本報記者 周穎
患風寒感冒了，喝一(yi)碗湯(tang)藥(yao)(yao)發汗(han)解表、宣肺止咳；胃脘脹痛，來(lai)一(yi)盒香砂(sha)枳術和胃止疼(teng)、理氣消脹。經常服用中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)人心中(zhong)常有這(zhe)樣的(de)疑問，從(cong)地里挖來(lai)的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材是怎樣變(bian)成中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)飲片和中(zhong)成藥(yao)(yao)的(de)？今天，我們請來(lai)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)專家、北京同仁堂中(zhong)醫醫院藥(yao)(yao)品經營部部長(chang)崔(cui)慶利，給大(da)家講(jiang)一(yi)講(jiang)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮制的(de)方(fang)法、工(gong)序、特點和作(zuo)用。
中(zhong)藥炮制方法(fa)有10余種(zhong)
“中藥(yao)(yao)炮制，是在調(diao)劑或制劑前對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)加工處理。如(ru)白(bai)術(shu)切(qie)片(pian)(pian)后放(fang)在一邊待(dai)用，在鍋里(li)加輔料麩皮進行炒(chao)制，等到麩皮冒煙時，再把白(bai)術(shu)片(pian)(pian)放(fang)進去，用麩皮的(de)(de)煙熏制的(de)(de)白(bai)術(shu)，就是炮制的(de)(de)中藥(yao)(yao)飲片(pian)(pian)。”崔慶利的(de)(de)一番描(miao)述(shu)，使人們對(dui)炮制有了初步的(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)。
我們知道，中醫(yi)在臨床多(duo)用治(zhi)病(bing)的物質是中藥飲(yin)片和中成藥，而這些飲(yin)片和中成藥是通過一(yi)定的加(jia)工炮制(zhi)而成的。需要(yao)加(jia)工的如(ru)桂枝、麻黃等，只要(yao)修(xiu)剪或切(qie)(qie)(qie)段、切(qie)(qie)(qie)片、切(qie)(qie)(qie)條、切(qie)(qie)(qie)塊，進行凈制(zhi)就行了(le)。再如(ru)羚(ling)羊角，本身(shen)質地堅(jian)硬，要(yao)用一(yi)種特(te)制(zhi)球磨(mo)機把它磨(mo)成細粉(fen)才能發揮其藥效。炮制(zhi)中藥，除了(le)過火外，有的還需要(yao)去(qu)毒、蜜炙(zhi)、炒炭、煅淬(cui)等特(te)殊工序處理，如(ru)附子去(qu)毒、藕(ou)節(jie)炒炭等。
一般(ban)的(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)有水制(zhi)、火制(zhi)、水火共制(zhi)等17種(zhong)方法，常用的(de)為炒、煮、蒸、炙、煅、水飛、鎊等。以炒為例，清炒有炒黃、炒焦、炒炭；加固體輔料炒，有米炒、麩炒、土炒、砂(sha)燙炒等。
中藥(yao)可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)炮制(zhi)手段來(lai)提高其(qi)療(liao)效(xiao)，如(ru)元(yuan)胡醋制(zhi)，可(ke)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)其(qi)生(sheng)物堿在(zai)水(shui)中的(de)溶解度；蜜炙款(kuan)冬花，可(ke)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)潤肺止咳作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)；自然銅煅淬后(hou)，可(ke)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)散(san)瘀止痛作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。 對一些含有(you)(you)毒(du)性(xing)的(de)中藥(yao)材，也可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)炮制(zhi)方法，降低或消(xiao)除(chu)其(qi)毒(du)性(xing)和副作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。草烏生(sheng)用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)大毒(du)，經(jing)用(yong)(yong)金(jin)銀(yin)花、甘草水(shui)炮制(zhi)后(hou)，使毒(du)性(xing)顯著降低而(er)又保持其(qi)固(gu)有(you)(you)的(de)療(liao)效(xiao)；柏子仁(ren)具有(you)(you)寧心安神、滑腸通(tong)便(bian)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，如(ru)果要用(yong)(yong)于治療(liao)失眠而(er)又需避免病人產生(sheng)滑腸，則可(ke)將柏子仁(ren)去油制(zhi)霜，以消(xiao)除(chu)其(qi)致(zhi)瀉(xie)的(de)副作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
中(zhong)藥(yao)飲(yin)片如(ru)此(ci)，中(zhong)成藥(yao)也是如(ru)此(ci)。如(ru)新清(qing)寧片中(zhong)的(de)大(da)黃(huang)，用黃(huang)酒多次蒸制(zhi)之后才(cai)(cai)能用，否則藥(yao)力太猛易產(chan)生腹痛、瀉(xie)下等副(fu)作用；小兒健脾丸(wan)中(zhong)的(de)六神曲(qu)需麩炒(chao)制(zhi)后才(cai)(cai)能起到健脾消食作用；朱砂、珍珠等要“水(shui)飛”后才(cai)(cai)能配制(zhi)應用。
崔慶利(li)說，把(ba)中藥材(cai)加工炮(pao)制成(cheng)一定規(gui)格的(de)飲片或(huo)中成(cheng)藥，或(huo)便于配方和(he)調(diao)劑(ji)，消除藥物毒副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)，或(huo)改變藥材(cai)性能，或(huo)有利(li)于儲存和(he)運(yun)輸。
依法炮制才能(neng)發揮中藥療效
“炮(pao)制雖繁必(bi)不(bu)敢省人工，品味雖貴必(bi)不(bu)敢減物力。”依法炮(pao)制是(shi)北京(jing)同(tong)仁堂(tang)的(de)傳統做法。這里的(de)依法就(jiu)是(shi)按照規定要求進行炮(pao)制，不(bu)可不(bu)及，也不(bu)能過及。不(bu)及將導(dao)致中(zhong)藥(yao)功效難出，太過會使(shi)中(zhong)藥(yao)氣味消失(shi)，功效全無。
崔慶(qing)利舉例(li)說，附(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)含有生物(wu)堿(jian)，毒(du)性很強，只要0.02克(ke)就(jiu)可致人死亡。因此，在附(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)去毒(du)上，同仁堂炮制是非常講(jiang)究的。通(tong)常是在附(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)原產地加工的基(ji)礎上，再進行炮制。即(ji)用(yong)金銀花和甘草水煮附(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，直到附(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)無(wu)白(bai)心為準。之后將附(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)切制成中藥(yao)飲片，才能(neng)在臨(lin)床使用(yong)。
在炮(pao)制方面，同仁堂至(zhi)今還保留著許多獨(du)特的炮(pao)制方法(fa)。如２４小時不停火燜制熟地(di)；沙炒雞內金；參茸養生丸中的“江(jiang)米(mi)(mi)酒”，必(bi)須由(you)本場發(fa)酵制造；遠志根(gen)如竹筷，而芯如牙(ya)簽(qian)，去芯時要先把遠志悶透變軟，再(zai)用刀割開皮，一(yi)根(gen)根(gen)抽除(chu)其(qi)中堅韌的木質(zhi)部分；菟絲子(zi)是一(yi)種(zhong)類(lei)似小米(mi)(mi)粒(li)大小的種(zhong)子(zi)，為了去凈種(zhong)子(zi)上的泥土，必(bi)須采用特殊的方法(fa)漂洗(xi)3遍之多。
繼承創新有利(li)于中藥發展
“中藥(yao)是一種(zhong)神秘的(de)東西。這是因為(wei)‘藥(yao)有個(ge)性之特(te)長，方(fang)有合(he)群之妙用(yong)。’”崔(cui)慶利解釋(shi)，一味(wei)藥(yao)有一定的(de)功效，而群方(fang)藥(yao)混合(he)，性味(wei)歸經就會發(fa)生變(bian)化。麻黃(huang)(huang)是治療(liao)外感風寒表實證的(de)一味(wei)藥(yao)，單(dan)用(yong)這味(wei)藥(yao)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)發(fa)汗散寒；蜜(mi)制為(wei)炙麻黃(huang)(huang)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)潤肺(fei)止咳。如果與桂枝合(he)用(yong)，助(zhu)麻黃(huang)(huang)發(fa)汗解表功能更強(qiang)。如果與苦(ku)杏仁合(he)用(yong)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)降(jiang)瀉肺(fei)氣，助(zhu)麻黃(huang)(huang)宣肺(fei)平喘、潤腸通便。
中(zhong)醫(yi)治病(bing)是通過(guo)自然觀、整體觀、辨證觀去扶正祛邪、調(diao)和陰(yin)陽(yang)的(de)。中(zhong)藥(yao)的(de)性味有溫熱寒涼，有補有瀉。這就需要(yao)通過(guo)不同的(de)炮制方(fang)法來調(diao)整藥(yao)性，以適應中(zhong)醫(yi)的(de)治療法則。
在炮(pao)制過(guo)程中，同仁堂始終堅(jian)持(chi)“尊古(gu)不(bu)泥古(gu)，創新不(bu)離宗。”崔慶利說，古(gu)方(fang)治病都是經過(guo)歷代名醫檢驗的，療效確切。如果治不(bu)了(le)病，那就(jiu)是藥(yao)材不(bu)夠地道，或炮(pao)制出了(le)問題。
首(shou)先是(shi)(shi)(shi)繼承。幾百年來(lai)，道地(di)藥材一直是(shi)(shi)(shi)同仁堂的(de)(de)首(shou)選(xuan)。如金銀(yin)花(hua)必須(xu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)河南新密或鞏義出產的(de)(de)，甘(gan)草須(xu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)內蒙古或甘(gan)肅出產的(de)(de)，枸杞是(shi)(shi)(shi)寧(ning)夏出產的(de)(de)。就牛黃清心(xin)丸來(lai)說，其中的(de)(de)京牛黃是(shi)(shi)(shi)山(shan)西三(san)元縣的(de)(de)，當(dang)歸是(shi)(shi)(shi)甘(gan)肅岷縣的(de)(de)，白芍是(shi)(shi)(shi)浙江杭州的(de)(de)，等等。
在創(chuang)新方面，同仁(ren)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)也有自己的(de)特別做法，如(ru)鹿茸去(qu)毛，一般用(yong)火燎，同仁(ren)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)卻用(yong)酥炙，就是(shi)涂上油，再用(yong)火炙，這樣既可助藥(yao)(yao)力(li)，又不傷(shang)及鹿茸。又如(ru)黃連，一般不去(qu)須根，而(er)同仁(ren)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)必須一根一根去(qu)掉須根。同時(shi)，同仁(ren)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)還歸(gui)納出(chu)炮制(zhi)(zhi)“三(san)適度(du)”和(he)“四(si)標準”，即火候、顏(yan)色、大小(xiao)薄(bo)厚三(san)適度(du)；炙藥(yao)(yao)不結塊、炒焦(jiao)不成(cheng)炭、炒炭必存性、煅(duan)制(zhi)(zhi)必過“心四(si)”標準，以保證中藥(yao)(yao)的(de)炮制(zhi)(zhi)質(zhi)量。
對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥中(zhong)(zhong)含有重金屬問題，同仁堂通過(guo)科技(ji)攻關，利用原子(zi)吸收分光度法，對(dui)(dui)傳(chuan)統中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥的(de)(de)重金屬進行測定，并得出可(ke)(ke)以(yi)放心(xin)服用的(de)(de)結論。原來，對(dui)(dui)人體(ti)造成(cheng)危害的(de)(de)是呈游離(li)態的(de)(de)重金屬，而在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥中(zhong)(zhong)，它們(men)是以(yi)化合物(wu)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態存在(zai)的(de)(de)。如朱砂的(de)(de)主要成(cheng)分是硫化汞(gong)，通過(guo)“水飛法”進行炮制，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)使毒(du)性大(da)的(de)(de)少量(liang)游離(li)汞(gong)和(he)可(ke)(ke)溶性汞(gong)鹽溶解到水里，并易于去(qu)除(chu)。
正是由于對中藥(yao)反復選擇、改進(jin)和(he)臨床(chuang)驗證(zheng)，以及炮制方法上的不斷創新，同仁堂(tang)才能(neng)歷經340年而不衰。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)前或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)各種(zhong)劑(ji)型(xing)以(yi)前必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)過程，包(bao)(bao)括對原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)進(jin)行一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)修(xiu)(xiu)治(zhi)整(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。古代(dai)(dai)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)炮(pao)炙(zhi)(zhi)、修(xiu)(xiu)治(zhi)、修(xiu)(xiu) 事等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)大(da)(da)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備(bei)各種(zhong)劑(ji)型(xing)之前，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)應(ying)(ying)根(gen)據醫療、 配方(fang)(fang)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，并(bing)結合(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自身特(te)點(dian)，進(jin)行一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，才能使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之既(ji)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮療效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)又避(bi)免或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)減(jian)輕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良反應(ying)(ying)，在(zai)最(zui)大(da)(da)程度上符合(he)臨(lin)床(chuang) 用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)來講(jiang)，按照不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)治(zhi)療要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)而(er)有(you)多(duo)種(zhong)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)， 有(you)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)，并(bing)且注意操作(zuo)(zuo)技術(shu)和(he)(he)講(jiang)究火(huo)候。正 如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)前人(ren)所說“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)(ji)則(ze)(ze)功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)難求(qiu)，太(tai)過則(ze)(ze)性(xing)(xing)味反失。”炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)否得(de)當，直接(jie)(jie) 關系(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，而(er)少(shao)數毒(du)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)烈性(xing)(xing)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，更是(shi)(shi)確保(bao)(bao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao) 措施(shi)。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，已有(you)很(hen)悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史，方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)多(duo)樣，內(nei)容(rong)豐 富(fu)。 炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) 炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)歷(li)代(dai)(dai)逐漸(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)充(chong)實起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)容(rong)豐富(fu)，方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)多(duo)樣。現(xian) 代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)古代(dai)(dai)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上有(you)了(le)很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)改(gai)進(jin)，根(gen)據目(mu)(mu)前 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情況，可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五大(da)(da)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)。一(yi)(yi)、修(xiu)(xiu)治(zhi) 1．純凈處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li) 采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)挑、揀、簸、篩、刮(gua)、刷等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，去(qu)(qu)掉灰屑、雜(za) 質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)(ji)非藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清潔(jie)純凈。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)撿去(qu)(qu)合(he)歡花中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)枝、葉，刷除枇杷 葉、石(shi)(shi)(shi)韋葉背面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絨毛(mao)，刮(gua)去(qu)(qu)厚(hou)樸(pu)、肉桂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗皮(pi)(pi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。2．粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li) 采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)搗(dao)、碾、鎊(bang)、挫等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎，以(yi)符合(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 劑(ji)和(he)(he)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)牡(mu)蠣，龍骨搗(dao)碎便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)煎(jian)煮；川(chuan)貝(bei)母(mu)搗(dao)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吞 服(fu)；水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)角(jiao)、羚羊角(jiao)鎊(bang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)薄片(pian)(pian)(pian)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)挫成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)末(mo)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。3．切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li) 采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)、鍘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，把藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規格，便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu) 進(jin)行其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，也利于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)、貯藏(zang)和(he)(he)調劑(ji)時(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)。根(gen)據藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)醫療 需要(yao)(yao)(yao)，切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)有(you)很(hen)多(duo)規格。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)天(tian)麻(ma)、擯榔(lang)宜(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)薄片(pian)(pian)(pian)，澤瀉、白術(shu)宜(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)厚(hou)片(pian)(pian)(pian)， 黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)、雞血藤宜(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)斜片(pian)(pian)(pian)，桑白皮(pi)(pi)、枇杷葉宜(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)絲，白茅(mao)根(gen)、麻(ma)黃(huang)(huang)宜(yi)鍘成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)段， 茯苓、葛根(gen)宜(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)塊(kuai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。二、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)清潔(jie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)， 軟(ruan)化(hua)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)以(yi)便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)調整(zheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)洗(xi)、淋(lin)(lin)、泡(pao)(pao)、漂(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)、浸(jin)、潤(run)(run)(run)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui) 飛(fei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。主要(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)容(rong)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)下(xia)：1．洗(xi) 將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)放(fang)入(ru)清水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，快速(su)洗(xi)滌，除去(qu)(qu)上浮雜(za)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)及(ji)(ji)下(xia)沉(chen)臟物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)， 及(ji)(ji)時(shi)撈出曬干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。除少(shao)數易(yi)溶(rong)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花、葉、果及(ji)(ji)肉類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)外(wai)， 大(da)(da)多(duo)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)淘洗(xi)。2．淋(lin)(lin) 將(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)浸(jin)泡(pao)(pao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)少(shao)量(liang)清水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)澆灑噴(pen)淋(lin)(lin)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)清潔(jie)和(he)(he)軟(ruan)化(hua)。 3．泡(pao)(pao) 將(jiang)(jiang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)堅(jian)硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，在(zai)保(bao)(bao)證其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)(ze)下(xia)，放(fang)入(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸(jin)泡(pao)(pao) 一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)變(bian)軟(ruan)。4．潤(run)(run)(run) 又稱(cheng)(cheng)悶或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)伏。根(gen)據藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)硬，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)溫(wen)、工(gong)具，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong) 淋(lin)(lin)潤(run)(run)(run)、洗(xi)潤(run)(run)(run)、泡(pao)(pao)潤(run)(run)(run)、晾潤(run)(run)(run)、浸(jin)潤(run)(run)(run)、蓋潤(run)(run)(run)、伏潤(run)(run)(run)、露潤(run)(run)(run)、包(bao)(bao)潤(run)(run)(run)、復(fu)潤(run)(run)(run)、雙潤(run)(run)(run) 等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)清水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)掖體(ti)(ti)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)徐徐入(ru)內(nei)，在(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)損失或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)少(shao)損失藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 前提下(xia)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)軟(ruan)化(hua)，便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)飲片(pian)(pian)(pian)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)淋(lin)(lin)潤(run)(run)(run)荊芥，泡(pao)(pao)潤(run)(run)(run)擯榔(lang)，酒(jiu)洗(xi)潤(run)(run)(run)當 歸，姜(jiang)汁(zhi)浸(jin)潤(run)(run)(run)厚(hou)樸(pu)，伏潤(run)(run)(run)天(tian)麻(ma)，蓋潤(run)(run)(run)大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 5．漂(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao) 將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)置寬水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長流水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸(jin)漬一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，并(bing)反復(fu)換(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，以(yi)去(qu)(qu)掉 腥味、鹽分(fen)(fen)(fen)及(ji)(ji)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)將(jiang)(jiang)昆布、海藻、鹽附子漂(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)去(qu)(qu)鹽分(fen)(fen)(fen)，紫河 車漂(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)去(qu)(qu)腥味等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 6．水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)飛(fei) 系(xi)借(jie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)降性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)取藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)極(ji)細(xi)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)末(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。將(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶(rong) 于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎后(hou)置乳(ru)缽(bo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)碾槽內(nei)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)共研，大(da)(da)量(liang)生(sheng)產則(ze)(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)球(qiu)磨機(ji)研磨， 再(zai)(zai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)入(ru)多(duo)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，攪拌，較粗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)粒(li)則(ze)(ze)下(xia)沉(chen)，細(xi)粗混懸(xuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，傾(qing)出，粗 粒(li)再(zai)(zai)飛(fei)再(zai)(zai)研，傾(qing)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混懸(xuan)汲沉(chen)淀后(hou)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)出，干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)即成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)極(ji)細(xi)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)末(mo)。此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)所制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)末(mo)既(ji)細(xi)，又減(jian)少(shao)了(le)研磨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)末(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)揚損失。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)，貝(bei)甲類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)飛(fei)朱砂、飛(fei)爐甘石(shi)(shi)(shi)、飛(fei)雄(xiong)黃(huang)(huang)。三、火(huo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)炒(chao)(chao)、炙(zhi)(zhi)、煅(duan)(duan)、煨(wei)(wei)、烘焙等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)容(rong)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)下(xia)： 1．炒(chao)(chao) 炒(chao)(chao)有(you)炒(chao)(chao)黃(huang)(huang)、炒(chao)(chao)焦(jiao)、炒(chao)(chao)炭等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)程度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清炒(chao)(chao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)文火(huo)炒(chao)(chao)至(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)表 面(mian)微黃(huang)(huang)稱(cheng)(cheng)炒(chao)(chao)黃(huang)(huang)；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)武火(huo)炒(chao)(chao)至(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)表面(mian)焦(jiao)黃(huang)(huang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)焦(jiao)褐(he)色，內(nei)部(bu)顏(yan)色加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)深(shen)，并(bing)有(you) 焦(jiao)香氣(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)稱(cheng)(cheng)炒(chao)(chao)焦(jiao)；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)武火(huo)炒(chao)(chao)至(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)表面(mian)焦(jiao)黑，部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)炭化(hua)，內(nei)部(bu)焦(jiao)黃(huang)(huang)，但仍(reng) 保(bao)(bao)留有(you)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)固(gu)有(you)氣(qi)味（即存性(xing)(xing)）者(zhe)(zhe)稱(cheng)(cheng)炒(chao)(chao)炭。炒(chao)(chao)黃(huang)(huang)、炒(chao)(chao)焦(jiao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)易(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia) 工(gong)，并(bing)緩(huan)和(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)。種(zhong)子類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)炒(chao)(chao)后(hou)則(ze)(ze)煎(jian)煮時(shi)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)易(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)溶(rong)出。炒(chao)(chao)炭能緩(huan) 和(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烈性(xing)(xing)、副作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)增強其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)收(shou)斂止血的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。除清炒(chao)(chao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)外(wai)，還(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)拌 固(gu)體(ti)(ti)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)土(tu)、麩、米(mi)(mi)炒(chao)(chao)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)減(jian)少(shao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刺激性(xing)(xing)，增強療效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)土(tu)炒(chao)(chao)白術(shu)、 麩炒(chao)(chao)積殼、米(mi)(mi)炒(chao)(chao)斑蝥等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。與(yu)砂或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)滑石(shi)(shi)(shi)、蛤(ha)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)同炒(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)習稱(cheng)(cheng)燙，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)受熱(re)(re) 均勻酥(su)脆(cui)，易(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)煎(jian)出有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)服(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)砂炒(chao)(chao)穿山甲，蛤(ha)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)炒(chao)(chao)阿膠等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 2．炙(zhi)(zhi) 是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)與(yu)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)拌炒(chao)(chao)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)逐漸(jian)滲入(ru)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。 通常(chang)(chang)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)有(you)蜜(mi)(mi)、酒(jiu)、醋(cu)、姜(jiang)汁(zhi)、鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、童便(bian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)蜜(mi)(mi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)、 蜜(mi)(mi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甘草、酒(jiu)炙(zhi)(zhi)川(chuan)芎、醋(cu)炙(zhi)(zhi)香附、鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)炙(zhi)(zhi)杜仲(zhong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。炙(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)改(gai)變(bian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)，增強 療效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)減(jian)少(shao)副作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。 3．煅(duan)(duan) 將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)猛火(huo)直接(jie)(jie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)(jie)煅(duan)(duan)燒(shao)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)松脆(cui)，易(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎，充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) 揮療效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直接(jie)(jie)放(fang)爐火(huo)上或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)容(rong)器內(nei)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)密閉加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明煅(duan)(duan)，此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)多(duo) 用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)甲殼類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)鍛牡(mu)蠣、鍛石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)置于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)密閉容(rong)器 內(nei)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)煅(duan)(duan)燒(shao)者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)密閉或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)燜(men)煅(duan)(duan)，本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)輕松，可(ke)(ke)(ke)炭化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)， 如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)煅(duan)(duan)血余炭，煅(duan)(duan)棕櫚炭。4．煨(wei)(wei) 將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)包(bao)(bao)裹(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)濕(shi)面(mian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、濕(shi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，放(fang)人(ren)熱(re)(re)火(huo)灰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)草紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu) 飲片(pian)(pian)(pian)隔(ge)層分(fen)(fen)(fen)放(fang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)煨(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)面(mian)糊包(bao)(bao)裹(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)面(mian)裹(guo)煨(wei)(wei)； 以(yi)濕(shi)草紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)包(bao)(bao)裹(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裹(guo)煨(wei)(wei)，以(yi)草紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)層隔(ge)開者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)隔(ge)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煨(wei)(wei)；將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)直接(jie)(jie) 埋入(ru)火(huo)灰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)高熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)泡(pao)(pao)者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直接(jie)(jie)煨(wei)(wei)。5．烘焙 將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)微火(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)叫烘焙。 四、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)火(huo)共制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)火(huo)共制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)包(bao)(bao)括蒸(zheng)(zheng)、煮、撣(dan)、淬等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。1．煮 是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)清水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)與(yu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共同加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)醋(cu)煮蕪花、酒(jiu)煮 黃(huang)(huang)岑(cen)。 2．蒸(zheng)(zheng) 是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蒸(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)隔(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)清蒸(zheng)(zheng)；加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia) 輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)者(zhe)(zhe)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)蒸(zheng)(zheng)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，視炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)而(er)定(ding)(ding)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)改(gai)變(bian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)性(xing)(xing)味 功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)，宜(yi)久蒸(zheng)(zheng)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)反復(fu)蒸(zheng)(zheng)曬，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)蒸(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熟地(di)、何首烏；為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)軟(ruan)化(hua)，以(yi)便(bian) 于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)，以(yi)變(bian)軟(ruan)透心為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)度，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)蒸(zheng)(zheng)茯苓、厚(hou)樸(pu)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)殺(sha)死蟲卵(luan)， 以(yi)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)存者(zhe)(zhe)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)蒸(zheng)(zheng)至(zhi)“園氣(qi)”，即可(ke)(ke)(ke)取出曬干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)蒸(zheng)(zheng)銀(yin)杏(xing)、女貞子、 桑螵蛸(shao)。3.撣(dan)是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)快速(su)放(fang)人(ren)沸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)短(duan)暫潦過，立(li)即取出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu) 種(zhong)子類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)皮(pi)(pi)和(he)(he)肉質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)汁(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)撣(dan)杏(xing)仁，桃仁以(yi)去(qu)(qu)皮(pi)(pi) 撣(dan)馬齒苑、天(tian)門冬以(yi)便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)曬干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)貯存。4．淬 是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鍛燒(shao)紅后(hou)，迅速(su)投(tou)入(ru)冷水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)酥(su)脆(cui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang) 法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。淬后(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅易(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎，且輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)被(bei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)吸收(shou)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮預(yu)期療效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)醋(cu)淬自然(ran) 鋼、鞍(an)甲，黃(huang)(huang)連煮汁(zhi)淬爐甘石(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。五、其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)除上述四類(lei)(lei)以(yi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些特(te)殊制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，均概括于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)類(lei)(lei)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)酵、 發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 1．制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang) 種(zhong)子類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)壓(ya)榨(zha)去(qu)(qu)油或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)重結晶(jing)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi) 相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)。前者(zhe)(zhe)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)巴豆(dou)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)，后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)西瓜霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)。 2．發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)酵 將(jiang)(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)與(yu)輔(fu)(fu)料(liao)(liao)拌和(he)(he)，置一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)度和(he)(he)溫(wen)度下(xia)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)霉菌使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) 泡(pao)(pao)、生(sheng)霉，并(bing)改(gai)變(bian)原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)，以(yi)生(sheng)產新藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)酵潔(jie)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)神曲(qu)、 淡豆(dou)豉(chi)。3．發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya) 將(jiang)(jiang)具有(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浸(jin)泡(pao)(pao)后(hou)，經常(chang)(chang)保(bao)(bao)持一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)度和(he)(he) 溫(wen)度，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)萌發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)幼芽(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)谷(gu)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、麥芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、大(da)(da)豆(dou)、黃(huang)(huang)卷等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。
1、減少毒性（有毒類）
2、改變藥性（如生熟大黃、生山楂與炒山楂、山楂炭每種作用都不同，改變藥性的炮制品很多）
3、增效（延胡索、香附等要用醋炮制作用才更好）
4、降低副作用（有些藥雖然沒有毒，但有刺激性，如麩炒枳殼降低刺激性又增效）
5、易于粉(fen)碎(sui)、煎熬（如礦(kuang)石類煅制后易煎出藥效和粉(fen)碎(sui)）
中藥的炮制方法主要是包括三種。1、水制法。水制法往往用洗、泡、淋、潤、飄幾種方法。2、火制法。火制法則用炒、炙、煅，煨的方式。3、其他方法。中藥的炮制還有煅、煨、燀、煮、蒸、制霜、發酵、發芽、水飛等制作方法。
中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)通過炮制可以(yi)使藥(yao)(yao)物更(geng)加純(chun)凈、佐制藥(yao)(yao)物的藥(yao)(yao)性、去除(chu)(chu)異味、改變藥(yao)(yao)效、防止蟲(chong)蛀、利于收藏、減弱或(huo)消除(chu)(chu)藥(yao)(yao)物的毒性或(huo)者(zhe)烈性等，炮制的效果直(zhi)接影(ying)響到藥(yao)(yao)物的療效。臨床(chuang)中(zhong)需要根據病情來選擇藥(yao)(yao)物。
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