比,實驗3日后

1小時和(he)2小時的(de)亞(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)可(ke)分別減少腦(nao)細胞凋(diao)亡(wang)(wang)達78%和(he)99%,而(er)30分鐘的(de)亞(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)對(dui)細胞凋(diao)亡(wang)(wang) 無(wu)明(ming)顯(xian)影(ying)響。有研究(jiu)證(zheng)實亞(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)對(dui)于壞死的(de)細胞無(wu)影(ying)響,但顯(xian)著減少凋(diao)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)細胞,這提示亞(ya) 低(di)(di)溫(wen)可(ke)特異性地抑(yi)制細胞凋(diao)亡(wang)(wang)。雖然在損傷和(he)缺(que)血的(de)同(tong)時就(jiu)可(ke)能觸發凋(diao)亡(wang)(wang),但其死亡(wang)(wang)過程將 持續一段時間,這就(jiu)為亞(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)阻(zu)斷相關的(de)生(sheng)化反應過程提供了可(ke)能〔11〕。

2.5對(dui)凝(ning)血(xue)(xue)功(gong)能的(de)影響:低溫可增(zeng)加(jia)創傷患者(zhe)術(shu)中失(shi)血(xue)(xue)量,減(jian)少(shao)血(xue)(xue)小板(ban) 數(shu) 量,抑制其(qi)功(gong)能,并(bing)提高纖(xian)溶酶活性。Gubler等〔12〕發現,雖然溫度(du)降至35℃時 凝(ning)血(xue)(xue)指標(biao)已(yi)有明顯變化,但(dan)只要維持溫度(du)于33℃以上,其(qi)對(dui)臨床并(bing)無(wu)顯著影響。許多研究 亦證(zheng)實亞(ya)低溫并(bing)不增(zeng)加(jia)出血(xue)(xue)傾向,凝(ning)血(xue)(xue)指標(biao)也接近正常。這些都說(shuo)明亞(ya)低溫對(dui)凝(ning)血(xue)(xue)功(gong)能影響 并(bing)不大。

談到亞低溫對凝(ning)血(xue)功(gong)能影響時(shi),我們總是(shi)習(xi)慣(guan)性地(di)把這(zhe)當作副(fu)作用之(zhi)一。然(ran)而(er)在某些病理(li)情(qing) 況下,這(zhe)反(fan)而(er)可能成為(wei)(wei)益處。膿(nong)(nong)毒癥(zheng)是(shi)ARDS最常見的(de)誘因(yin)和首位的(de)死(si)因(yin)。近年來(lai)人(ren)們認識(shi)到 炎性介(jie)質可以(yi)抑制抗(kang)(kang)凝(ning)物(wu)質并激活外源性凝(ning)血(xue)系統,使(shi)膿(nong)(nong)毒癥(zheng)早期即(ji)處于高凝(ning)狀態而(er)發(fa)生纖 維蛋白沉積乃(nai)至彌散性血(xue)管內凝(ning)血(xue)(DIC)。因(yin)此(ci)抗(kang)(kang)凝(ning)成為(wei)(wei)膿(nong)(nong)毒癥(zheng)治療的(de)重要方面。此(ci)外ARDS 本身也伴(ban)有凝(ning)血(xue)功(gong)能紊亂(luan),肺部大量微栓子形成。

2.6其它:Westmann等(deng)〔10〕發現局部低(di)(di)溫可(ke)阻斷TNF-α所致(zhi)的毛(mao)細血(xue)(xue)管(guan)灌(guan)流(liu)障(zhang)礙,這可(ke)能(neng)是低(di)(di)溫抑制PMN聚集,降低(di)(di)毛(mao)細血(xue)(xue)管(guan)阻力所致(zhi)。低(di)(di)溫 還可(ke)抑制血(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)素生成,促(cu)進前列腺(xian)素合(he)成從而恢復微(wei)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)灌(guan)流(liu),保持(chi)組織結(jie)構完整性(xing)。

黏(nian)附分(fen)子可促進PMN與內皮細(xi)(xi)胞黏(nian)附。多項(xiang)研究證實亞(ya)低溫可抑制黏(nian)附分(fen)子的(de)功能及(ji)其在(zai)白(bai)細(xi)(xi)胞和內皮細(xi)(xi)胞上的(de)表達,從而減少PMN的(de)浸潤〔13〕。

從以上(shang)我(wo)們可(ke)以看出,亞(ya)低(di)(di)溫主要的(de)益處有(you)(you)兩方(fang)面:增(zeng)強機(ji)體對缺(que)(que)氧(yang)的(de)耐受性;抑制(zhi)過(guo)度的(de) 炎癥(zheng)反應。理(li)論上(shang)講,對于那些(xie)既有(you)(you)缺(que)(que)血(xue)、缺(que)(que)氧(yang)病(bing)程,又(you)有(you)(you)過(guo)度炎癥(zheng)反應的(de)病(bing)變,亞(ya)低(di)(di)溫恰(qia) 恰(qia)可(ke)以最大限(xian)度地(di)發揮其保(bao)護作(zuo)用。臨(lin)床(chuang)上(shang)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)疾病(bing)很(hen)多,如(ru)ARDS、缺(que)(que)血(xue)-再 灌(guan)注損傷、重癥(zheng)胰腺炎等(deng)。亞(ya)低(di)(di)溫在這(zhe)些(xie)疾病(bing)中的(de)應用前景如(ru)何有(you)(you)待進(jin)一(yi)步研究。

3亞低溫(wen)在ARDS中(zhong)的應用

亞(ya)低溫可(ke)降低機(ji)體(ti)代謝,減少機(ji)體(ti)需氧(yang)量,從(cong)而減輕(qing)肺負擔(dan),防止與呼吸機(ji)相關的(de)肺損傷(shang)。另一方(fang)面,亞(ya)低溫具(ju)有(you)抑制PMN浸潤、氧(yang)自由(you)基和細胞因(yin)子釋放、細胞凋(diao)亡、血(xue)栓形成(cheng)降低 毛細血(xue)管通透性(xing)以及等諸(zhu)多作用。亞(ya)低溫的(de)這些特性(xing),使其在急性(xing)肺損傷(shang)(ALI)或ARDS治療方(fang)面可(ke)能(neng)具(ju)有(you)意 想不到的(de)效(xiao)果(guo)。

1974年Flachs給(gei)一(yi)(yi)位急性呼(hu)(hu)吸衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(呼(hu)(hu)衰(shuai)(shuai))患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)做體外膜肺治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)時(shi)發現,當溫(wen)(wen)度意外降(jiang)到(dao)34℃時(shi),患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)PaO2上升;當溫(wen)(wen)度恢(hui)(hui)復到(dao)37℃時(shi),PaO2又下降(jiang)。作者(zhe)(zhe)又將(jiang)亞(ya)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)應用于 其他一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)呼(hu)(hu)吸衰(shuai)(shuai)竭患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe),成功地使(shi)他們避(bi)免了(le)使(shi)用體外膜式氧合器(ECMO)〔14〕。此 后,又有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)病(bing)例報(bao)(bao)道(dao)對(dui)某些(xie)(xie)重(zhong)危癥伴有呼(hu)(hu)吸功能衰(shuai)(shuai)竭患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe),當常(chang)(chang)規的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)手(shou)段無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)時(shi),醫(yi)(yi) 生給(gei)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)采用亞(ya)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao),患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)最(zui)終(zhong)活下來并恢(hui)(hui)復了(le)健(jian)康(kang)。然而,上述這些(xie)(xie)都只是一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)零(ling)散 的(de)(de)(de)、無(wu)(wu)對(dui)照的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)例報(bao)(bao)道(dao),說服(fu)力并不很強(qiang)。為了(le)驗(yan)證亞(ya)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)對(dui)呼(hu)(hu)衰(shuai)(shuai)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)影響,20世紀90年 代Villar等〔15〕進行了(le)一(yi)(yi)項前瞻性、對(dui)照的(de)(de)(de)臨床實驗(yan),將(jiang)19位膿毒癥伴發ARDS患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe) 隨機分為2組,一(yi)(yi)組接受常(chang)(chang)規治(zhi)療(liao)(liao),另一(yi)(yi)組接受常(chang)(chang)規治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)+亞(ya)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(32~35℃)。結果顯示,亞(ya)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)能夠顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低(di)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)死率(67%比100%,P

改善氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)供需(xu)平(ping)衡是低(di)溫(wen)主(zhu)要(yao)保(bao)護機制(zhi)之(zhi)一。但為(wei)什么低(di)溫(wen)時機體氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)耗量保(bao)持不(bu)變(bian),而不(bu)是降 低(di)?Gilston曾專門(men)撰文分析這個問題。他(ta)認為(wei)可能(neng)(neng)的機制(zhi)是:雖然低(di)溫(wen)降低(di)了機體需(xu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量,但仍然高于(yu)供氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量,故氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)耗量不(bu)變(bian),但氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)債減(jian)小;低(di)溫(wen)時皮(pi)膚、肌肉的血管收縮,但某些重 要(yao)器(qi)官血管可能(neng)(neng)擴(kuo)張,氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)耗量增加,此(ci)時總(zong)血管阻力不(bu)變(bian),總(zong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)耗量不(bu)變(bian)〔16〕。

低溫(wen)時(shi)感染發生率能(neng)否升高(gao)?作者認為低溫(wen)可(ke)(ke)抑制(zhi)內毒(du)(du)素刺激所致的機(ji)體(ti)過(guo)度炎癥(zheng)反應,從 而(er)提(ti)高(gao)機(ji)體(ti)免(mian)疫功(gong)能(neng),并(bing)進而(er)增(zeng)加網狀內皮系統對內毒(du)(du)素的清除能(neng)力。研(yan)究報告,在實驗前(qian),2組(zu)各有(you)(you)7位患(huan)者血(xue)(xue)培養(yang)陽性,治療(liao)開(kai)始(shi)后亞低溫(wen)組(zu)有(you)(you)4位患(huan)者很(hen)快轉陰,而(er)傳統治療(liao) 組(zu)只有(you)(you)2位患(huan)者轉陰〔15〕。此(ci)外亞低溫(wen)對凝血(xue)(xue)功(gong)能(neng)有(you)(you)一(yi)定的影(ying)響,它(ta)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)通過(guo)抑制(zhi) 膿(nong)毒(du)(du)癥(zheng)的高(gao)凝狀態以及(ji)抑制(zhi)ARDS時(shi)肺毛細血(xue)(xue)管微栓(shuan)子形(xing)成而(er)發揮保護作用。這(zhe)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)亞低溫(wen) 在一(yi)些膿(nong)毒(du)(du)癥(zheng)患(huan)者治療(liao)中取得成功(gong)的機(ji)制(zhi)之一(yi)。

在(zai)以上所(suo)有這些實(shi)驗中,亞(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)都是(shi)在(zai)常(chang)規(gui)治療(liao)手(shou)段無效(xiao)時作為(wei)一種降(jiang)低(di)(di)機體(ti)代謝(xie)措(cuo)施應(ying)用(yong) 的,其(qi)早期應(ying)用(yong)可能(neng)效(xiao)果更加(jia)顯著〔16〕。但(dan)亞(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)在(zai)ARDS中的作用(yong)是(shi)否僅(jin)限于此,能(neng)否抑制ARDS肺(fei)部炎癥(zheng)(zheng)反(fan)應(ying)而從根本上改變ARDS的病程呢?雖然人(ren)們在(zai)亞(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)對ARDS患(huan)者氧 供(gong)需(xu)平衡方面(mian)做了(le)部分研究(jiu)工作,并取得了(le)令人(ren)鼓(gu)舞的成果,可是(shi)在(zai)亞(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)對ARDS肺(fei)部炎癥(zheng)(zheng) 反(fan)應(ying)的影響(xiang)方面(mian)卻至今未(wei)見報道。雖然從亞(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)溫(wen)特性上推斷其(qi)應(ying)該能(neng)夠抑制ARDS肺(fei)部的炎癥(zheng)(zheng) 反(fan)應(ying),但(dan)實(shi)際(ji)效(xiao)果目(mu)前(qian)仍是(shi)未(wei)知數。

目前亞(ya)低溫對(dui)ARDS影響方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)仍(reng)處(chu)于起步階段(duan),需要解決的(de)(de)問題很多,如對(dui)ARDS肺部炎 癥反應(ying)的(de)(de)影響,對(dui)感染(ran)發生率的(de)(de)影響,其(qi)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)時機、方(fang)式、持續時間,并發癥,預后,副 作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)防治(zhi)(zhi)等。其(qi)在臨床(chuang)上(shang)的(de)(de)實際應(ying)用(yong)效(xiao)果還需通過大(da)樣本、多中心的(de)(de)臨床(chuang)實驗來判(pan)斷(duan)。在 將來ARDS治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)中,綜合運(yun)用(yong)機械通氣、控制性亞(ya)低溫、藥物(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)可能將取得較好的(de)(de)療(liao)效(xiao)。

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