摘要：本文(wen)對(dui)中醫藥文(wen)獻數字化(hua)(hua)的必要性(xing)、艱巨(ju)性(xing)、廣泛性(xing)進行了論述(shu)，同(tong)時指(zhi)出中醫藥文(wen)獻數字化(hua)(hua)成果應(ying)用中，使用者的主觀能動性(xing)是起關鍵作用的。

中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)數(shu)字化(hua)是(shi)(shi)當前(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容。雖然利用(yong)(yong)計算(suan)機技術進行中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)已經(jing)有(you)大約20年的(de)(de)(de)歷史，也取得(de)了相當的(de)(de)(de)成果，但數(shu)字化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)卻是(shi)(shi)近年來提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)字化(hua)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)與電(dian)(dian)子(zi)版(ban)(ban)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)在概念(nian)上(shang)并不相同。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)版(ban)(ban)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)一般只具備簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)檢索、打印、編輯功(gong)(gong)能(有(you)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)版(ban)(ban)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)沒有(you)編輯功(gong)(gong)能)，是(shi)(shi)紙介質圖書的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)延伸，而數(shu)字化(hua)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)則(ze)(ze)可(ke)以進行知識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發掘、分析(xi)、重(zhong)組和利用(yong)(yong)。簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)地做個(ge)(ge)比喻，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)版(ban)(ban)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)主要(yao)承續(xu)了文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)的(de)(de)(de)形貌，而數(shu)字化(hua)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)則(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)在承續(xu)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)形貌的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)提下(xia)揭示其蘊涵的(de)(de)(de)精神。以下(xia)就(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)數(shu)字化(hua)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)關問題略述個(ge)(ge)人觀點如(ru)下(xia)。

中醫藥文(wen)獻數字化的必(bi)要性

中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)量巨大，其(qi)中(zhong)所蘊涵(han)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)信息更(geng)是難以計量。根據(ju)《全國中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)圖書(shu)聯(lian)合目(mu)錄》的(de)(de)著(zhu)錄，現存1949年(nian)以前(qian)的(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有12000多(duo)種。由于中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)是一(yi)門傳統(tong)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，其(qi)整體理(li)論構(gou)架(jia)以及醫(yi)(yi)(yi)家個人的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)思想(xiang)和(he)經(jing)驗都具有明確(que)的(de)(de)傳承(cheng)性和(he)連續性。要發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)，就必須對作為中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)主要載體的(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行整理(li)，對其(qi)中(zhong)蘊涵(han)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)信息進行發(fa)掘和(he)利用(yong)。建國以來幾(ji)次很有規(gui)模的(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)整理(li)取得了一(yi)定的(de)(de)成就，經(jing)過整理(li)的(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)已(yi)經(jing)超(chao)過千種，傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)方法在這一(yi)方面得到了廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)。

我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)大約(yue)始自西漢(han)末年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劉向，由劉向、劉歆父(fu)子(zi)(zi)先(xian)(xian)后(hou)(hou)主持(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)史上(shang)無(wu)庸(yong)置(zhi)疑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盛(sheng)事。西漢(han)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，歷(li)(li)代(dai)皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之事。魏晉(jin)之間(jian)王叔和(he)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)編次(ci)《傷寒雜病論(lun)(lun)》，南朝齊梁(liang)間(jian)全元(yuan)起撰《素問(wen)訓(xun)(xun)解》，以(yi)及(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)唐時期(qi)王冰對(dui)(dui)(dui)《素問(wen)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，都是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)典之例。傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法經(jing)(jing)過清代(dai)乾嘉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)結(jie)發(fa)揮，達到了爐火純青的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)境(jing)(jing)界。我們今天(tian)所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法如(ru)目錄、版本、校勘以(yi)及(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、訓(xun)(xun)詁學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、音韻學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識，可以(yi)說都是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)襲而來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)些方(fang)法對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)特(te)別是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)古籍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)來(lai)講(jiang)是(shi)(shi)必須的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)任何理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)由可以(yi)指謫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但是(shi)(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)畢(bi)竟是(shi)(shi)由歷(li)(li)史傳(chuan)承而來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，與現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)區別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，也正因為(wei)(wei)如(ru)此，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)才(cai)顯得十分(fen)迫切(qie)。如(ru)果仍(reng)然(ran)單純采用傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法來(lai)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)，首先(xian)(xian)在(zai)時間(jian)上(shang)必定曠日(ri)持(chi)久，顯然(ran)無(wu)法滿(man)足(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)。其次(ci)，傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)法主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)具(ju)體(ti)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)而言的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即使(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)、物力(li)、財力(li)和(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)將中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)全部整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)一遍，相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)也只是(shi)(shi)增加(jia)了一個新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)版本，不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)彼(bi)此之間(jian)仍(reng)然(ran)是(shi)(shi)一種相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)無(wu)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)蘊(yun)(yun)涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)信息仍(reng)然(ran)不(bu)易(yi)被人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們獲取和(he)利(li)用。再次(ci)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經(jing)(jing)歷(li)(li)了漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史，其思維模式(shi)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)結(jie)構、說理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)法在(zai)今天(tian)已經(jing)(jing)失去了與之相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)適(shi)(shi)配的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)環境(jing)(jing)，現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育或(huo)者(zhe)常識已經(jing)(jing)很(hen)難理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)和(he)經(jing)(jing)驗。即使(shi)是(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)過專(zhuan)門(men)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習，也還需(xu)要(yao)較長時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐經(jing)(jing)歷(li)(li)，才(cai)能適(shi)(shi)應按照傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)方(fang)法對(dui)(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)進行整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)。專(zhuan)門(men)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺乏和(he)工作(zuo)(zuo)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迫切(qie)也是(shi)(shi)一個突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾(dun)。隨著電子(zi)(zi)計算(suan)機技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)入，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣象，如(ru)原文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)檢索系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)、電子(zi)(zi)版圖(tu)書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)版等(deng)，為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)注入了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活力(li)，近年來(lai)建立在(zai)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)、知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識發(fa)掘理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識庫技術(shu)(shu)成為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)沿(yan)。浩如(ru)煙海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)和(he)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)蘊(yun)(yun)涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)信息是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)礎，對(dui)(dui)(dui)其進行整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、發(fa)掘、重現(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)利(li)用是(shi)(shi)促進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必備前(qian)提(ti)，從(cong)目前(qian)來(lai)看，知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識庫技術(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)達到這(zhe)一目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較好(hao)選擇(ze)。由于(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識庫技術(shu)(shu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據采集、數據存儲和(he)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)、知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識發(fa)掘功能，在(zai)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃和(he)合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計指導下，結(jie)合傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)法，因而有(you)(you)(you)(you)可能在(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)較短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)內完成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)或(huo)主要(yao)工作(zuo)(zuo)，使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)蘊(yun)(yun)涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)信息能夠方(fang)便(bian)快捷、直接有(you)(you)(you)(you)效地(di)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們所(suo)利(li)用，為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)進步提(ti)供(gong)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)技信息平臺。

中醫藥文獻數字化的艱巨性(xing)

既然中醫藥文(wen)(wen)獻數(shu)(shu)字化是(shi)將中醫藥文(wen)(wen)獻和(he)其中所蘊涵的知識通過(guo)數(shu)(shu)字手段(duan)再現，自然就面臨(lin)兩個關鍵的問題，一(yi)個是(shi)手段(duan)，一(yi)個是(shi)內涵。

就(jiu)手段而言，通過數(shu)(shu)字(zi)技術(shu)(shu)將(jiang)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)、信息進行(xing)重現(xian)、整合(he)和(he)利(li)用是(shi)(shi)(shi)完(wan)全可能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，計算(suan)機技術(shu)(shu)和(he)IT技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步已經(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)提(ti)供了確(que)實(shi)(shi)(shi)可行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段。就(jiu)內涵而言，要保(bao)障入庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息是(shi)(shi)(shi)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，就(jiu)需對數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)之(zhi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)進行(xing)加(jia)(jia)工。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程是(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)須的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)可能(neng)(neng)將(jiang)未經(jing)加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)照(zhao)搬到計算(suan)機系統(tong)(tong)之(zhi)中(zhong)；這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務也是(shi)(shi)(shi)艱巨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)它需要用傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)和(he)方(fang)法對文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)進行(xing)不(bu)容含糊(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)。對數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)之(zhi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)進行(xing)加(jia)(jia)工，實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上(shang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)學(xue)研究，或者叫(jiao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)整理(li)(li)，包括目錄、版本(ben)、校勘、文(wen)(wen)字(zi)、音韻(yun)、訓(xun)詁之(zhi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)學(xue)知(zhi)識(shi)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)然要使用到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)工過程缺失，或加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量差(cha)，數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)成果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性和(he)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)性勢必(bi)被削(xue)弱。所以，中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)整理(li)(li)基(ji)礎上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)進步而已，它并沒有脫離文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)整理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范疇。如(ru)果說近20年來按照(zhao)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法整理(li)(li)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)很(hen)艱難，那么(me)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)所要經(jing)歷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路程可能(neng)(neng)要更艱難，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)它既涉及到計算(suan)機技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)應用，又必(bi)須立足(zu)于傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)整理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)方(fang)法。

再者(zhe)，中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥學(xue)(xue)術(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)植根于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統科學(xue)(xue)，同時與(yu)眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)科有(you)著密切的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關聯性(xing)，因(yin)而(er)即使(shi)(shi)能夠嫻熟地使(shi)(shi)用文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)，也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一定(ding)能保證文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)整理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)質量(liang)(liang)。僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)做一個文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字規(gui)(gui)范(fan)、標點(dian)準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)本，所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)也(ye)決(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)(jin)限(xian)于目(mu)錄、版(ban)本、校勘、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字、音韻(yun)、訓詁等(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)。對文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)進行(xing)標點(dian)，雖然整理(li)(li)者(zhe)沒有(you)說(shuo)什么(me)，但(dan)標點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用卻反映了整理(li)(li)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切思(si)想。《呂氏春秋(qiu)·察傳(chuan)》中(zhong)(zhong)記載了孔子對“一足(zu)”講解(jie)，說(shuo)明標點(dian)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一件簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事。《素(su)問?生氣通天論》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“高(gao)粱之變，足(zu)生大(da)丁”，王冰解(jie)“足(zu)”為(wei)(wei)腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)，說(shuo)明即使(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)學(xue)(xue)問家也(ye)會有(you)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疏漏。新校古籍在文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字規(gui)(gui)范(fan)、標點(dian)使(shi)(shi)用、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)義理(li)(li)解(jie)方面(mian)也(ye)常有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妥之處。由(you)于中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)數字化是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥學(xue)(xue)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展提供科學(xue)(xue)信息(xi)平臺，使(shi)(shi)用者(zhe)要(yao)從中(zhong)(zhong)發掘知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)，獲得(de)信息(xi)，并據以進行(xing)科學(xue)(xue)研究，那么(me)其(qi)(qi)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)和(he)真(zhen)實性(xing)無疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)第一位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。要(yao)保障這(zhe)個科學(xue)(xue)信息(xi)平臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實性(xing)和(he)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)，可(ke)能更(geng)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前期加(jia)(jia)工，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)種加(jia)(jia)工是(shi)(shi)(shi)信息(xi)獲取(qu)、知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提。加(jia)(jia)工者(zhe)只有(you)在正確理(li)(li)解(jie)原文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，才能進行(xing)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)發現和(he)提取(qu)，才能使(shi)(shi)這(zhe)種正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)或者(zhe)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)經過(guo)數字化處理(li)(li)以后(hou)得(de)以重現。如(ru)果對原文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)解(jie)有(you)偏(pian)差(cha)，必然不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能發現其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)蘊涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)，必然會提取(qu)出不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)符(fu)合原文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)意思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)，從而(er)導(dao)致(zhi)最終的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果出現偏(pian)差(cha)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)前期加(jia)(jia)工既(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)必須的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，又是(shi)(shi)(shi)極其(qi)(qi)繁(fan)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，需要(yao)專業人員做大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細致(zhi)工作，所(suo)以中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)數字化盡(jin)管意義是(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，任務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)艱巨程(cheng)度也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

中醫藥文獻數字(zi)化的(de)廣泛性

由于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji)算(suan)機技(ji)術和(he)IT技(ji)術為(wei)依托，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)識庫為(wei)模(mo)式，能夠(gou)對數(shu)百部(bu)甚至(zhi)數(shu)千部(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)學(xue)加(jia)工(gong)和(he)數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)處理，使(shi)得其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)涵蓋(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)具有(you)(you)前(qian)所(suo)未有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛性(xing)(xing)。理想的(de)(de)(de)境(jing)界是(shi)(shi)(shi)能夠(gou)涵蓋(gai)(gai)全(quan)部(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，但(dan)要涵蓋(gai)(gai)全(quan)部(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，便不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)避免地要遇到時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)經歷了(le)漫長的(de)(de)(de)歷史過程，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)避免地帶有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)印記(ji)。如(ru)果強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)彼此的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)性(xing)(xing)，那么任何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)都(dou)與(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。如(ru)果強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)彼此的(de)(de)(de)類同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)，除(chu)了(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)內容(rong)為(wei)主要的(de)(de)(de)判定(ding)標準外，時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)重要的(de)(de)(de)指標。盡管(guan)任何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)都(dou)可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)承前(qian)啟后的(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)歷史時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)總是(shi)(shi)(shi)跟同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)類同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)，而(er)與(yu)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)歷史時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)性(xing)(xing)。若(ruo)將中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)做一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)致的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)劃(hua)分，應該劃(hua)分為(wei)三個階段，即古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、近代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)指民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，近代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，而(er)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)這樣劃(hua)分，是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)在民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)基(ji)本上是(shi)(shi)(shi)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳(chuan)統文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嬗變，民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后則(ze)受(shou)到現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)和(he)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)科技(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)大(da)影響，而(er)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)無疑就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)兩者之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)過渡，其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)術內涵和(he)語(yu)言使(shi)用既不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)(yu)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。例如(ru)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)間何(he)廉臣所(suo)輯的(de)(de)(de)《重印全(quan)國(guo)(guo)名醫(yi)(yi)驗案類編》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)收錄了(le)張(zhang)錫(xi)純治療咳(ke)嗽的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)則(ze)醫(yi)(yi)案，張(zhang)錫(xi)純在案中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提到了(le)“硫養”一(yi)(yi)(yi)詞，恐怕既不(bu)(bu)(bu)見于(yu)(yu)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見于(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已經參入了(le)相當多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)內容(rong)，更是(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)所(suo)沒有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)。正在進行的(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)科技(ji)信息數(shu)據庫”采用知(zhi)(zhi)識庫的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式，應該以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)能夠(gou)對全(quan)部(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)學(xue)加(jia)工(gong)和(he)數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)處理為(wei)總體(ti)目標，并根據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)特點，在總體(ti)設計(ji)之(zhi)下分別(bie)設計(ji)針(zhen)對不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)工(gong)作方法，使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛性(xing)(xing)得以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步展現(xian)(xian)(xian)。

中醫藥文獻數字化成(cheng)果的(de)應用前(qian)景(jing)

中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)文獻(xian)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化的(de)成果是(shi)(shi)形(xing)成一(yi)個容(rong)(rong)量(liang)巨大、檢(jian)(jian)索(suo)(suo)方便，可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)知(zhi)識發掘(jue)的(de)智(zhi)能(neng)化數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)，其(qi)科(ke)學(xue)性和(he)先進(jin)性在(zai)(zai)同(tong)類工(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)顯而易見的(de)。但是(shi)(shi)，無論數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)的(de)技術如(ru)何(he)先進(jin)，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)如(ru)何(he)巨大，檢(jian)(jian)索(suo)(suo)如(ru)何(he)方便，所(suo)獲(huo)得信息如(ru)何(he)全面(mian)真實，數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)畢竟只是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個存儲數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)的(de)倉庫(ku)，決定其(qi)最終(zhong)價值的(de)是(shi)(shi)人對數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)的(de)使用(yong)。盡管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)文獻(xian)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化的(de)過(guo)程還在(zai)(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)何(he)使用(yong)的(de)問(wen)題已(yi)經擺在(zai)(zai)了我(wo)們的(de)面(mian)前(qian)。例如(ru)本草文獻(xian)部(bu)分，幾(ji)乎每一(yi)部(bu)書都有(you)關于人參的(de)記(ji)述(shu)，內容(rong)(rong)涉及人參的(de)名稱、產地、性味、功(gong)效、主治(zhi)等，即使按照數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)所(suo)設計的(de)自(zi)然語言檢(jian)(jian)索(suo)(suo)方法去(qu)檢(jian)(jian)索(suo)(suo)，檢(jian)(jian)索(suo)(suo)所(suo)得的(de)信息仍然需要使用(yong)者(zhe)去(qu)分析，在(zai)(zai)分析中(zhong)(zhong)發現知(zhi)識，發掘(jue)知(zhi)識，總結規(gui)律，從而獲(huo)得真實的(de)科(ke)學(xue)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)，為研(yan)究工(gong)作提(ti)供全面(mian)的(de)信息支撐(cheng)。

近年來建成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據庫(ku)數(shu)量不少，但(dan)真正得(de)到廣(guang)泛使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)不是(shi)很(hen)多，庫(ku)容相對較小、資料(liao)門類(lei)不全、檢(jian)索(suo)(suo)手段滯后(hou)以及費(fei)用(yong)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)為制約數(shu)據庫(ku)建設(she)和使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素。“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)科(ke)技信(xin)息(xi)數(shu)據庫(ku)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)在總體設(she)計(ji)上(shang)(shang)考慮了上(shang)(shang)述(shu)因素，下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵便是(shi)如何使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。關(guan)于使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以分為兩個層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)。一(yi)個層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)通過計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)手段解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)科(ke)技信(xin)息(xi)數(shu)據庫(ku)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庫(ku)容巨(ju)大，檢(jian)索(suo)(suo)所得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)數(shu)量自然也會(hui)比較大，比如人參的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)味，在200種本草文(wen)(wen)獻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)有(you)數(shu)十條信(xin)息(xi)，而(er)在數(shu)千種中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)獻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)就會(hui)有(you)上(shang)(shang)百條甚至數(shu)百條信(xin)息(xi)，如果讓使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者進(jin)行(xing)人工分析(xi)篩選，仍然需(xu)要(yao)花費(fei)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間和精力。這(zhe)類(lei)對檢(jian)索(suo)(suo)所得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)進(jin)行(xing)進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)似乎可(ke)(ke)(ke)以由(you)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)來解決。再一(yi)個層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)是(shi)必須由(you)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者自己來解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者要(yao)做什(shen)么研究(jiu)(jiu)項目，要(yao)檢(jian)索(suo)(suo)什(shen)么信(xin)息(xi)資料(liao)，是(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)，與計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)無關(guan)。計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以也只能(neng)給使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者提(ti)供最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方便，但(dan)畢竟不能(neng)代替人腦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思考。借助數(shu)據庫(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助進(jin)行(xing)科(ke)學研究(jiu)(jiu)，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主觀(guan)能(neng)動性(xing)是(shi)起(qi)關(guan)鍵作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

在知識膨脹、信息爆炸的時代，使用數據庫進行信息檢(jian)索、知識發現、科學研究是(shi)合(he)理而(er)又便捷的途徑。要促進中醫藥(yao)學術的發展，中醫藥(yao)文獻數字(zi)化是(shi)必須的，但任(ren)務是(shi)艱巨的。在工作(zuo)的過程中似應考慮其(qi)信息數據進一步的廣泛性，并在其(qi)成果的應用方面做一些宣(xuan)傳(chuan)和推動工作(zuo)。

陜西(xi)省中醫(yi)藥研究院(西(xi)安，710003)焦(jiao)振(zhen)廉

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