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分析報告稱法國暢銷減肥新藥或可誘發自殺

醫案日記(ji) 2023-05-08 06:42:33

分(fen)析報告(gao)稱法(fa)國暢銷減肥新藥或(huo)可誘發自殺

中國國際(ji)廣播電臺報道

自去年6月上市(shi)銷(xiao)售以來,法國(guo)賽諾菲(fei)—安萬特公司生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)臨床試(shi)驗減肥(fei)新藥(yao)A鄄complia受到了(le)廣泛好評(ping),并迅速行銷(xiao)全球18國(guo)家。然(ran)而,美國(guo)食(shi)品(pin)和藥(yao)品(pin)管理局(FDA)11日發布(bu)分析報告稱(cheng),種以見效(xiao)快、療效(xiao)長著稱(cheng)的(de)新藥(yao),可能會(hui)導致(zhi)產生(sheng)(sheng)自殺(sha)想法或做出(chu)自殺(sha)的(de)舉動,神(shen)經(jing)不良反應和癲癇發作(zuo)的(de)幾率也很高(gao)。

不過,FDA同(tong)時指出,這種減(jian)肥(fei)藥的研制(zhi)具有(you)重要的臨床意義,FDA顧(gu)問小組將于13日(ri)決定(ding)是否批準該藥在美國上市銷售。

法(fa)國(guo)賽(sai)諾菲—安萬特(te)公司去(qu)年研(yan)制的新藥(yao)Acomplia已行銷全球18個(ge)國(guo)家。該藥(yao)在一年內最(zui)多可減去(qu)服(fu)用(yong)者十分之一的體重,而且對(dui)治療糖(tang)尿病和戒煙也有功效,另外,這種(zhong)藥(yao)物(wu)的效果可以保持兩年,因而被稱為“神奇”減肥藥(yao)。

我今年(nian)才18歲可是醫院(yuan)體(ti)檢有(you)高(gao)(gao)血(xue)壓(ya),明年(nian)就要高(gao)(gao)考了(le)如(ru)何控制啊(a)???

高血壓對你的高考錄取沒有什么影響。一次的血壓偏高可能說明你當時過于緊張,并不能確定一定是高血壓。
建議你選保持平靜的心情,找一個你所在地的權威醫院再次進行再次體檢,進行確認。 體檢應盡可能包括以下內容:
1、血壓。兩側血壓對比核實,
取較高側的數值。如果兩側血壓的差值大于20毫米汞柱,較低的一側有可能是肱動脈以上的大血管特別是鎖骨下動脈發生了狹窄,狹窄的原因最常見的是動脈粥樣硬化、阻塞。
2、身高、體重及腰圍。肥胖、尤其是向心性肥胖是高血壓病的重要危險因素,正如俗話所說,腰帶越長,壽命越短。
3、用眼底鏡觀察視網膜病變。視網膜動脈的變化可以反映高血壓外周小動脈的病變程度,外周小動脈硬化程度越重、心臟的負荷越重。
4、有無頸部血管雜音、頸靜脈怒張或甲狀腺腫大、腹部血管雜音及腫塊、周圍動脈搏動等,以排除繼發性高血壓。
5、心肺檢查以及神經系統檢查等,了解有無高血壓所致的心腦血管并發癥。
如果還是確診為高血壓,你應該從以下幾個方面來控制:
一、一般治療
注意勞逸結合,保持足夠的睡眠,參加力所能及的工作、體力勞動和體育鍛煉。注意飲食調節,以低鹽、低動物脂肪飲食為宜,并避免進富含膽固醇的食物,不吸煙。
服用少量鎮靜劑可減輕精神緊張和部分癥狀,可選用:安定、溴化鉀、苯巴比妥、利眠寧等。
二、降壓藥物治療
根據病情合理使用降壓藥物,使血壓維持在正常或接近正常水平,對減輕癥狀,延緩病情進展以及防止腦血管意外、心力衰竭和腎功能衰竭等并發癥都有作用。降壓藥物種類很多,各有其特點,目前趨向于作用持久,服用次數減少的長效制劑或劑型,以方便病人服用。常用的降壓藥物有:
1 、利尿降壓劑:氫氯噻嗪、環戊甲噻嗪、氯噻酮、速尿等。
2、 中樞神經和交感神經抑制劑:利血平、降壓靈、鹽酸可樂定。
3、 腎上腺素能受體組滯劑:β阻滯劑如心得安、氨酰心安、和美多心安等;α阻滯劑如苯芐胺、α+β阻滯劑如柳氨芐心安。
4、 酶抑制劑如血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑如卡托普利、依那普利等。
5、 鈣離子拮抗劑如硝苯地平、氨氯地平等。
6、 血管擴張劑如肼苯噠嗪、長壓定、哌唑嗪、呱氰啶等。
7、 神經節和節后交感神經抑制劑如呱乙啶、酒石酸五甲呱啶等。
8 、5-羥色胺受體拮抗劑如酮色林等。
9 、復方制劑如復方降壓片、復方羅布麻片、安達血平片等。
10、外用貼劑:李氏藥貼、懸壓貼、降壓申貼等。
11、降壓中成藥:山楂降壓膠囊、牛黃降壓丸、腦力清等。
以下是一些高血壓病的注意事項:
一、 合理膳食
1. 飲食對于高血壓的重要性:民以食為天,合理的膳食可以使你不胖也不瘦,膽固醇不高也不低。
2. 高血壓患者的飲食宜忌:
①碳水化合物食品:
適宜的食品---米飯、粥、面、面類、葛粉、湯、芋類、軟豆類。
應忌的食品---蕃薯(產生腹氣的食物)、干豆類、味濃的餅干類。
②蛋白質食品
適宜的食品---牛肉、豬瘦肉、白肉魚、蛋、牛奶、奶制品(鮮奶油、酵母乳、冰淇淋、乳酪)、大豆制品(豆腐、納豆、黃豆粉、油豆腐)。
應忌的食物---脂肪多的食品(牛、豬的五花肉、排骨肉、鯨魚、鯡魚、金槍魚等)、加工品(香腸)。
③脂肪類食品
適宜的食品---植物油、少量奶油、沙拉醬。
應忌的食品---動物油、生豬油、熏肉、油浸沙丁魚。
④維生素、礦物質食品
適宜的食品---蔬菜類(菠菜、白菜、胡蘿卜、番茄、百合根、南瓜、茄子、黃瓜)水果類(蘋果、桔子、梨、葡萄、西瓜)
海藻類、菌類宜煮熟才吃。
應忌的食物---纖維硬的蔬菜(牛蒡、竹筍、豆類)----!!!與下面的“高血壓飲食寶典”沖突!!!!----
刺激性強的蔬菜(香辛蔬菜、芒荽、芥菜、蔥、芥菜)。
⑤其他食物
適宜的食品---淡香茶、酵母乳飲料。
應忌的食物---香辛料(辣椒、咖喱粉) 酒類飲料、鹽浸食物(成菜類、成魚子)醬菜類、咖啡。
3. 高血壓病人應注意的飲食習慣
① 首先要控制能量的攝入,提倡吃復合糖類、如淀粉、玉米、少吃葡萄糖、果糖及蔗糖,這類糖屬于單糖,易引起血脂升高。
② 限制脂肪的攝入。烹調時,選用植物油,可多吃海魚,海魚含有不飽和脂肪酸,能使膽固醇氧化,從而降低血漿膽固醇,還可延長血小板的凝聚,抑制血栓形成,防止中風,還含有較多的亞油酸,對增加微血管的彈性,防止血管破裂,防止高血壓并發癥有一定的作用。
③ 適量攝入蛋白質。高血壓病人每日蛋白質的量為每公斤體重1g為宜。每周吃2-3次魚類蛋白質,可改善血管彈性和通透性,增加尿鈉排出,從而降低血壓。如高血壓合并腎功能不全時,應限制蛋白質的攝入。
④ 多吃含鉀、鈣豐富而含鈉低的食品,如土豆、茄子、海帶、萵筍。含鈣高的食品:牛奶、酸牛奶、蝦皮。少吃肉湯類,因為肉湯中含氮浸出物增加,能夠促進體內尿酸增加,加重心、肝、腎臟的負擔。
⑤ 限制鹽的攝入量:每日應逐漸減至6g以下,即普通啤酒蓋去掉膠墊后,一平蓋食鹽約為6g。這量指的是食鹽量包括烹調用鹽及其他食物中所含鈉折合成食鹽的總量。適當的減少鈉鹽的攝入有助于降低血壓,減少體內的鈉水潴留。
⑥ 多吃新鮮蔬菜,水果。每天吃新鮮蔬菜不少于8兩,水果2至4兩。
⑦ 適當增加海產品攝入:如海帶,紫菜,海產魚等。
4.果蔬
每天人體需要B族維生素、維生素C,可以通過多吃新鮮蔬菜及水果來滿足。有人提倡,每天吃1-2只蘋果,有益于健康,水果還可補充鈣,鉀、鐵、鎂等。
5.補鈣
有人讓高血壓患者每天服1克鈣,8星期后發現血壓下降。因此應多吃些富含鈣的食品,如黃豆、葵花子、核桃、牛奶、花生、魚蝦、紅棗、鮮雪里蕻、蒜苗、紫菜等。
6.補鐵
研究發現,老年高血壓患者血漿鐵低于正常,因此多吃豌豆、木耳等富含鐵的食物,不但可以降血壓,還可預防老年人貧血
二 、適量運動
運動對高血壓的重要性:有句話說:“年輕時,用健康換取金錢,年老時,用運動換取健康。”運動除了可以促進血液循環,降低膽固醇的生成外,并能增強肌肉、骨骼與關節僵硬的發生。運動能增加食欲,促進腸胃蠕動、預防便秘、改善睡眠。有持續運動的習慣:最好是做到有氧運動,才會有幫助。有氧運動同減肥一樣可以降低血壓,如散步、慢跑、太極拳、騎自行車和游泳都是有氧運動。
1、進行運動的注意事項:
① 勿過量或太強太累,要采取循序漸進的方式來增加活動量。
② 注意周圍環境氣候:夏天:避免中午艷陽高照的時間;冬天:要注意保暖,防中風。
③ 穿著舒適吸汗的衣服:選棉質衣料,運動鞋等是必要的。
④ 選擇安全場所:如公園、學校,勿在巷道、馬路邊。
⑤ 進行運動時,切勿空腹,以免發生低血糖,應在飯后2小時。
2、運動的禁忌
① 生病或不舒服時應停止運動。
② 饑餓時或飯后一小時不宜做運動。
③ 運動中不可立即停止,要遵守運動程序的步驟。
④ 運動中有任何不適現象,應即停止。
三 、戒煙限酒
吸煙會導致高血壓。研究證明,吸一支煙后心率每分鐘增加5-20次/分,收縮壓增加10-25mmhg。這是為什么呢?因為煙葉內含有尼古丁(煙堿)會興奮中樞神經和交感神經,使心率加快,同時也促使腎上腺釋放大量兒茶酚胺,使小動脈收縮,導致血壓升高。尼古丁還會刺激血管內的化學感受器,反射性地引起血壓升高。
長期大量吸煙還會促進大動脈粥樣硬化,小動脈內膜逐漸增厚,使整個血管逐漸硬化。同時由于吸煙者血液中一氧化碳血紅蛋白含量增多,從而降低了血液的含氧量,使動脈內膜缺氧,動脈壁內脂的含氧量增加,加速了動脈粥樣硬化的形成。因此,無高血壓的人戒煙可預防了高血壓的發生,有高血壓的人更應戒煙。
與吸煙相比,飲酒對身體的利弊就存在爭議。不時出現各種報告,有的說飲少量酒有益,有的說有害,但可以肯定的一點是,大量飲酒肯定有害,高濃度的酒精會導致動脈硬化,加重高血壓。
四 、心理平衡
高血壓患者的心理表現是緊張、易怒、情緒不穩,這些又都是使血壓升高的誘因。患者可通過改變自己的行為方式,培養對自然環境和社會的良好適應能力,避免情緒激動及過度緊張、焦慮,遇事要冷靜、沉著;當有較大的精神壓力時應設法釋放,向朋友、親人傾吐或鼓勵參加輕松愉快的業余活動,將精神傾注于音樂或寄情于花卉之中,使自己生活在最佳境界中,從而維持穩定的血壓。
五 自我管理
1、定期測量血壓,1-2周應至少測量一次。
2、治療高血壓應堅持“三心”,即信心、決心、恒心,只有這樣做才能防止或推遲機體重要臟器受到損害。
3、定時服用降壓藥,自己不隨意減量或停藥,可在醫生指導下及現病情加予調整,防止血壓反跳。
4、條件允許,可自備血壓計及學會自測血壓。
5、隨服用適當的藥物外,還要注意勞逸結合、注意飲食、適當運動、保持情緒穩定、睡眠充足。
6、老年人降壓不能操之過急,血壓宜控制在140-159mmhg為宜,減少心腦血管并發癥的發生。
7、老年人及服用去甲腎上腺素能神經末梢阻斷藥的防止體位性低血壓。
8、不需要嚴格禁止性生活:注意以下幾種情況,不宜進行性生活①事后不要立即進行房事②酒后應禁止性生活③若有頭暈,胸悶等不適應停止性生活,并及時就醫。
六 、按時就醫
①服完藥 ②血壓升高或過低,血壓波動大 ③出現眼花,頭暈,惡心嘔吐,視物不清,偏癱,失語,意識障礙,呼吸困難,肢體乏力等即到醫院就醫。如病情危重,請求救120急救中心。
更年期高血壓飲食注意事項
高血壓病是更年期的常見多發病,患者除積極的藥物治療外,科學的膳食調理也非常重要。
1、控制熱能攝入,減少高脂肪飲食。高血壓病人,如膳食熱量攝入過多,飽和脂肪和不飽和脂肪比例失調,多鈉、少鉀、少鈣,單糖過多,纖維素太多,都是不利的。因此,要減少飲食中脂肪的量,特別是動物性脂肪,如肥肉、肥腸等。
2、應食用低膽固醇食物。高膽固醇食物有動物內臟、蛋黃、魚子、各種動物油。含膽固醇低的食物有牛奶(每100g含13mg)、各種淡水魚(每100g含90-103mg)。而100g豬肝含368mg、100g雞蛋黃含1705mg膽固醇。
3、限制含糖高的食品。尤其是肥胖者或有肥胖傾向的高血壓者,要少吃甜的蛋糕、甜餅、甜點心、糖果等。
4、控制食鹽的攝入。一般來說,輕度高血壓患者,每人每天攝入食鹽量應控制在6-8g以下;有急性高血壓病的人,食鹽應嚴格控制在1-2克以下(折合成醬油約5-10m1)。大凡合鈉多的食物,包括咸菜、咸肉、腐乳等,應在限制之列。
5、多吃新鮮蔬菜。根據蔬菜上市情況,在低脂肪攝入的前提下,適當增加新鮮蔬菜的攝入量,如芹菜、黃瓜、豆角、西紅柿等,均對高血壓病患者有益。
6、嚴格控制煙、酒。吸煙有害健康,人們已普遍形成公認。可飲酒依然是許多處于更年期的朋友的嗜好,殊不知,飲酒對高血壓病十分不利,尤其是過量飲酒。因此,更年期高血壓病患者應嚴格控制煙酒。
附:遠離高血壓8字箴言
低鹽———鹽,危害生命的“秘密殺手”
鹽已逐步被世界公認為“秘密殺手”。在工業發達的西方國家,被鹽送進墳墓的生命比有害化學物質造成的受害者還要多。西方國家的居民,已逐步養成吃生菜和水煮蔬菜;在餐桌上放鹽瓶,用餐時自己撒上少許鹽的飲食習慣。在日本,從第二次世界大戰結束后的初期(20世紀50年代)的艱難日子,到20世紀末,隨著生活條件的改善,人們已從吃咸魚干到吃大量新鮮蔬菜、水果,平均攝鹽量由每人每天29克下降到10克以下。老年人“口味重”,年輕人“口味淡”,這種飲食習慣上的改變是日本人高血壓發病率逐年下降的一個主要原因。隨之中風患者也明顯減少。
據統計,中國的北方,特別是東北地區,由于氣候寒冷,蔬菜、水果較少,平均每人每天吃鹽12-18克,而在南方就較低,從而造成東北地區男性高血壓發病率比南方如上海地區,要高出1倍左右。
看看中國人的飲食習慣,早餐往往是稀飯、饅頭加各類咸菜(或腐乳),單一塊4厘米見方的腐乳就約含鹽5克,一小碟咸菜(如榨菜)含鹽4克。這樣,每天一塊腐乳就已達到世界衛生組織規定的日食鹽攝入標準(4-6克)。另外,我國許多人平時在燒菜或燒湯時都有放味精的習慣,而1克味精就含鹽0.5克。許多蔬菜如空心菜、豆芽、蝦類、紫菜里都含有一定的鈉鹽。
在日常生活中,同樣進食高鹽食品,有的人血壓會升高,有的人血壓不升高,通過對5000余人的調查發現,其中鹽敏感者達30%,而高血壓病人中的鹽敏感者達60%。這些敏感者日常攝鹽量并不比正常人高,只是因為他們具有遺傳性腎排鈉障礙,易于發生體內鈉的潴留,才導致高血壓的發生。
那么,為什么要全民限鹽呢?因為鹽不但可以使不少人發生高血壓,而且還會直接損傷全身各處的血管壁,引起血管硬化,導致心肌梗死或腎功能衰退。
例如,一位老年病人到我們醫院來看病,他說他用了各種藥物,血壓就是降不下來。我一看病歷,噢!他是寧波人,咸菜、咸魚吃得起勁。我立刻安排他低鹽飲食,土豆、蔬菜、水果,病人哇哇亂叫:“哎呀,要吐了,要吐了!”然而,短短一個禮拜,血壓就下來了。再給他吃咸菜,他嫌“太咸了”。所以說為了預防高血壓,要改變飲食習慣,控制攝鹽量是完全可以做到的。
通過深入研究得知,鉀和鈣對鈉有對抗作用,補充鉀和鈣可以促使鈉排出。從1997年4月開始,我們對300名血壓偏高的青少年及其家庭開展了持續2年的補鉀、補鈣而不限鹽的比較試驗,最近檢測發現,這些青少年的血壓平均下降4毫米汞柱,與同期只限鹽而不補鈣、鉀的人的血壓檢測結果相同,而同期既不限鹽又不補鉀、鈣的人的血壓平均增高2毫米汞柱。
對于人們在日常生活中如何補鉀、補鈣這一問題,我們的建議是多食含鈣豐富的蔬菜與食物,如菠菜、油菜、土豆、紅薯、蘑菇、木耳、牛奶、豆制品等。
減肥———體重減少1公斤,血壓下降1毫米汞柱
過去,人們對胖人不管男女老幼,認為“胖嘟嘟”都是福相。其實,胖到一定程度不單是“美”的問題,而是一種病態。俗話說“有錢難買老來瘦”,這從另一個側面說明,老年肥胖對健康更不利,一胖生百病,肥胖會導致一些可危及生命的疾病。高血壓和肥胖是一對“好兄弟”,它們形影不離———高血壓病人中一半左右是胖子,而肥胖人群中有一半是高血壓。
胖有很多種,有的人胖集中在腹部上,腰圍粗,肚子大,我們稱之為“向心性肥胖”,這種胖最危險———常常有高血壓并伴有血脂紊亂、血液胰島素增高、糖耐量異常,被稱為“代謝綜合征”。肥胖存在多重危險因子,預后較差。由于體內脂肪堆積過多,腹部脂肪通過血管到肝,引起脂肪肝,嚴重時引起肝功能異常(脂肪肝性肝炎),甚至肝硬化。
要預防高血壓的發生,其中首要的一個問題就是要防止肥胖的發生。什么人需要減肥呢?計算自己是否達到理想體重的方法是通過計算體重指數(BMI),當BMI超過24時就要引起重視。發現自己超重了,就應及時減肥。
我有兩個病人,一個體重230斤,通過努力體重減到200斤,走路還是氣喘吁吁,血壓難以控制;而另一個病人體重170斤,通過運動、節食、體重減輕至140斤,血壓控制得很好。由原來服用3-4種降壓藥,減到只吃一種,而且精神煥發,生活質量有了很大提高。因此,減肥要從超重期著手,“減肥不如防肥”,人人都應關注自己的體重,定期加以測定。
控制飲食減肥,首先要管好“嘴”,認識肥胖的危害性。
目前在營養攝入方面也有誤區,有人認為減肥就是要少吃主食,拼命吃菜,其實多吃菜也會產生過多能量;也有人認為多吃葷油會發胖,吃素油不要緊,其實素油含不飽和脂肪酸,多吃也會發胖。所以,對油要“克克”計較。日本規定每人每天油的攝入量≤18克;我國營養學家提倡每人每天≤20克。
運動是減肥的良方。一般說來,快走、跑步、游泳、騎自行車都很適合。“快走”是簡單易行的運動方式,通常每次鍛煉時間應超過30分鐘,并逐步延長到1小時。日常生活中,鍛煉隨時隨地都可以進行,例如,上下班可改坐車為快步行,直到大汗淋漓,有疲勞感為止。應酬較多的人,應該盡量少吃油膩飲食、限酒,控制總攝入量,防止因肥胖引起高血壓。
其實,加強運動消耗量并減少能量攝入,運動減肥,配合飲食控制,既經濟,副作用又小,何樂而不為。
減壓———不良心理因素可導致高血壓
不良心理因素可導致高血壓。現在社會上競爭激烈,工作節奏明顯加快,不少人由于工作壓力過大,心理狀態容易產生不平衡,造成交感神經興奮過度,表現為工作時心動過速、火氣大;休息或睡眠時心率明顯減緩。長期心跳過快(≥75次/分),心血管疾病發生的比率會隨心率增加而直線上升。打個比方說,你去趕火車,還有1分鐘火車就要開了,你提著大箱子,心里那個急呀,滿頭大汗趕上去,一次兩次還可以,如果一個人成天這樣的趕火車,受得了嗎?自然受不了。最近在我國進行的一次調查發現了一個令人擔憂的現象:35-45歲患高血壓病的增長率高達62%-74%,而65-74歲年齡段只有15%-18%。這部分中年人,其中不少都是白領、領導干部,他們長期處于高度緊張狀態,并且上下班乘電梯、坐汽車,活動量少,應酬又多,常造成體重超標,這是應引起全社會關注的一個問題。
心理健康是指個人、人群以及生活環境之間能否保持良好的協調和均衡,能否正確對待自己、別人和社會的一種心理狀態。要重視心理健康,重視性格修養,面對壓力要保持良好的心理狀態和健康的生活方式。當發現有心理障礙時,要到心理專科去咨詢、診治。西方發達國家幾乎60%的人都很重視自己的心理健康,而目前,我國居民對心理健康咨詢意識還比較淡薄,而由此產生的后果,往往是難以挽回的。例如數年前上海曾發生某汽車廠總經理因不堪工作壓力,最終導致跳樓自殺的慘劇。
所以,除了平時注意心理狀態外,還可以采用以下幾個方便的“小招數”來減壓。
(1)深呼吸,全身放松,精神集中于慢呼氣、慢吸氣上,呼吸柔和平緩,連續幾次就能馬上使心情恢復平靜。
(2)靜思,找一個光線暗淡、安靜的地方,端坐放松,排除雜念,默默聆聽自己的呼吸、數數,或者聽著優雅的輕音樂想象陽光明媚的海濱,就能使心情很快恢復平靜。
限酒———酗酒是高血壓的主要危險因素之一
酗酒是高血壓、中風的主要原因之一,特別是飲高度酒精含量的白酒。俄羅斯人喜歡喝伏特加酒,中風在世界上“名列前茅”;而歐洲人不飲白酒,多喝葡萄酒和啤酒,中風明顯要少。我國目前餐桌上應酬時常有不喝白酒不夠朋友、“感情深,一口悶;感情淺,舔一舔”的風氣。喝一杯白酒(2兩),必定會引起心率加快,血壓上升,長期飲酒會成癮,形成惡性循環,并常以中風告終。
關于高血壓病人長期、少量飲酒是否有益,這一直是大家關心和爭論的問題,有人說每天飲葡萄酒,可以降脂降壓,有好處。少量飲酒確實有擴張血管、活血通脈、消除疲勞的功效。因此,寒冬季節或者逢年過節適量喝一些酒精含量低的啤酒、葡萄酒、黃酒,對人體有一定好處。雖然有人發現,少量飲酒能增加血液中有益的高密度脂蛋白,但同時也發現,在高密度脂蛋白升高的同時,甘油三酯也會升高。此外,酒還會部分抵消某些降壓藥物的作用。
所以說,高血壓病病人雖然不是絕對忌酒,但是應該因人而異,不應該把長期少量飲酒作為預防冠心病的治療選擇,更不應該低估嗜酒對身心健康的危害。
考慮到你只有18歲,附上高血壓病的運動處方:
(一)運動的目的
1.調整大腦皮層的興奮與抑制過程及改善機體主要系統的神經調節功能。
2.降低毛細血管、微動脈及小動脈的張力,調節血液循環,降低血壓。
3.降低血粘度,提高血液流變性,改善微循環,增強物質代謝的氧化還原和組織內的營養過程。
4.發展機體和血液循環的代嘗機能,改善和恢復患者的一般全身狀況。
5.減輕應激反應,穩定情緒,抑制心身緊張,消除焦慮狀態。
(二)運動的種類與方法
高血壓病康復體育的運動類型選擇要以有氧代謝運動為原則。要避免在運動中做推、拉、舉之類的靜力性力量練習或憋氣練習。應該選擇那些有全身性的、有節奏的、容易放松、便于全面監視的項目。有條件的可利用活動跑道、自行車功率計等進行運動。較適合高血壓病康復體育的運動種類和方法有氣功、太極拳、醫療體操、步行、健身跑、有氧舞蹈、游泳、娛樂性球類、效游、垂釣等等。
1.氣功:以放松功較好,也可酌用站樁功、強壯功和動功等。練功原則強調“松”、“靜”、“降”。要求配合意念和簡單的動作。意念的部位宜低于心臟位置,如丹田、涌泉穴等。呼吸宜用順呼吸法,不宜采用停閉呼吸法。要適當延長呼氣,以提高迷走神經的興奮性。動作宜采用大幅度的有松有緊,有張有弛的上下肢及軀干的交替和聯合運動,切忌持續性緊張的長時間等長收縮運動。氣功練習每天至少1次,每次30~45分鐘。據報道,一次練功后可使收縮壓下降2.1~2.4kPa,舒張壓也有下降。一般在練功兩周左右后見效。有報告,一組用藥物治療血壓仍未能很好控制的病例,加用氣功后血壓得到有效控制。在鞏固期加用氣功更為有效,常可使維持用藥量減少1/3~1/2,并使血壓維持平穩。
2.太極拳:由于太極拳動作柔和,肌肉放松且多為大幅度活動,思緒寧靜從而有助于降低血壓。高血壓患者練完一套簡化太極拳后,收縮壓可下降1.3~2.7kPa(10—20mmHg),長期練習太極拳的老人安靜時收縮壓的平均值約比同年齡組老人低2.7kPa左右。高血壓患者打太極拳時最重要的是注意一個“松”字,肌肉放松能反射性地引起血管“放松”,從而促使血壓下降。此外,打太極拳時要用意念引導動作,使思想高度集中,心境守靜,這有助于消除高血壓患者的緊張、激動、神經敏感等癥狀。
3.步行:步行可按每分鐘70~90步開始,約每小時步行3~4km的速度,持續10分鐘。主要適用于無運動習慣的高血壓病患者作為一種適應性鍛煉過程。以后可逐漸加快步速或在坡地上行走。國內應用醫療步行(平地行走加上下小山坡)治療高血壓取得較好療效。
其方法舉例如下:
第一條:1600m平路。用15min走完800m,中途休息3min;
第二條:2000m平路,用18min走完1000m,中途休息3~5min;
第三條:2000m路程,中有兩段各長100m,斜度5~10度的短坡,用20~25分鐘步行1000m,休息3~5分鐘,繼續用7~8分鐘,走完500m平路,休息3分鐘然后用20~30分鐘上山,中間可適當休息。上山后體息5~10分鐘,然后下山。
具體方法可因地制宜,但必須堅持循序漸進,每次活動不應出現不適反應。如感體力有余,可用延長距離,加快步速等方法來增加運動量,也可用走、跑交替方式。
4.健身跑:在進行健身跑前要作心電圖運動試驗以檢查心功能和血壓對運動的反應性。高血壓患者的健身跑不要求一定的速度,而以跑步后不產生頭昏、頭痛、心慌、氣短和疲勞感等癥狀為宜。心率一般控制在130次/分以內。跑步時要求精神放松,步伐是十分重要的。運動的頻度可根據個人對運動的反應和適應程度,采用每周三次或隔日一次,或每周五次等不同的間隔周期。一般認為若每周低于二次效果不明顯。若每天運動,則每次運動總量不可過大,如果運動后第二天感覺精力充沛,無不適感,亦可采用(表4—1)。 表4-1 高血壓病運動處方運動種類:
(1)快走與慢跑 速度:120步/分(約7公里/小時=2米/秒)。
(2)緩慢上下自家樓梯或蹬功率車。
強度時間:50%VO2max、心率為120次/分或最大人本力的50%,每次60分鐘,約消耗1255千焦(300千克)
頻度運動總量:每周3次,持續20周,累計運動時間達到1000分鐘以上。
(1)隔日1次,每次60分鐘,周計為180分鐘。
(2)每日1次、每次30分鐘(星期日體息)。
(3)隔日1次、每次30或60分鐘交替、周計180分鐘。
5.按摩或自我按摩:按揉風池、太陽及耳穴,抹額及掐內關、神門、合谷、足三里,可助降壓和消除癥狀。
特別注意,以下是高血壓防治的八個誤區:
1.擔心血壓降得過低。受傳統高血壓防治觀念的影響,對目前提出的將血壓降至理想水平,即135/85mmHg以下有所顧慮,擔心血壓會因此降得過低,對心、腦、腎供血不利,引起這些器官供血不足而誘發相應并發癥。這種認識是個誤區。根據現代醫學研究顯示,血壓在理想范圍內越低越好,只要平穩地將血壓降至目標水平以下,既可減輕癥狀,也可減輕各種腦血管事件的危險性。
2.對有并發癥時應將血壓降得更低認識不足。
3.對非藥物療法重視不夠。
4.血壓降下來后不一定再用藥。
5.治病心切,喜歡作用快的降壓藥。
6.不用藥亦可降壓。
7.新藥、貴藥就是好藥。
8.忽視血(xue)壓監(jian)(jian)測和記(ji)錄(lu)。目前的(de)降(jiang)壓原則中十(shi)分強調個(ge)體化用藥。究竟怎(zen)樣才(cai)能達到“個(ge)體化”,其中一項便是堅持每日或每周定期對血(xue)壓的(de)監(jian)(jian)測并記(ji)錄(lu)。

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尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding),焦油(you).抽煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化炭都人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai). 吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)任何好處可(ke)(ke)言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de): 吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)對(dui)(dui)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損害(hai)(hai) : 吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)老年(nian)(nian)(nian)腰背痛,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)導致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腰背痛,是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi),大(da)量(liang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)物質會(hui)傷害(hai)(hai)骨髓(sui)及(ji)腰椎間(jian)盤。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)催人(ren)(ren)(ren)老,日本科學家指出(chu),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)會(hui)擾亂(luan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)更新機制(zhi),從(cong)而(er)(er)導致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)出(chu)現(xian)皺紋。停止吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)拒絕(jue)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai),保羅·伯(bo)恩教授指出(chu),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)導致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)對(dui)(dui)胃(wei)病有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)何影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)會(hui)加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)胃(wei)炎、潰瘍病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病情,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利于(yu)胃(wei)炎、潰瘍病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)康復(fu)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)損害(hai)(hai)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)壁,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)會(hui)導致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)白蛋白大(da)量(liang)流失,血(xue)(xue)管(guan)壁可(ke)(ke)能(neng)受到(dao)了(le)(le)損傷。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)造(zao)成40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)疾(ji)病,“流行(xing)病學之(zhi)(zhi)父(fu)”理(li)查(cha)(cha)德(de)·多(duo)爾(er)日前在(zai)馬德(de)里說,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)導致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口(kou)腔(qiang)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、食道(dao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、喉癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、胰腺(xian)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、膽囊(nang)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、子(zi)宮(gong)內(nei)膜(mo)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)等(deng)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)病。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)連(lian)著(zhu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai),由于(yu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)塵直接接觸(chu),并(bing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)通過血(xue)(xue)液(ye)到(dao)達皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毒(du)(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質相(xiang)接觸(chu),故一(yi)(yi)(yi)些皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)直接或間(jian)接與(yu)(yu)(yu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)密(mi)切相(xiang)關。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)宗(zong)接代,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能(neng)損壞男(nan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)子(zi),進(jin)而(er)(er)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)他(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖能(neng)力。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)當心(xin)(xin)截肢,“煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)王”久之(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)(mian)色(se)蒼(cang)老,體(ti)(ti)質逐漸減弱。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)食保健(jian)(jian),經常吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)易(yi)導致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)血(xue)(xue)液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硒元素含(han)量(liang)偏低。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)子(zi)女(nv)(nv)易(yi)染(ran)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癮,胎兒期(qi)(qi)(qi)接觸(chu)香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)促成青春期(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)素之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。專家認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)添煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癮,制(zhi)造(zao)商普(pu)遍在(zai)香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產中使用刺激煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)害(hai)(hai)新發(fa)(fa)現(xian)--膀胱癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai),由于(yu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)誘發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膀胱癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)占膀胱癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25-60%。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)“三伴(ban)(ban)(ban)”損健(jian)(jian)康,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)健(jian)(jian)康,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)老幼都知道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常識,可(ke)(ke)是(shi)在(zai)日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中,卻有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)民以(yi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)“三伴(ban)(ban)(ban)”(吃飯伴(ban)(ban)(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),飯酒伴(ban)(ban)(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),入(ru)廁(ce)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)樂事,對(dui)(dui)于(yu)健(jian)(jian)康來(lai)說,確是(shi)“禍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)單行(xing)”。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)減肥嗎?根據調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)指出(chu),大(da)多(duo)數(shu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)控制(zhi)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong),也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)多(duo)數(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)惟恐(kong)戒煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)會(hui)讓(rang)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)上升;但(dan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)真如(ru)她們(men)所(suo)想像,能(neng)保持好身(shen)材嗎?研究(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員發(fa)(fa)現(xian),這(zhe)(zhe)些受訪者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)中,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)孩就有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)30%較(jiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同伴(ban)(ban)(ban)肥胖。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)于(yu)減肥。二、吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)入(ru)多(duo)少(shao)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)會(hui)死(si)(si)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)難(nan)聞、味苦(ku)、無(wu)(wu)色(se)透明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)質液(ye)體(ti)(ti),揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強,在(zai)空(kong)氣中極易(yi)氧化成暗(an)灰色(se)。它能(neng)迅(xun)速溶于(yu)水(shui)及(ji)酒精(jing)中,通過口(kou)、鼻、支(zhi)(zhi)氣管(guan)黏(nian)膜(mo),很容(rong)易(yi)被人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收。粘(zhan)在(zai)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding),可(ke)(ke)“滲(shen)”入(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)。香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)量(liang)是(shi)50-70毫(hao)克,相(xiang)當于(yu)20-25支(zhi)(zhi)香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)。如(ru)果將一(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)雪(xue)茄或三支(zhi)(zhi)香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)注入(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靜脈內(nei),3-5分鐘人(ren)(ren)(ren)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)死(si)(si)亡。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)明(ming)朝(chao)時(shi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)多(duo)了(le)(le)引起急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中毒(du)(du)倒地后(hou)(hou),口(kou)吐黃水(shui)而(er)(er)死(si)(si)亡,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)崇禎皇帝曾(ceng)下令禁煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。此(ci)類事例在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)報道(dao):前蘇聯有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)青年(nian)(nian)(nian)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)大(da)雪(xue)茄煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)后(hou)(hou)死(si)(si)去(qu);英國(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)40歲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)(jian)康男(nan)子(zi),因(yin)(yin)從(cong)事一(yi)(yi)(yi)項(xiang)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)工作,一(yi)(yi)(yi)夜(ye)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)了(le)(le)14支(zhi)(zhi)雪(xue)茄和40支(zhi)(zhi)香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),早晨(chen)即(ji)感(gan)到(dao)難(nan)受,經搶(qiang)救(jiu)無(wu)(wu)效死(si)(si)去(qu);法國(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)俱樂部曾(ceng)舉行(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)比(bi)賽,優勝者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)了(le)(le)60支(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)后(hou)(hou),未來(lai)得及(ji)領獎即(ji)死(si)(si)去(qu),其他(ta)(ta)參加(jia)(jia)比(bi)賽者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)都因(yin)(yin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)垂危(wei)(wei)被送到(dao)醫院搶(qiang)救(jiu)。每日吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)盒(he)(20支(zhi)(zhi))煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)很多(duo),其中尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)含(han)量(liang)大(da)大(da)超過了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)量(liang),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什么很少(shao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中毒(du)(du)呢?原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)隨(sui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)霧擴散(san)到(dao)空(kong)氣中,加(jia)(jia)上吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)大(da)多(duo)數(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)連(lian)續吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),尼(ni)(ni)(ni)古(gu)(gu)丁(ding)是(shi)間(jian)斷(duan)緩慢(man)進(jin)入(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)讓(rang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“慢(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中毒(du)(du)”,出(chu)現(xian)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)病。三、吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)易(yi)患(huan)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)癥(zheng)“吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)健(jian)(jian)康”,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)盒(he)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)警(jing)示(shi)。說明(ming)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)(jian)康危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)很大(da)。所(suo)以(yi)世界衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)組(zu)織預言(yan),如(ru)果人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),5年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),世界上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)癥(zheng)將減少(shao)三分之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。遠(yuan)在(zai)1934年(nian)(nian)(nian),德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《福朗(lang)克府病理(li)學》雜(za)志(zhi)發(fa)(fa)表(biao)(biao)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)留學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)呂富華(hua)先生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)揭示(shi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫學論文,呂富華(hua)因(yin)(yin)此(ci)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)世界上最早揭示(shi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)物質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秘密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。現(xian)在(zai)據專家多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)研究(jiu)(jiu)證實:香(xiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)4000多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學物質,其中至(zhi)少(shao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)43種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)物質。所(suo)以(yi)專家警(jing)告(gao),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)至(zhi)少(shao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)癥(zheng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關聯,如(ru)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)導致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)已經廣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)知,研究(jiu)(jiu)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)癥(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學家們(men)已經證明(ming),染(ran)上通過性(xing)(xing)(xing)傳(chuan)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)突(tu)淋瘤病毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)婦(fu)女(nv)(nv),如(ru)果吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)因(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話就更易(yi)患(huan)上子(zi)宮(gong)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)研究(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)物質對(dui)(dui)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,在(zai)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)中,發(fa)(fa)現(xian)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)易(yi)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)強,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)男(nan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)更易(yi)患(huan)膀胱癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)。荷蘭萊頓大(da)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員最近對(dui)(dui)740名(ming)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)情況進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha),其中包(bao)括161名(ming)鱗狀(zhuang)細胞(bao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),并(bing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)386名(ming)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)患(huan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗對(dui)(dui)象進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)比(bi)。研究(jiu)(jiu)結(jie)果表(biao)(biao)明(ming),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)患(huan)鱗狀(zhuang)細胞(bao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)要(yao)(yao)高1.9倍,而(er)(er)且吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)數(shu)量(liang)越(yue)多(duo),這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)就越(yue)大(da),證明(ming)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)易(yi)患(huan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)。研究(jiu)(jiu)還表(biao)(biao)明(ming)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)至(zhi)少(shao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)其他(ta)(ta)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)病有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關,包(bao)括心(xin)(xin)臟病、中風、肺(fei)(fei)氣腫(zhong)、白內(nei)障(zhang)、血(xue)(xue)液(ye)循環疾(ji)病等(deng),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅如(ru)此(ci),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)還會(hui)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)健(jian)(jian)康和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)能(neng)力,減少(shao)嬰兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)份新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)報告(gao)顯(xian)示(shi)約有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)44%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存在(zai)精(jing)神方面(mian)(mian)疾(ji)病。這(zhe)(zhe)些年(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai),盡(jin)管(guan)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府加(jia)(jia)強了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)在(zai)公(gong)共場所(suo)禁止吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),并(bing)限制(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣告(gao)和促銷活(huo)(huo)動(dong),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毒(du)(du)害(hai)(hai)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多(duo)地被人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)發(fa)(fa)現(xian),被認(ren)可(ke)(ke),但(dan)很多(duo)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)民仍抱著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)僥(jiao)幸(xing)恒,殊不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)除了(le)(le)等(deng)于(yu)慢(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)自殺外(wai),也(ye)毒(du)(du)害(hai)(hai)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親人(ren)(ren)(ren)和朋(peng)友(you)。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)說,人(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦開始吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),就等(deng)于(yu)把(ba)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)請(qing)進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)。 吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)害(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)害(hai)(hai)已的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)您和他(ta)(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)(jian)康請(qing)勿吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)!

關于克隆的資料

[編輯本段]近年來克隆研究的重要成果
克隆羊“多利”的誕生在全世界掀起了克隆研究熱潮,隨后,有關克隆動物的報道接連不斷。1997年3月,即“多利”誕生后近1個月的時間里,美國、中國臺灣和澳大利亞科學家分別發表了他們成功克隆猴子、豬和牛的消息。不過,他們都是采用胚胎細胞進行克隆,其意義不能與“多利”相比。同年7月,羅斯林研究所和PPL公司宣布用基因改造過的胎兒成纖維細胞克隆出世界上第一頭帶有人類基因的轉基因綿羊“波莉”(Polly)。這一成果顯示了克隆技術在培育轉基因動物方面的巨大應用價值。
1998年7月,美國夏威夷大學Wakayama等報道,由小鼠卵丘細胞克隆了27只成活小鼠,其中7只是由克隆小鼠再次克隆的后代,這是繼“多利”以后的第二批哺乳動物體細胞核移植后代。此外,Wakayama等人采用了與“多利”不同的、新的、相對簡單的且成功率較高的克隆技術,這一技術以該大學所在地而命名為“檀香山技術”。
此后,美國、法國、荷蘭和韓國等國科學家也相繼報道了體細胞克隆牛成功的消息;日本科學家的研究熱情尤為驚人,1998年7月至1999年4月,東京農業大學、近畿大學、家畜改良事業團、地方(石川縣、大分縣和鹿兒島縣等)家畜試驗場以及民間企業(如日本最大的奶商品公司雪印乳業等)紛紛報道了,他們采用牛耳部、臀部肌肉、卵丘細胞以及初乳中提取的乳腺細胞克隆牛的成果。至1999年底,全世界已有6種類型細胞——胎兒成纖維細胞、乳腺細胞、卵丘細胞、輸卵管/子宮上皮細胞、肌肉細胞和耳部皮膚細胞的體細胞克隆后代成功誕生。
2000年6月,中國西北農林科技大學利用成年山羊體細胞克隆出兩只“克隆羊”,但其中一只因呼吸系統發育不良而早夭。據介紹,所采用的克隆技術為該研究組自己研究所得,與克隆“多莉”的技術完全不同,這表明我國科學家也掌握了體細胞克隆的尖端技術。
在不同種間進行細胞核移植實驗也取得了一些可喜成果,1998年1月,美國威斯康星一麥迪遜大學的科學家們以牛的卵子為受體,成功克隆出豬、牛、羊、鼠和獼猴五種哺乳動物的胚胎,這一研究結果表明,某個物種的未受精卵可以同取自多種動物的成熟細胞核相結合。雖然這些胚胎都流產了,但它對異種克隆的可能性作了有益的嘗試。1999年,美國科學家用牛卵子克隆出珍稀動物盤羊的胚胎;我國科學家也用兔卵子克隆了大熊貓的早期胚胎,這些成果說明克隆技術有可能成為保護和拯救瀕危動物的一條新途徑。
奇妙的克隆克隆技術已展示出廣闊的應用前景,概括起來大致有以下四個方面:
(1)培育優良畜種和生產實驗動物;
(2)生產轉基因動物;
(3)生產人胚胎干細胞用于細胞和組織替代療法;
(4)復制瀕危的動物物種,保存和傳播動物物種資源。
以下就生產轉基因動物和胚胎干細胞作簡要說明。
轉基因動物研究是動物生物工程領域中最誘人和最有發展前景的課題之一,轉基因動物可作為醫用器官移植的供體、作為生物反應器,以及用于家畜遺傳改良、創建疾病實驗模型等。但目前轉基因動物的實際應用并不多,除單一基因修飾的轉基因小鼠醫學模型較早得到應用外,轉基因動物乳腺生物反應器生產藥物蛋白的研究時間較長,已進行了10多年,但目前在全世界范圍內僅有2例藥品進入3期臨床試驗,5~6個藥品進入2期臨床試驗;而其農藝性狀發生改良、可資畜牧生產應用的轉基因家畜品系至今沒有誕生。轉基因動物制作效率低、定點整合困難所導致的成本過高和調控失靈,以及轉基因動物有性繁殖后代遺傳性狀出現分離、難以保持始祖的優良勝狀,是制約當今轉基因動物實用化進程的主要原因。
體細胞克隆的成功為轉基因動物生產掀起一場新的革命,動物體細胞克隆技術為迅速放大轉基因動物所產生的種質創新效果提供了技術可能。采用簡便的體細胞轉染技術實施目標基因的轉移,可以避免家畜生殖細胞來源困難和低效率。同時,采用轉基因體細胞系,可以在實驗室條件下進行轉基因整合預檢和性別預選。在核移植前,先把目的外源基因和標記基因(如LagZ基因和新霉素抗生基因)的融合基因導入培養的體細胞中,再通過標記基因的表現來篩選轉基因陽性細胞及其克隆,然后把此陽性細胞的核移植到去核卵母細胞中,最后生產出的動物在理論上應是100%的陽性轉基因動物。采用此法,Schnieke等(Bio Report,1997)已成功獲得6只轉基因綿羊,其中3只帶有人凝血因子IX基因和標記基因(新霉素抗性基因),3只帶有標記基因,目的外源基因整合率高達50%。Cibelli(Science,1997)同樣利用核移植法獲得3頭轉基因牛,證實了該法的有效性。由此可以看出,當今動物克隆技術最重要的應用方向之一,就是高附加值轉基因克隆動物的研究開發。
胚胎干細胞(ES)是具有形成所有成年細胞類型潛力的全能干細胞。科學家們一直試圖誘導各種干細胞定向分化為特定的組織類型,來替代那些受損的體內組織,比如把產生胰島素的細胞植入糖尿病患者體內。科學家們已經能夠使豬ES細胞轉變為跳動的心肌細胞,使人ES細胞生成神經細胞和間充質細胞和使小鼠ES細胞分化為內胚層細胞。這些結果為細胞和組織替代療法開辟了道路。目前,科學家已成功分離到人ES細胞(Thomson等1998,Science),而體細胞克隆技術為生產患者自身的ES細胞提供了可能。把患者體細胞移植到去核卵母細胞中形成重組胚,把重組胚體外培養到囊胚,然后從囊胚內分離出ES細胞,獲得的ES細胞使之定向分化為所需的特定細胞類型(如神經細胞,肌肉細胞和血細胞),用于替代療法。這種核移植法的最終目的是用于干細胞治療,而非得到克隆個體,科學家們稱之為“治療克隆”。
克隆技術在基礎研究中的應用也是很有意義的,它為研究配子和胚胎發生,細胞和組織分化,基因表達調控,核質互作等機理提供了工具。
作為一個新興的研究隊 在實踐中,克隆動物的成功率還很低,維爾穆特研究組在培育“多莉“的實驗中,融合了277枚移植核的卵細胞,僅獲得了“多莉”這一只成活羔羊,成功率只有0.36%,同時進行的胎兒成纖維細胞和胚胎細胞的克隆實驗的成功率也分別只有1.7%和1.1%,即使是使用“檀香山”技術,以分化程度較低的卵丘細胞為核供體,其成功率也只有百分之幾。
此外,生出的部分個體表現出生理或免疫缺限。以克隆牛為例,日本、法國等國培育的許多克隆牛在降生后兩個月內死去;到2000年2月,日本全國已共有121頭體細胞克隆牛誕生,但存活的只有64頭。觀察結果表明,部分犢牛胎盤功能不完善,其血液中含氧量及生長因子的濃度都低于正常水平;有些牛犢的胸腺、脾和淋巴腺未得到正常發育;克隆動物胎兒普遍存在比一般動物發育快的傾向,這些都可能是死亡的原因。
即使是正常發育的“多利”,也被發現有早衰跡象。染色體的末端被稱為端粒,它決定著細胞能夠分裂的次數:每一次分裂端粒都會縮短,而當端粒耗盡后細胞就失去了分裂能力。1998年,科學家發現“多莉”的細胞端粒比正常的要短,即其細胞處于更衰老的狀態。當時認為,這可能是用成年綿羊的細胞克隆“多莉”造成的,使其細胞具有成年細胞的印記,但這一解釋目前受到了挑戰,美國馬薩諸塞州的醫生羅伯特·蘭扎等用培養的衰老細胞克隆牛,得到6頭小牛,出生5~10個月后發現這些克隆牛的端粒比普通同齡小牛要長,有的甚至比普通新生小牛的端粒還長。現在還不清楚這一現象的原因,也不清楚為何與“多莉“的情況有巨大差別。但這一實驗說明,在一些情況下克隆過程能改變成熟細胞的分子鐘,使其“恢復青春”,關于這種變化對克隆動物壽命的影響,還有待于進一步觀察。
除了以上的理論和技術障礙外,克隆技術(尤其是在人胚胎方面的應用)對倫理道德的沖擊和公眾對此的強烈反應也限制了克隆技術的應用。但幾年來克隆技術的發展表明,世界各科技大國都不甘落后,誰也沒有放棄克隆技術研究。這一點上英國政府的態度非常具有代表性,在1997年2月底宣布中止對“多莉”研究小組投資后不到1個月,英國科技委員會就對克隆技術發表專題報告,表明英國政府將重新考慮這一決定,認為盲目禁止這方面的研究并不是明智之舉,關鍵在于建立一定的規范利用它為人類造福。
一個細菌經過20分鐘左右就可一分為二;一根葡萄枝切成十段就可能變成十株葡萄;仙人掌切成幾塊,每塊落地就生根;一株草莓依靠它沿地“爬走”的匍匐莖,一年內就能長出數百株草莓苗……凡此種種,都是生物靠自身的一分為二或自身的一小部分的擴大來繁衍后代,這就是無性繁殖,無性繁殖的英文名稱叫“Clone”,譯音為“克隆”。
自然界的許多動物,在正常情況下都是依靠父方產生的雄性細胞(精子)與母方產生的雌性細胞(卵子)融合(受精)成受精卵(合子),再由受精卵經過一系列細胞分裂長成胚胎,最終形成新的個體,這種依靠父母雙方提供性細胞、并經兩性細胞融合產生后代的繁殖方法就叫有性繁殖,但是,如果我們用外科手術將一個胚胎分割成兩塊,四塊、八塊……最后通過特殊的方法使一個胚胎長成兩個、四個,八個……生物體,這些生物體就是克隆個體,而這兩個、四個、八個……個體就叫做無性繁殖系(也叫克隆)。
1979年春,中國科學院武漢水生生物研究所的科學家用鯽魚囊胚期的細胞進行人工培養,經過385天59代連續傳代培養后,用直徑10微米左右的玻璃管在顯微鏡下從培養細胞中吸出細胞核,在此同時,除去鯽魚卵細胞的核,讓卵細胞留出空間作好接納囊胚細胞核的準備,一切準備就緒后,把玻璃管吸出的核移放到空出位置的鯽魚卵細胞內,得到了囊胚細胞核的卵細胞在人工培養下大部分夭亡了,在189個這種換核卵細胞中,只有兩個孵化出了魚苗,而最終只有一條幼魚度過難關,經過80多天培養后長成8厘米長的鯽魚。這種鯽魚并沒有經過雌、雄細胞的結合,僅僅是給卵細胞換了個囊胚細胞的核,實際上是由換核卵產生的,因此也是克隆魚。
在克隆鯽魚出現之前,英國牛津大學的科學家已經在1960年和1962年,先后用非洲一種有爪的蟾蜍(非洲爪蟾)進行過克隆試驗。試驗方式是先用紫外線照射爪蟾卵細胞,破壞其中的核,然后依靠高超的外科手術從爪蟾蝌蚪的腸上皮細胞、肝細胞、腎細胞中取出核,并把這些細胞的核精確地放進已被紫外線破壞了細胞核的卵細胞內,經過精心照料,這些換核卵中終于有一部分長出了活蹦亂跳的爪蟾,這種爪蟾也不是經過精細胞和卵細胞州結合產生的,所以也是克隆爪蟾。
我國著名生物學家童第周先生在1978年成功地進行了黑斑蛙的克隆試驗,他將黑斑蛙的紅細胞的核移人事先除去了核的黑斑蛙卵中,這種換核卵最后長成能在水中自由游泳的蝌蚪。
魚類換核技術的成熟和兩棲類換核的成功,使一批從事良種培育工作的科學家激動不已,既然鯽魚的囊胚細胞核取代鯽魚卵細胞核后能得到克隆魚,那么異種魚換核能否得到新的雜種魚呢?我國科學家首先提出了這個問題,也首先解決了這個問題,就是培養克隆鯽魚成功的那個研究所,設法把鯉魚胚胎細胞的核取代了鯽魚卵細胞的核。鯉魚細胞核和鯽魚卵細胞質居然能相安無事,并開始了類似受精卵分裂發育的過程,最后長出有“胡須”的“鯉鯽魚”,這種魚有“胡須”,生長快,完全像鯉魚,但它的側線鱗片數和脊椎骨的數目與鯽魚相同,而且魚味鮮美不亞于鯽魚。這種人工克隆新魚種的出現為魚類育種開辟了新途徑。
對科學的追求是永無止境的,魚類,兩棲類克隆的成功自然而然地使科學家把目光投向了哺乳類。美國和瑞士的科學家率先從灰色小鼠的胚胎細胞中取出細胞核,用這個核取代黑色小鼠受精卵細胞核。實際上,這個黑色小鼠的受精卵在精細胞核剛進入卵細胞后,就把精細胞核連同卵細胞的核一起除去。灰鼠胚胎細胞的核移人黑色小鼠的去核受精卵后,在試管里人工培養了四天,然后再把它植人白色小鼠的子宮內、經幾百次灰、黑、白這樣的操作以后,白色小鼠終于生下了三只小灰鼠。
1996年2月27日出版的英國“自然”雜志公布了愛丁堡羅斯林研究所威爾莫特等人的研究成果:經過247次失敗之后,他們在前年7月得到了一只名為“多利”的克隆雌性綿羊。
“多利”綿羊是如何“創造”出來的呢?威爾莫特等學者先給“蘇格蘭黑面羊”注射促性腺素,促使它排卵,得到卵之后,立即用極細的吸管從卵細胞中取出核,與此同時,從懷孕三個月的“芬多席特”六齡母羊的乳腺細胞中取出核,立即送人取走核的“蘇格蘭黑面羊”的卵細胞中,手術完成之后,用相同頻率的電脈沖刺激換核卵,讓“蘇格蘭黑面羊”的卵細胞質與“芬多席特”母羊乳腺細胞的核相互協調,使這個“組裝”細胞在試管里經歷受精卵那樣的分裂、發育而形成胚胎的過程,然后,將胚胎巧妙地植人另一只母羊的子宮里。到去年7月,這只“護理”體外形成胚胎的母羊終于產下了小綿羊“多利”。“多利”不是由母羊的卵細胞和公羊的精細胞受精的產物,而是“換核卵”一步一步發展的結果,因此是“克隆羊”。
“克隆羊”的誕生,在世界各國引起了震驚,它難能可貴之處在于換進去的是體細胞的核,而不是胚胎細胞核。這個結果證明:動物體中執行特殊功能、具有特定形態的所謂高度分化的細胞與受精卵一樣具有發育成完整個體的潛在能力。也就是說,動物細胞與植物細胞一樣,也具有全能性。
克隆技術會給人類帶來極大的好處,例如,英國PPL公司已培育出羊奶中含有治療肺氣腫的a-1抗胰蛋白酶的母羊。這種羊奶的售價是6千美元一升。一只母羊就好比一座制藥廠,用什么辦法能最有效、最方便地使這種羊擴大繁殖呢?最好的辦法就是“克隆”。同樣,荷蘭PHP公司培育出能分泌人乳鐵蛋白的牛,以色列LAS公司育成了能生產血清白蛋白的羊,這些高附加值的牲畜如何有效地繁殖?答案當然還是“克隆”。
母馬配公驢可以得到雜種優勢特別強的動物——騾,騾不能繁殖后代,那么,優良的騾如何擴大繁殖?最好的辦法也是“克隆”,我國的大熊貓是國寶,但自然交配成功率低,因此已瀕臨絕種。如何挽救這類珍稀動物?“克隆”為人類提供了切實可行的途徑。
克隆動物還對于研究癌生物學、研究免疫學、研究人的壽命等都有不可低估的作用。
不可否認,“克隆綿羊”的問世也引起了許多人對“克隆人”的興趣,例如,有人在考慮,是否可用自己的細胞克隆成一個胚胎,在其成形前就冰凍起來。在將來的某一天,自身的某個器官出了問題時,就可從胚胎中取出這個器官進行培養,然后替換自己病變的器官,這也就是用克隆法為人類自身提供“配件”。
有(you)(you)關“克(ke)隆人”的討論(lun)提醒人們(men),科技進步是一(yi)首(shou)悲喜交(jiao)集的進行曲。科技越(yue)(yue)發展,對社會(hui)的滲(shen)透越(yue)(yue)廣泛深入(ru),就越(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)可(ke)能引(yin)起許多(duo)有(you)(you)關的倫理、道德(de)和法(fa)律等問題。我(wo)想用諾貝爾獎獲得者,著(zhu)名分子生物學(xue)家J.D.沃森的話來結(jie)束本文:“可(ke)以期(qi)待,許多(duo)生物學(xue)家,特別是那(nei)些從事無(wu)性繁殖(zhi)研究的科學(xue)家,將(jiang)會(hui)嚴(yan)肅地考慮(lv)它的含意(yi),并(bing)展開科學(xue)討論(lun),用以教(jiao)育世界人民。”

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