在中藥材(cai)種(zhong)植過程中，假冒(mao)偽劣(lie)藥材(cai)種(zhong)子、種(zhong)苗是農村(cun)生產資料市(shi)場危害最大的商品之一。藥農因為缺(que)少對(dui)種(zhong)子、種(zhong)苗優劣(lie)真假的鑒別知識，加之種(zhong)子監管、技術鑒定等環(huan)節存在的問題，經常選錯(cuo)種(zhong)子，種(zhong)錯(cuo)藥材(cai)。而不(bu)合(he)格(ge)的藥材(cai)既(ji)給生產者帶來損失，又因低效、無效甚至(zhi)有毒在臨(lin)床上造(zao)成嚴重后果。
魏新(xin)雨 江西省寧都(dou)縣都(dou)旺中藥材種(zhong)植場
“一(yi)年之計在于春(chun)。”眼下，又快到了春(chun)耕時(shi)節，許多藥(yao)(yao)農(nong)早已(yi)忙活起來，為(wei)新一(yi)年的(de)藥(yao)(yao)材種(zhong)植做著積(ji)極(ji)準備。本文介紹(shao)一(yi)些(xie)選購中藥(yao)(yao)材種(zhong)子、種(zhong)苗(miao)的(de)實踐技巧(qiao)，供藥(yao)(yao)農(nong)應(ying)用參考。
根據信息選品種
“少時(shi)是(shi)(shi)個寶(bao)，多時(shi)是(shi)(shi)根草(cao)”是(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)農(nong)對(dui)中藥(yao)(yao)材種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)所能帶來效益和風險的形象比喻(yu)。只(zhi)有掌握(wo)好市場(chang)行情，選(xuan)擇好種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)品種(zhong)，才能獲得中藥(yao)(yao)材種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)效益。要獲取準確(que)信息，首先要注意鑒別廣告的真假，不(bu)要被虛假廣告所蒙(meng)騙。其(qi)次大多數藥(yao)(yao)農(nong)喜歡種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)一時(shi)在市場(chang)上價格較高的品種(zhong)，往往以上年的高價品種(zhong)作為來年選(xuan)種(zhong)的參考和決策的依據。怎樣才能及時(shi)準確(que)地得到(dao)真實(shi)可(ke)靠(kao)的信息呢？應(ying)從以下幾方(fang)面(mian)收集信息：①有關報刊雜志和專(zhuan)(zhuan)業書籍(ji)；②藥(yao)(yao)材市場(chang)；③藥(yao)(yao)材產地；④政府主管部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)和有關統計部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)；⑤邊貿進(jin)出(chu)口部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)；⑥科研部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)；⑦知(zhi)情人士和業內專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia);(8)中藥(yao)(yao)材專(zhuan)(zhuan)業網(wang)站。
密切關(guan)注(zhu)中藥材價(jia)格的變化，并把收集(ji)的權威信息進行綜合分(fen)析，核準(zhun)事(shi)實，去粗取精(jing)，去偽存真，就會(hui)發現種植中藥材效益好(hao)的品種和時機，從而(er)有(you)的放矢，獲得(de)好(hao)效益。
因地制宜選品種
目(mu)前藥材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子很多，分別屬于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)科屬不(bu)同(tong)(tong)種(zhong)(zhong)，同(tong)(tong)一種(zhong)(zhong)又有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)藥材(cai)適(shi)應環境也不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。如何從眾多品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze)合適(shi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)植呢？首先要考慮該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)否適(shi)合當地的(de)(de)(de)氣候條件(jian)、土壤條件(jian)、灌溉和排水的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)，以(yi)及其他生長習性的(de)(de)(de)特殊要求等。要選(xuan)擇(ze)適(shi)合于本(ben)地種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，因地制宜地發展生產。要根(gen)據(ju)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)藥材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)生長習性合理(li)安排套種(zhong)(zhong)，以(yi)充分合理(li)地利用土地，提高經濟效(xiao)果。如天南星、半夏(xia)喜陰(yin)濕環境，其畦(qi)邊可(ke)(ke)間作(zuo)(zuo)玉米、辣椒、芝麻(ma)等；杜仲、銀杏的(de)(de)(de)行間可(ke)(ke)種(zhong)(zhong)植黃芩等；丹參出苗期(qi)較長，可(ke)(ke)在畦(qi)邊套作(zuo)(zuo)早玉米等高桿(gan)作(zuo)(zuo)物。山(shan)坡、丘陵可(ke)(ke)用杜仲、山(shan)茱萸、吳(wu)茱萸等造林，既綠化了荒(huang)山(shan)，又使藥農致富。
搞清藥用植物繁殖方式(shi)
中藥材的(de)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法通常可分(fen)為(wei)兩(liang)大(da)類：一類是(shi)(shi)(shi)種子繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；一類是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用植物(wu)的(de)根、莖、葉等(deng)營養(yang)器(qi)官進(jin)行繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如(ru)菊(ju)花(hua)、番紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)、丹參(can)(can)(can)、玄參(can)(can)(can)、地黃、半(ban)夏、天(tian)南星、金(jin)銀花(hua)、太子參(can)(can)(can)、芍藥、麥冬、貝母(mu)、山藥、百合、玉竹(zhu)等(deng)藥材，在生(sheng)產中多采用無性繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在進(jin)行此類藥材生(sheng)產時，種苗的(de)真假不(bu)會存在太大(da)的(de)問題，主要應注意(yi)種苗的(de)大(da)小是(shi)(shi)(shi)否有(you)爛苗，是(shi)(shi)(shi)否帶有(you)國家規定(ding)檢(jian)疫的(de)有(you)害生(sheng)物(wu)問題。掌握(wo)各類藥材的(de)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式很重(zhong)要，如(ru)有(you)人以(yi)包(bao)回收為(wei)誘(you)餌(er)出售番紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)“種子”，事(shi)實上(shang)番紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用球莖繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，所售種子是(shi)(shi)(shi)何(he)物(wu)不(bu)得而知。
了解種子有效期
許多藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)保存年(nian)限(xian)很短(duan)，超過年(nian)限(xian)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)芽率(lv)就(jiu)很低(di)。為牟取(qu)暴利，種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)場上一(yi)些(xie)不(bu)法分子(zi)(zi)(zi)所售出的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)是沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)芽能力(li)或(huo)發(fa)(fa)芽率(lv)低(di)的(de)(de)陳(chen)種(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)是有(you)(you)(you)意將(jiang)新、舊(jiu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)混在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)的(de)(de)雜種(zhong)(zhong)。眾多試(shi)驗結(jie)果表明(ming)，種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)水分在(zai)5%～14%范圍內每降(jiang)低(di)1%，可使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)壽(shou)命延長1倍，但(dan)有(you)(you)(you)少部分種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)如(ru)細辛(xin)、黃連、孩兒參等(deng)(deng)不(bu)耐干藏(zang)(zang)，宜濕藏(zang)(zang)。屬于濕藏(zang)(zang)型的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)還有(you)(you)(you)檳榔、肉豆蔻、肉桂、丁香(xiang)、沉香(xiang)等(deng)(deng)南藥(yao)(yao)。藥(yao)(yao)用植物種(zhong)(zhong)類不(bu)同，其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)芽年(nian)限(xian)的(de)(de)長短(duan)也(ye)不(bu)一(yi)樣，這與其(qi)自身遺傳性(xing)狀和儲藏(zang)(zang)條件等(deng)(deng)有(you)(you)(you)關。多數藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)芽年(nian)限(xian)為2年(nian)～4年(nian)，如(ru)牛蒡子(zi)(zi)(zi)、薏苡仁、桔梗、紅花等(deng)(deng)。
在(zai)藥材生產(chan)中，應特(te)別注意(yi)那些(xie)有效期短的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，如黨參(can)(can)、白術、甘遂、當(dang)歸(gui)、北沙參(can)(can)、白芷、柴胡等種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)壽命較短，保存年限都不(bu)能(neng)超過(guo)1年，收獲的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)必須當(dang)年或第(di)二年春夏播種(zhong)(zhong)。一(yi)般情況(kuang)下，隔(ge)年種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)基本上就失去發(fa)(fa)芽能(neng)力(li)。另(ling)外(wai)，在(zai)購種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)應注意(yi)觀察(cha)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的外(wai)觀，當(dang)年的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)有光澤(ze)、發(fa)(fa)亮(liang)、有芳香味，而隔(ge)年的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發(fa)(fa)灰、有霉味。
了解種子儲藏方法
有的藥材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，雖然是新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，但如(ru)果種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)儲(chu)藏使用技術不正(zheng)確，仍(reng)會出(chu)現種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)發(fa)芽率低(di)或不發(fa)芽現象(xiang)(xiang)。如(ru)穿心蓮種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)皮有一層(ceng)(ceng)蠟(la)質，不透水(shui)，需摩(mo)擦后溫(wen)水(shui)浸種(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)；黃(huang)芪(qi)、甘(gan)草種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)存在(zai)硬(ying)實(shi)現象(xiang)(xiang)，經摩(mo)擦、浸種(zhong)(zhong)可提高發(fa)芽率；對一些休眠(mian)期較長的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)更應引起注(zhu)意，如(ru)牡丹、黃(huang)連、西洋參、紅豆杉等(deng)可采用低(di)溫(wen)沙藏層(ceng)(ceng)積(ji)處理(li)。
了解種子種苗質量
種(zhong)(zhong)植品種(zhong)(zhong)確定后，就(jiu)要選(xuan)(xuan)購優良的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)。目前市(shi)場(chang)上銷售的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)仍多為(wei)農民(min)自已留種(zhong)(zhong)。比如桔(jie)梗，桔(jie)梗種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)有紫花和白(bai)花兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)，現在家種(zhong)(zhong)以紫花品種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)優，做種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)桔(jie)梗需(xu)要選(xuan)(xuan)用生長兩(liang)年以上的(de)。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)源是(shi)根本，良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可穩產(chan)高(gao)(gao)產(chan)劣種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可顆(ke)粒無(wu)收。品(pin)質優良的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑒(jian)(jian)別正確、純凈一致、飽滿完整、無(wu)病蟲(chong)雜(za)草、發(fa)芽率和活力高(gao)(gao)、抗逆(ni)性和抗病蟲(chong)害性強。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)質量(liang)的(de)高(gao)(gao)低關系到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)否適宜播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)及播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)的(de)多少。在購買(mai)藥(yao)材種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗時(shi)(shi)，一定要(yao)事先做藥(yao)材種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)品(pin)質鑒(jian)(jian)定，主(zhu)要(yao)內容(rong)有：干粒重（或大粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)百粒重）、純凈度、含水率、成(cheng)分氣味(wei)和發(fa)芽率等。如果沒(mei)(mei)有達(da)到標準，說明該種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)沒(mei)(mei)有發(fa)育好，不能作為播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)材料使(shi)用(yong)。同時(shi)(shi)，在購買(mai)和運(yun)輸時(shi)(shi)應通過種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)檢疫部(bu)門檢疫，并了解(jie)產(chan)地發(fa)病情況(kuang)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗的(de)健康情況(kuang)，防止帶病蟲(chong)害的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗造成(cheng)難以(yi)補救的(de)損失，以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)藥(yao)材種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)經濟效益。
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