鹿茸(rong)(rong)是養鹿生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)主要產(chan)品，每年(nian)脫換一次，頭(tou)(tou)茬茸(rong)(rong)主要收獲(huo)(huo)二杈茸(rong)(rong)（梅花鹿，每年(nian)6月(yue)下(xia)旬）和四(si)杈茸(rong)(rong)（馬鹿，每年(nian)5月(yue)底6月(yue)初(chu)），收獲(huo)(huo)頭(tou)(tou)茬茸(rong)(rong)后，于(yu)8月(yue)25日前(qian)可收獲(huo)(huo)再生(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)。如果(guo)頭(tou)(tou)茬茸(rong)(rong)收獲(huo)(huo)過晚或技術不得當(dang)，就不能(neng)生(sheng)長再生(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)。提(ti)高頭(tou)(tou)茬茸(rong)(rong)的(de)產(chan)量(liang)和質量(liang)對于(yu)養殖場是至關重(zhong)要的(de)，同時，提(ti)

高(gao)再(zai)生(sheng)茸(rong)的產量也可為鹿場增加(jia)一定的經濟(ji)效益。影響鹿茸(rong)生(sheng)長的因(yin)素很多，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)營(ying)養、環境、管理等(deng)方(fang)面，其中營(ying)養是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)因(yin)素。

(一(yi))確保營(ying)養全(quan)價 鹿的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養水(shui)平是鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)生長的(de)(de)(de)基礎，要想獲得優質(zhi)高產的(de)(de)(de)鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)，必須提供給公鹿全(quan)價飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)。生茸(rong)(rong)(rong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)營(ying)養不(bu)良，鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)生長遲(chi)緩、茸(rong)(rong)(rong)角小瘦，甚至在茸(rong)(rong)(rong)體上留下營(ying)養不(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)痕跡。要供給足夠的(de)(de)(de)蛋白質(zhi)飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)如豆(dou)(dou)餅、豆(dou)(dou)粕等，成年梅花鹿生茸(rong)(rong)(rong)前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)精料(liao)(liao)補(bu)充料(liao)(liao)中蛋白質(zhi)飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)添(tian)加16％～26％，粗(cu)(cu)蛋白水(shui)平達14.5％，生茸(rong)(rong)(rong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)精料(liao)(liao)補(bu)充料(liao)(liao)中蛋白質(zhi)飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)添(tian)加18％～28％，粗(cu)(cu)蛋白水(shui)平達16％時(shi)，比(bi)較適(shi)宜。飼(si)(si)糧精粗(cu)(cu)比(bi)以1：1比(bi)較適(shi)宜。生茸(rong)(rong)(rong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)保證鈣磷飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)供給，前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)鈣磷飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)滿(man)足供應，后期(qi)(qi)(qi)為減(jian)緩鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)骨化速度，可適(shi)當減(jian)少用(yong)量。

(二(er))適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)條(tiao)(tiao)件 溫(wen)度(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)、光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)是鹿(lu)(lu)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要環境(jing)條(tiao)(tiao)件。春季氣(qi)溫(wen)低，陽光(guang)(guang)弱，濕度(du)(du)小，鹿(lu)(lu)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)長緩慢。雨后初晴，氣(qi)溫(wen)高，濕度(du)(du)大，鹿(lu)(lu)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)長特別(bie)快。因(yin)(yin)此，在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)候比較寒冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區，做好冬(dong)季的(de)(de)(de)(de)保溫(wen)防寒工作，可(ke)(ke)(ke)減少鹿(lu)(lu)體內的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱量損耗(hao)，降(jiang)低能量飼料的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入，使鹿(lu)(lu)提(ti)前(qian)脫盤(pan)(pan)并生(sheng)(sheng)長出完美(mei)而正(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)鹿(lu)(lu)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。夏季在(zai)(zai)高溫(wen)少雨的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)，通(tong)過(guo)人(ren)工降(jiang)雨或地面潑水(shui)等方式(shi)增加舍內濕度(du)(du)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以達(da)到鹿(lu)(lu)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)增產的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)是影(ying)響鹿(lu)(lu)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要環境(jing)因(yin)(yin)素(su)。鹿(lu)(lu)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是在(zai)(zai)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)逐漸延長的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件下生(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)。光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)通(tong)過(guo)調(diao)節鹿(lu)(lu)體內激(ji)素(su)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化而影(ying)響生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。因(yin)(yin)此，通(tong)過(guo)人(ren)工控制光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，即提(ti)前(qian)增加光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)，將春分(fen)以后的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)規律提(ti)前(qian)到1月(yue)1日，控光(guang)(guang)在(zai)(zai)3月(yue)底結(jie)束，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以使公鹿(lu)(lu)提(ti)前(qian)30～40天(tian)(tian)脫盤(pan)(pan)生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，頭茬茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)產量增長3.82％～26.9％，再生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)增產2.68％～334.9％，經濟(ji)效益十分(fen)顯著。

(三)應用(yong)營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)調(diao)控劑(ji)增茸(rong) 科學試驗(yan)及(ji)生產(chan)實踐證明，合理使(shi)用(yong)飼料(liao)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)，可以(yi)(yi)有(you)效地提(ti)高鹿茸(rong)產(chan)量。飼料(liao)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)主要補(bu)充微量的并且是(shi)不(bu)可缺少的營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)成分(fen)，如(ru)維生素、微量元(yuan)素、氨(an)基酸、抗生素以(yi)(yi)及(ji)調(diao)節鹿對營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)物質(zhi)消(xiao)化代謝(xie)率(lv)的非營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)性(xing)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)如(ru)過瘤胃素等。過瘤胃素可以(yi)(yi)減少蛋白質(zhi)在瘤胃內的分(fen)解代謝(xie)，而(er)使(shi)一部分(fen)營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)物質(zhi)進(jin)入后段消(xiao)化道消(xiao)化吸(xi)收，提(ti)高營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)物質(zhi)的利用(yong)率(lv)。實踐表明，在鹿的精料(liao)補(bu)充料(liao)中添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)鹿用(yong)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)（預混料(liao)），可以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高鹿茸(rong)產(chan)量13.49％～32.67％。

(四)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)長劑(ji)的(de)應用 再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)長劑(ji)（或CA增(zeng)茸(rong)(rong)素）主要成抗雄(xiong)激素，在收獲(huo)頭茬茸(rong)(rong)時，于頸部皮下注(zhu)射，可(ke)以使(shi)公鹿(lu)(lu)100％生(sheng)(sheng)長再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)，并且能延緩再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)的(de)骨化,提高再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)的(de)產量221.5％，其中規格茸(rong)(rong)（二杠(gang)型）占65.79％，經濟(ji)效益極其顯(xian)著。同時，應用再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)長劑(ji)后，公鹿(lu)(lu)性興奮降(jiang)低，減(jian)少公鹿(lu)(lu)間的(de)爭斗，避免了不必要的(de)傷(shang)亡，公鹿(lu)(lu)食欲較好，體況恢復早，使(shi)公鹿(lu)(lu)安全越冬，翌(yi)年茸(rong)(rong)豐。

(五)適(shi)時收(shou)(shou)茸(rong)(rong)(rong) 生(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)期經常(chang)觀察鹿群狀況及茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)長勢，掌握適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)時機(ji)和確定收(shou)(shou)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類是(shi)決定鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)與質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)環節。收(shou)(shou)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)過早(zao)會(hui)(hui)使產(chan)量(liang)(liang)降低，收(shou)(shou)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)過晚(wan)又會(hui)(hui)影響鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。花鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)應(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)收(shou)(shou)三(san)杈，馬鹿茸(rong)(rong)(rong)盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)收(shou)(shou)四(si)杈，如果放三(san)杈或(huo)四(si)杈茸(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)可能會(hui)(hui)影響茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和等級，甚至(zhi)放出(chu)畸形茸(rong)(rong)(rong)，則(ze)(ze)必須收(shou)(shou)二杠(gang)或(huo)三(san)杈茸(rong)(rong)(rong)。收(shou)(shou)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)時應(ying)有(you)過硬的(de)(de)(de)鋸(ju)(ju)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)技術，做到(dao)“留茬(cha)”高度適(shi)宜，鋸(ju)(ju)口(kou)平齊（不偏鋸(ju)(ju)、不壓鋸(ju)(ju)、不漂鋸(ju)(ju)），及時止(zhi)血、結扎(zha)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)基，并及時解(jie)除包(bao)扎(zha)物，防(fang)止(zhi)鋸(ju)(ju)口(kou)感染化膿或(huo)水腫(zhong)，利(li)于再生(sheng)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長。鋸(ju)(ju)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)時動作(zuo)要(yao)快、穩、準、狠，但不能損傷茸(rong)(rong)(rong)基，否則(ze)(ze)第二年(nian)后將長出(chu)畸形茸(rong)(rong)(rong)。

(六)選擇優良品(pin)種 提高鹿(lu)茸產(chan)(chan)量，品(pin)種是關鍵。吉林雙陽梅(mei)(mei)花(hua)鹿(lu)是我(wo)國(guo)培育的第一梅(mei)(mei)花(hua)鹿(lu)新品(pin)種，其鹿(lu)茸產(chan)(chan)量連(lian)續(xu)十幾年居(ju)全國(guo)首(shou)位；天山馬(ma)鹿(lu)和(he)塔里木馬(ma)鹿(lu)的鹿(lu)茸產(chan)(chan)量也都比東北(bei)馬(ma)鹿(lu)高。

(七)充分利用雜(za)種(zhong)優(you)(you)勢 梅(mei)花(hua)鹿(lu)(lu)與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)鹿(lu)(lu)的(de)種(zhong)間(jian)雜(za)交(jiao)、東北馬(ma)鹿(lu)(lu)(母(mu)(mu))與(yu)(yu)天山馬(ma)鹿(lu)(lu)(公(gong)(gong)(gong))的(de)亞種(zhong)間(jian)雜(za)交(jiao)，其(qi)后代(dai)的(de)鹿(lu)(lu)茸產(chan)量明顯(xian)高(gao)于(yu)母(mu)(mu)本(ben)，根據資(zi)料介紹，東天雜(za)交(jiao)F1代(dai)2～10歲公(gong)(gong)(gong)鹿(lu)(lu)的(de)鮮茸平(ping)均單產(chan)5.064公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤，比母(mu)(mu)本(ben)的(de)3.308公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤提高(gao)53.1％，比父本(ben)的(de)5.082公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤低0.4％，其(qi)雜(za)種(zhong)優(you)(you)勢率為20.72％，繁殖成活率比母(mu)(mu)本(ben)高(gao)32.7％。同時雜(za)交(jiao)鹿(lu)(lu)的(de)再生茸產(chan)量也明顯(xian)高(gao)于(yu)母(mu)(mu)本(ben)。因(yin)此(ci)，通(tong)過人工授精、雜(za)交(jiao)改良技(ji)術，可以推廣優(you)(you)良鹿(lu)(lu)種(zhong)優(you)(you)質高(gao)產(chan)的(de)優(you)(you)良特性，對促進(jin)我國養鹿(lu)(lu)業(ye)的(de)健康(kang)發展具(ju)有重要意義。

總之，影響鹿茸(rong)(rong)生長的(de)因素是多方面的(de)，在養鹿生產中，要(yao)采(cai)取綜(zong)合配套技術，既要(yao)創造良好的(de)生茸(rong)(rong)環境(jing)，又要(yao)通過科學的(de)選(xuan)種繁(fan)育，提高鹿群(qun)的(de)質(zhi)量，采(cai)取先進的(de)增茸(rong)(rong)技術。加強飼養管理(li)，充分發揮(hui)鹿群(qun)的(de)生產潛力(li)，最終達到提高鹿茸(rong)(rong)產量和質(zhi)量的(de)目的(de)。

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上(shang)一(yi)篇: 山(shan)蜂養殖技術

下(xia)一篇: 獾(huan)的飼養(yang)與管理