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《千金方·下乳》方藥析義

醫案日(ri)記 2023-05-12 17:07:46

關鍵詞:《備急千(qian)金(jin)要方》方劑 產后缺乳(ru)

唐代(dai)著名醫學(xue)家(jia)孫思邈《千金方(fang)·下(xia)乳第九》篇,載有治(zhi)婦人“乳無(wu)汁”方(fang)21首,用(yong)藥簡潔,或為單行,少(shao)則二味,多不過(guo)七(qi)味。反復(fu)玩索,可窺此篇所載大部(bu)分方(fang)藥對“產后(hou)缺乳”一(yi)病深中肯綮,試析(xi)如下(xia)。

1.用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)概況:本篇(pian)載方21首,方中單味(wei)(wei)使用(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)8首,2味(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)3首,4味(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)4首,5味(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)3首,6味(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)2首,7味(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)1首。所(suo)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共(gong)計26味(wei)(wei),:石(shi)鐘(zhong)乳(ru)(12次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、通草(cao)(cao)(10次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、漏(lou)蘆(7次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、栝蔞(lou)根(gen)(5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、白石(shi)脂(zhi)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、桔梗(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、消(xiao)石(shi)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、黍米(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、石(shi)膏(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、麥冬(dong)(2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、理石(shi)(2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、蠐(qi)螬(cao)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、土瓜根(gen)(2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、大棗(zao)(2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蹄(2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、桂心(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、鯉魚(yu)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、死鼠(shu)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、鯽魚(yu)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)脂(zhi)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、鬼箭羽(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、白頭翁(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、滑石(shi)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、甘草(cao)(cao)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、云母(mu)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))、屋上散草(cao)(cao)(1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci))。其中,用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)以上者(zhe)(zhe)有石(shi)鐘(zhong)乳(ru)、通草(cao)(cao)、漏(lou)蘆、栝蔞(lou)根(gen)4種。諸方中,母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蹄雖(sui)然(ran)僅用(yong)(yong)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),但(dan)是(shi)均作為(wei)單方使用(yong)(yong)。其一(yi)為(wei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蹄飲(yin),單用(yong)(yong)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蹄煮湯;其二為(wei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蹄通草(cao)(cao)飲(yin),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)僅2味(wei)(wei),效專力宏(hong)。鯽魚(yu)雖(sui)僅用(yong)(yong)1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),亦作為(wei)下乳(ru)鯽魚(yu)湯的主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)應用(yong)(yong),值得(de)注意。

2.主藥分(fen)析(xi):復習有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)文獻,茲將下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)方中(zhong)主要藥物的(de)功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)作(zuo)一(yi)分(fen)析(xi)。石(shi)鐘乳(ru)(ru),《本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)經》記載(zai):“安(an)(an)五(wu)臟,通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)百(bai)筋,利(li)(li)九竅(qiao),下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)汁(zhi)。”張路玉《本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)經逢原》謂本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)品(pin)(pin):“其通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)利(li)(li)百(bai)筋,利(li)(li)九竅(qiao),下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)汁(zhi)者(zhe),皆取(qu)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)溫助陽(yang),色白利(li)(li)竅(qiao)之力也(ye)。”其性(xing)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)溫無毒(du),功(gong)(gong)能(neng)益氣通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)乳(ru)(ru),凡產(chan)后(hou)(hou)缺乳(ru)(ru),無論虛(xu)實,皆可用(yong)(yong)之。漏蘆,性(xing)味(wei)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)寒(han),《本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)經》:“主皮膚(fu)熱毒(du)、惡瘡(chuang)疽痔(zhi)、濕痹(bi),下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)汁(zhi)。”本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)品(pin)(pin)為解(jie)毒(du)排膿要藥,以其能(neng)利(li)(li)竅(qiao),善下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)汁(zhi)而著(zhu),后(hou)(hou)世常與(yu)(yu)王不留(liu)行、山甲、通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)草(cao)配伍(wu),治療產(chan)后(hou)(hou)缺乳(ru)(ru),甚效(xiao)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)草(cao),原名通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脫木(mu),平(ping)(ping)淡無毒(du),《本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)經逢原》謂:“入陽(yang)明(ming)胃經,通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)氣上達而下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)汁(zhi)”,古今通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)乳(ru)(ru)諸(zhu)方,皆有(you)(you)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)品(pin)(pin)。栝蔞根,即天花(hua)粉,性(xing)味(wei)甘(gan)(gan)(gan),微寒(han)。《本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)經》謂:“補(bu)(bu)虛(xu)安(an)(an)中(zhong)。”天花(hua)粉有(you)(you)清胃祛熱之功(gong)(gong),火去則(ze)(ze)中(zhong)氣安(an)(an),津(jin)(jin)液(ye)復則(ze)(ze)血(xue)氣和。應用(yong)(yong)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)品(pin)(pin)治療產(chan)后(hou)(hou)缺乳(ru)(ru),想必與(yu)(yu)產(chan)婦失血(xue),導(dao)致陰營、津(jin)(jin)液(ye)耗傷有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)。《濟(ji)陰綱目》所載(zai)之加味(wei)四物湯(tang),即以本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)品(pin)(pin)與(yu)(yu)四物相伍(wu),功(gong)(gong)能(neng)養血(xue)滋(zi)液(ye),再佐以王不留(liu)行、木(mu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、豬(zhu)蹄,用(yong)(yong)于(yu)血(xue)虛(xu)液(ye)燥(zao)之缺乳(ru)(ru),甚宜(yi)。豬(zhu)蹄,性(xing)味(wei)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)、咸、平(ping)(ping)。葉顯純編《中(zhong)國傳統補(bu)(bu)品(pin)(pin)補(bu)(bu)藥》記載(zai):“本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)品(pin)(pin)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)補(bu)(bu)血(xue)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)乳(ru)(ru)。”適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)產(chan)后(hou)(hou)少乳(ru)(ru),加入通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)草(cao)共煮,療效(xiao)更佳。同時,豬(zhu)蹄通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)草(cao)飲也(ye)是我國江、浙(zhe)、皖一(yi)帶治療產(chan)后(hou)(hou)缺乳(ru)(ru)行之有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)民(min)(min)間(jian)驗方。鯽(ji)魚(yu),性(xing)味(wei)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)、平(ping)(ping),民(min)(min)間(jian)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)“產(chan)后(hou)(hou)體虛(xu),乳(ru)(ru)汁(zhi)不多(duo)”。鯽(ji)魚(yu)富含蛋(dan)白質、氨基酸,當能(neng)增加乳(ru)(ru)汁(zhi)。鯉魚(yu)同此,唯民(min)(min)間(jian)則(ze)(ze)多(duo)習慣用(yong)(yong)鯽(ji)魚(yu)催乳(ru)(ru),而鮮(xian)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)鯉魚(yu)者(zhe),想亦(yi)民(min)(min)間(jian)習慣使然(ran)。其它,如(ru)麥(mai)冬滋(zi)液(ye),桔梗(geng)利(li)(li)氣宣絡(luo),大(da)棗安(an)(an)中(zhong)養脾,亦(yi)有(you)(you)助于(yu)產(chan)后(hou)(hou)缺乳(ru)(ru)一(yi)癥。

3.對后(hou)世(shi)影(ying)響:賈(jia)得(de)道在《中(zhong)國醫(yi)(yi)學史略》中(zhong)指出(chu):“《千(qian)金(jin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》的(de)實際價值,是在搜集的(de)大量處方(fang)(fang)(fang)中(zhong)。這些處方(fang)(fang)(fang)大抵都是《傷寒雜病論》以后(hou)歷(li)代醫(yi)(yi)家(jia)的(de)經驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑,其中(zhong)還包括了(le)許(xu)多民間流傳的(de)偏方(fang)(fang)(fang)和驗方(fang)(fang)(fang),對后(hou)世(shi)影(ying)響很大。直(zhi)到今(jin)天,中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)常用(yong)的(de)許(xu)多方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑,還是本書(shu)記載的(de)原(yuan)方(fang)(fang)(fang),或(huo)由原(yuan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)演(yan)變而來,這是值得(de)我們(men)特別注意的(de)。”證之(zhi)《千(qian)金(jin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)·下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)》諸方(fang)(fang)(fang),亦然。如(ru)唐(tang)·昝殷著《經效(xiao)產(chan)寶》,治(zhi)療產(chan)后(hou)缺乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)用(yong)土瓜(gua)根、漏(lou)蘆、甘草、通(tong)(tong)草,或(huo)用(yong)母豬(zhu)蹄(ti)、通(tong)(tong)草;或(huo)用(yong)栝蔞末治(zhi)之(zhi)。所出(chu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑,與《千(qian)金(jin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑頗(po)相類似,且(qie)有明顯(xian)的(de)痕跡。宋·陳自(zi)明《校(xiao)注婦人良方(fang)(fang)(fang)》之(zhi)涌泉(quan)散(san)(san)(王(wang)不(bu)(bu)留(liu)行、瞿麥、麥冬(dong)、龍骨、豬(zhu)蹄(ti)),明·王(wang)化貞《產(chan)鑒(jian)》之(zhi)漏(lou)蘆散(san)(san)(漏(lou)蘆、蛇蛻、瓜(gua)蔞),清·武之(zhi)望《濟陰(yin)綱(gang)目》收集之(zhi)秘傳涌泉(quan)散(san)(san)(王(wang)不(bu)(bu)留(liu)行、白丁香、漏(lou)蘆、天花粉、僵蠶、穿(chuan)山甲(jia)、豬(zhu)蹄(ti)),通(tong)(tong)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)湯(豬(zhu)蹄(ti)、通(tong)(tong)草、穿(chuan)山甲(jia)、甘草),豬(zhu)蹄(ti)湯(豬(zhu)蹄(ti)、通(tong)(tong)草),直(zhi)到現代婦科(ke)名家(jia)朱小南(nan)、哈荔田、何子(zi)淮等,無(wu)不(bu)(bu)在下(xia)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑中(zhong)酌情應用(yong)鐘乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)石、漏(lou)蘆、天花粉、豬(zhu)蹄(ti)、通(tong)(tong)草等品。歷(li)代沿習相傳,主要(yao)(yao)藥物皆出(chu)其方(fang)(fang)(fang),受《千(qian)金(jin)要(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》的(de)影(ying)響,顯(xian)然也是不(bu)(bu)言而喻的(de)了(le)。

4.結語:孫(sun)思邈所著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)《千金要(yao)方(fang)》一(yi)書,對婦(fu)科諸病的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)療頗有卓識。本文試就其(qi)中所載下(xia)乳方(fang)藥及(ji)其(qi)對后世的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響作了(le)初步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)討。不難看出,雖(sui)然歷(li)經1300多年,而《千金方(fang)》下(xia)乳方(fang)劑,仍(reng)沿習(xi)應(ying)用(yong),對中華民族的(de)(de)(de)婦(fu)嬰保健作出很大貢獻。正如清代醫家徐靈胎(tai)在評(ping)價《千金方(fang)》時指出:“大抵所重專在于藥,而古圣(sheng)治(zhi)方(fang)之(zhi)法不傳矣(yi),此醫道之(zhi)一(yi)大變也。然其(qi)用(yong)意(yi)之(zhi)奇(qi),用(yong)藥之(zhi)功,亦自成一(yi)家,有不可磨滅(mie)之(zhi)處(chu)。”孫(sun)氏在其(qi)著(zhu)作中,匯(hui)集了(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)經驗方(fang)藥,給(gei)祖國醫學留(liu)下(xia)極為豐富的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)藥資料,值得我們進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)挖掘、整理和應(ying)用(yong)。

馬(ma)鞍山鋼鐵總(zong)公(gong)司醫(yi)院(安徽,243000)黃兆(zhao)強 黃蓓

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