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龍江醫藥文化的產生演變與特點

佚名 2023-11-11 04:15:19

黑龍江歷史悠久(jiu)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)綿長(chang),其傳統(tong)醫藥(yao)(yao)也有(you)著深厚(hou)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)積(ji)淀和經驗傳承。這里的(de)(de)土著先(xian)(xian)民在(zai)與(yu)疾病斗爭中(zhong)不屈不撓,總結(jie)和積(ji)累了(le)(le)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)生(sheng)存經驗和生(sheng)命智(zhi)慧。他們主動吸(xi)收中(zhong)原(yuan)先(xian)(xian)進文(wen)(wen)化(hua)和外(wai)來特(te)色文(wen)(wen)化(hua),南北(bei)兼容,中(zhong)西(xi)合璧,創(chuang)造了(le)(le)獨具東(dong)北(bei)特(te)色的(de)(de)中(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua),為豐(feng)富中(zhong)華醫藥(yao)(yao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)做出了(le)(le)貢獻。

龍江醫藥文化的產生與演變

滿(man)(man)(man)族的(de)繁(fan)衍生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)息是龍江醫藥(yao)文化的(de)根系和(he)(he)源泉。滿(man)(man)(man)族人民長期聚集(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)東(dong)北(bei)地區,歷史上滿(man)(man)(man)族曾(ceng)建立“金(jin)(jin)”和(he)(he)“大(da)清”政(zheng)權。滿(man)(man)(man)族先民在(zai)與疾病作斗爭過程(cheng)中積累了豐富的(de)醫藥(yao)經驗。用藥(yao)多以當(dang)地的(de)動植(zhi)物(wu)和(he)(he)礦物(wu)藥(yao)為主,對醫藥(yao)認(ren)識以平(ping)時(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活和(he)(he)師承為主,以民間土方(fang)(fang)、單方(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)驗方(fang)(fang)為主,還有(you)部分(fen)食(shi)療內容,已總結出(chu)300多種藥(yao)物(wu)。滿(man)(man)(man)族早期的(de)民間醫家(jia)及著(zhu)(zhu)作有(you)慶(qing)恕(shu)著(zhu)(zhu)《醫學摘粹》、文通著(zhu)(zhu)《百一三(san)方(fang)(fang)解》、奇(qi)克唐阿著(zhu)(zhu)《厚德堂集(ji)驗方(fang)(fang)萃編》、增智著(zhu)(zhu)《氣化探(tan)源》等(deng)。在(zai)清代宮廷(ting)中運(yun)用的(de)傳(chuan)統診療方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you)針灸療法(fa)(fa)、溫泉浴療法(fa)(fa)、熏洗(xi)法(fa)(fa)、熱(re)燙法(fa)(fa)、外敷法(fa)(fa)、藥(yao)物(wu)漱口法(fa)(fa)、耳內給(gei)藥(yao)法(fa)(fa)、貼藥(yao)法(fa)(fa)、海(hai)水浴法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。據《吳氏(shi)我車(che)庫(ku)祭(ji)譜》記載:“薩滿(man)(man)(man)七十二穴,頭三(san)十六穴、上下身各十有(you)八(ba)要(yao)穴。均人生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)穴,通經、通氣血、通竅道(dao)。”《長白叢書·關東(dong)搜異錄》記載的(de)藥(yao)膳有(you)鹿(lu)筋熬粥、八(ba)珍糕等(deng)。《醫宗(zong)金(jin)(jin)鑒·正骨心法(fa)(fa)要(yao)旨》記載了關節脫臼、跌打損(sun)傷(shang)、箭矢傷(shang)等(deng)的(de)治療,代表(biao)性的(de)正骨家(jia)有(you)愛(ai)新覺羅·伊桑阿、德壽(shou)田、夏錫(xi)五等(deng)。

“流人”文化是對龍江醫藥文化的充實和推動。“流人”有兩種含義,一是被流放貶逐之人,二是流亡于鄉里之外之人。至明清時,流人成為稱呼流放貶逐之人的專有詞。清朝入關后,對它的“龍興之地”東北實行封禁。清代流人文化是以漢族中原文化為主體的多民族文化的綜合體,是漢民族中原文化與流人隊伍中其他民族以及流放地區的各民族文化相碰撞、交流、融合之后的新質文化。清代東北流人文化體現了流人身處逆境而能忍辱負重、百折不撓和自強不息的特有精神。發遣到黑龍江的流人主要集中在卜魁(齊齊哈爾)、璦琿(黑河愛輝)、寧古塔(牡丹江寧安)、三姓(哈爾濱依蘭)。流人中儒醫兼通者較多,如呂留良、方拱乾、方式濟、陳志紀、周長卿、陸慶曾均為著名醫家。他們多在流放地懸壺濟世,傳播中原中醫藥文化。其中呂景儒為內地儒醫呂留良后裔之玄孫,繼承祖業,延醫授學,成為齊齊哈爾一代名醫。嘉慶年間,齊齊哈爾爆發瘟疫,呂景儒自制藥劑投入井中,救活許多人,其醫術醫德受到當地人稱贊,獲救者送匾,上書“妙手回春”。后授徒傳道成“龍沙系”。該派標榜儒醫,注重氣節,強調先學四書五經,再學《黃帝內經(jing)(jing)》《傷(shang)寒論》等,研習儒(ru)學、醫(yi)學皆推崇(chong)經(jing)(jing)典,細(xi)致辨證(zheng),喜用經(jing)(jing)方(fang)。龍江醫(yi)家(jia)方(fang)證(zheng)學術重(zhong)視經(jing)(jing)方(fang)之(zhi)風由此發端。清末民(min)國之(zhi)時龍江各地藥店坐堂醫(yi)所掛牌匾多(duo)以“儒(ru)醫(yi)”自居,即此風余蓄。

“闖(chuang)(chuang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)”文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)對龍江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)藥文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富(fu)和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)指函(han)谷關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)以(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)。函(han)谷關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)(nan)靈寶縣坡(po)頭鄉王垛村,東(dong)(dong)(dong)自(zi)崤(yao)山,西至潼津,從西周以(yi)來(lai)便是(shi)(shi)溝通關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)、關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)門戶(hu)。自(zi)康熙年(nian)間(jian)(1662~1722年(nian))起(qi),“關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)”一(yi)詞才逐(zhu)漸被(bei)官方和(he)(he)民(min)間(jian)廣(guang)泛使(shi)(shi)用。光緒33年(nian)(1907年(nian)),分設奉(feng)天(tian)、吉林(lin)、黑龍江(jiang)三(san)省(sheng),此為“東(dong)(dong)(dong)三(san)省(sheng)”名稱(cheng)之(zhi)始。19世(shi)紀80年(nian)代,清(qing)政府實(shi)行“移民(min)興邊”政策,在牡丹江(jiang)區(qu)域內設立(li)招(zhao)墾局(ju),招(zhao)攬移民(min)。20世(shi)紀初(chu),隨著東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)鐵(tie)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設,山東(dong)(dong)(dong)、河北(bei)(bei)、河南(nan)(nan)(nan)、直(zhi)隸(li)等(deng)(deng)地居民(min)沿鐵(tie)路(lu)線(xian)魚貫而上,闖(chuang)(chuang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)盛極一(yi)時。據統(tong)計,宣統(tong)三(san)年(nian)(1911年(nian)),東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)人(ren)口共1841萬,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約1000萬人(ren)是(shi)(shi)山東(dong)(dong)(dong)、河北(bei)(bei)、河南(nan)(nan)(nan)等(deng)(deng)省(sheng)先后自(zi)發(fa)(fa)涌入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流民(min)。大量外來(lai)人(ren)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)涌入(ru)使(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)成為移民(min)社會。關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)原本(ben)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)滿(man)族為主體,蒙古(gu)族、朝鮮族、達(da)斡爾族和(he)(he)鄂溫克族等(deng)(deng)少數民(min)族聚(ju)集的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)。隨著眾多闖(chuang)(chuang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)流民(min)迅速在東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)大地擴散,齊魯(lu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、燕趙文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)(deng)客(ke)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)對土(tu)(tu)著文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)滲透、融合,關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)逐(zhu)漸被(bei)“同化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,新型關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)逐(zhu)漸形成。闖(chuang)(chuang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要省(sheng)份如山東(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)河南(nan)(nan)(nan)、河北(bei)(bei)等(deng)(deng)都是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要發(fa)(fa)源地和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)地,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)產出地和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)大省(sheng)。從先秦至清(qing)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)著名中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)著作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),山東(dong)(dong)(dong)有(you)184部,河南(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)48部,河北(bei)(bei)有(you)154部。同一(yi)階段著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)家,山東(dong)(dong)(dong)有(you)246人(ren),河南(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)213人(ren),河北(bei)(bei)有(you)229人(ren)。一(yi)些流落(luo)到民(min)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥土(tu)(tu)方、驗方和(he)(he)民(min)間(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥治病、養(yang)生保健思想和(he)(he)實(shi)踐經驗隨闖(chuang)(chuang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興起(qi)而流入(ru),對龍江(jiang)傳統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)藥文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)診療技(ji)術(shu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個有(you)利提(ti)升(sheng)、補充和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

龍(long)(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)派(pai)形成是(shi)對龍(long)(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)匯(hui)聚和(he)(he)提升。黑(hei)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)地(di)(di)區古(gu)(gu)時曾建(jian)立(li)(li)(li)過強盛(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)如渤(bo)海(hai)國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)金(jin)國(guo)(guo)等(deng)(deng),隨著女真人(ren)大舉南遷(qian)及流人(ren)、闖關東人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷進入,加之近現(xian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東鐵(tie)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)通(tong)使大量不(bu)同國(guo)(guo)籍和(he)(he)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外國(guo)(guo)僑民涌(yong)入,整個東北地(di)(di)區已成為多(duo)民族、多(duo)文化(hua)(hua)相互碰撞、融合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新興(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)區。龍(long)(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)在(zai)歷史、文化(hua)(hua)、地(di)(di)理(li)、氣候、風(feng)土人(ren)情及多(duo)民族多(duo)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)雜居等(deng)(deng)背(bei)景下(xia),以(yi)當地(di)(di)居民文化(hua)(hua)為基礎,兼(jian)收中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原文化(hua)(hua)精華及外來文化(hua)(hua)優點,逐漸(jian)形成了法古(gu)(gu)創新,補、通(tong)、升、降復法并(bing)進,善(shan)用(yong)道地(di)(di)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)等(deng)(deng)特色(se)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。同時龍(long)(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)根(gen)據當地(di)(di)民情,衷中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)參西、兼(jian)收并(bing)蓄、博采(cai)眾長、以(yi)用(yong)為主也是(shi)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大特點。龍(long)(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)在(zai)歷史淵源、地(di)(di)理(li)氣候等(deng)(deng)影響下(xia),在(zai)領軍(jun)人(ren)物(wu)、名醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群體(ti)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)思想和(he)(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)傳承(cheng)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面逐漸(jian)積淀,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)特征日益(yi)清晰。據西清《黑(hei)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)外紀(ji)》所(suo)載(zai),黑(hei)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)興(xing)(xing)盛(sheng)于(yu)清中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉,至20世紀(ji)40年代(dai)逐步形成了相對獨(du)立(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)六大系(xi)派(pai):卜(bu)奎系(xi),起源齊齊哈(ha)(ha)爾(er),該(gai)系(xi)標儒風(feng)、重(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德,以(yi)四(si)書五經開(kai)山,后(hou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)《內經》《傷(shang)寒(han)》等(deng)(deng),臨證(zheng)多(duo)用(yong)經方(fang)(fang)(fang),藥(yao)(yao)輕且辨證(zheng)細膩;松濱(bin)系(xi),起源巴彥,講(jiang)體(ti)質(zhi),重(zhong)保(bao)元,善(shan)用(yong)人(ren)參、黃芪、五味子(zi)等(deng)(deng)道地(di)(di)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai),精于(yu)調養;金(jin)建(jian)系(xi),起源呼蘭(lan),以(yi)《醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宗金(jin)鑒》《內經知要》《本草(cao)備要》《溫病(bing)條辨》為授業(ye)基礎,用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)矜煉,擅長時方(fang)(fang)(fang);匯(hui)通(tong)系(xi),起源哈(ha)(ha)爾(er)濱(bin),以(yi)閻德潤為代(dai)表,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)冠(guan)東西,獲西醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)博士,著《傷(shang)寒(han)論注釋(shi)》,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西匯(hui)通(tong),見解獨(du)到(dao);三(san)大上(shang)系(xi),屬玲醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性質(zhi),串雅于(yu)東北三(san)省(sheng)(sheng),重(zhong)偏方(fang)(fang)(fang)奇招,慣(guan)用(yong)膏(gao)藥(yao)(yao),如“王麻子(zi)膏(gao)藥(yao)(yao)”等(deng)(deng),針(zhen)灸(jiu)以(yi)刺絡泄血手法稱絕(jue);寧古(gu)(gu)塔系(xi),起源寧安一(yi)帶,古(gu)(gu)為渤(bo)海(hai)國(guo)(guo),此系(xi)軍(jun)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)官較(jiao)多(duo),形成了內、外、婦、喉、眼、齒等(deng)(deng)多(duo)科醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)群體(ti)。近代(dai),高(gao)仲(zhong)山又(you)舉起龍(long)(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)之大旗,他(ta)幼承(cheng)庭訓,求學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)孟河海(hai)派(pai),接受正(zheng)規高(gao)等(deng)(deng)教育,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)成后(hou)提出“重(zhong)經典、秉(bing)師傳、據家(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),參西法,多(duo)實踐”等(deng)(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)思想。先后(hou)創辦哈(ha)(ha)爾(er)濱(bin)漢(han)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研究會、濱(bin)江(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)漢(han)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會和(he)(he)哈(ha)(ha)爾(er)濱(bin)漢(han)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)講(jiang)習會等(deng)(deng),還(huan)創建(jian)了哈(ha)(ha)爾(er)濱(bin)市中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進修(xiu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校、黑(hei)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)衛(wei)生干部進修(xiu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)和(he)(he)黑(hei)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)等(deng)(deng)。高(gao)仲(zhong)山、馬(ma)驥、韓百靈、張琪及段富津等(deng)(deng)成為龍(long)(long)江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)杰出代(dai)表。進年來,龍(long)(long)江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)流派(pai)入選國(guo)(guo)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)流派(pai)并(bing)設立(li)(li)(li)傳承(cheng)工作(zuo)室,入選黑(hei)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)非(fei)物(wu)質(zhi)文化(hua)(hua)遺產,成立(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)派(pai)研究會相繼開(kai)展(zhan)了具(ju)有(you)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交流、理(li)論研究和(he)(he)實踐總結等(deng)(deng)工作(zuo)。龍(long)(long)江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)流派(pai)正(zheng)以(yi)嶄新姿態(tai)匯(hui)聚龍(long)(long)江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)才,發展(zhan)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文化(hua)(hua)。

龍江醫藥文化的基本特征

民(min)族(zu)(zu)醫藥是一個(ge)民(min)族(zu)(zu)在其(qi)生(sheng)存環(huan)境中與疾病(bing)作斗爭所形(xing)成的(de)(de)醫藥理(li)論(lun)知識、技(ji)術技(ji)能和(he)物質世代積累的(de)(de)集合,具有鮮(xian)明的(de)(de)繼承(cheng)性(xing)和(he)地(di)域性(xing)。龍江先民(min)經(jing)過世代沉淀,積蓄(xu)了具有鮮(xian)明的(de)(de)經(jing)驗性(xing)、民(min)族(zu)(zu)性(xing)和(he)地(di)方(fang)性(xing)的(de)(de)本土醫療經(jing)驗。

踐(jian)行大方(fang)(fang)(fang)猛藥(yao)(yao)。東北民(min)風性(xing)情豪爽,性(xing)格勇敢俠義(yi),受(shou)地(di)理環境和氣候影響,多數人(ren)體質(zhi)健碩(shuo),飲食(shi)習慣與人(ren)體生命周期與中原和南方(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)有(you)差異(yi),醫(yi)家(jia)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)時多喜歡(huan)單(dan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)重(zhong)(zhong)劑,用(yong)單(dan)味或兩三(san)味藥(yao)(yao)物組成方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑,組方(fang)(fang)(fang)小,下藥(yao)(yao)猛,藥(yao)(yao)力強。在搶救(jiu)危急重(zhong)(zhong)癥病人(ren)時,喜歡(huan)就地(di)取材,用(yong)鮮活藥(yao)(yao)材,因(yin)地(di)制宜(yi),單(dan)味藥(yao)(yao)起到應急作(zuo)用(yong)。比如細辛,中醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)古籍記(ji)載用(yong)量(liang)不過錢(qian),而滿醫(yi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)一(yi)般是(shi)倍余,劑量(liang)偏大。龍(long)江(jiang)民(min)俗好酒(jiu)肉、喜食(shi)腌制酸菜(cai)且多吸(xi)煙者,外加家(jia)中多燒火取暖(nuan),因(yin)此內熱(re)病癥多發,心腦血管及代(dai)謝(xie)性(xing)疾(ji)病常見,外感、內傷相互交結(jie),病機寒(han)熱(re)虛實錯雜,使龍(long)江(jiang)醫(yi)家(jia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)證學術更關注溫病理法,重(zhong)(zhong)視寒(han)溫統一(yi)。

喜用(yong)鮮活藥(yao)(yao)材。黑龍江地(di)(di)處大、小興安(an)嶺和(he)長(chang)白上等圍成的(de)腹地(di)(di),山嶺環抱、水網(wang)交織(zhi)、林樹(shu)密布、物產(chan)豐富,盛產(chan)人參(can)、熊膽、靈芝(zhi)(zhi)、鹿茸、麝香(xiang)、牛(niu)黃(huang)、珍珠和(he)木雞(云芝(zhi)(zhi))等名貴道地(di)(di)藥(yao)(yao)材。當地(di)(di)醫(yi)家多就(jiu)地(di)(di)取材,以植物藥(yao)(yao)和(he)動物藥(yao)(yao)為主(zhu),以口服和(he)外用(yong)為主(zhu),鮮藥(yao)(yao)鮮用(yong)。他們認為鮮活藥(yao)(yao)材中治病的(de)有(you)效成分幾乎沒有(you)流失,療效顯著。動物類藥(yao)(yao)有(you)熊膽、鹿胎、熊油、兔子血、獾子油等。龍江地(di)(di)產(chan)藥(yao)(yao)材豐富,醫(yi)家常依據經旨,就(jiu)地(di)(di)取材,祛病療疾。如王明德認為“(穿山龍)溫(wen)而不燥,祛風(feng)可靠(kao),舒經通絡,蠲痹(bi)(bi)最妙”,可用(yong)于產(chan)后或老弱痹(bi)(bi)痛者以祛風(feng)散寒除痹(bi)(bi)。

善治地(di)(di)(di)方雜(za)癥。由于(yu)東北地(di)(di)(di)區尤其黑龍(long)江冬季(ji)漫長,氣(qi)溫(wen)低,寒冷多(duo)風,且溫(wen)寒季(ji)節轉變(bian)快,因(yin)此(ci)患(huan)(huan)傷(shang)寒、溫(wen)病(bing)的人較多(duo)。氣(qi)管炎(yan)、凍傷(shang)、皮膚病(bing)、骨折、脫(tuo)位、關節炎(yan)、風濕、胃脘痛、水腫、脫(tuo)疽、心腦(nao)血管等地(di)(di)(di)方病(bing)普(pu)遍,很(hen)多(duo)患(huan)(huan)者身兼數(shu)病(bing)。龍(long)江中(zhong)醫(yi)善于(yu)在紛繁復雜(za)中(zhong)精細(xi)辨證,診(zhen)治復合(he)癥,重視脾腎,強(qiang)調內傷(shang)雜(za)病(bing)痰瘀相關、水血同治,善于(yu)開大方、復方和猛方。東北地(di)(di)(di)區冬季(ji)天冷路滑,從古至(zhi)今,外傷(shang)、骨折、脫(tuo)位病(bing)例(li)高發,中(zhong)醫(yi)奇方秘術流傳于(yu)民(min)間,逐漸(jian)形成(cheng)特色(se)療法。

注重非(fei)藥物治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)。東(dong)北(bei)醫生重視藥物治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)與非(fei)藥物治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)結合,重視情(qing)(qing)志(zhi)(zhi)變化,認(ren)為情(qing)(qing)志(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)致病,亦能(neng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病。北(bei)方(fang)先民篤奉“薩(sa)滿(man)”醫療(liao)(liao)。“薩(sa)滿(man)”在(zai)(zai)文化知識(shi)結構方(fang)面兼(jian)通天(tian)文、地理(li)、歷史、醫藥等諸學科知識(shi),主張“萬物有靈”,強(qiang)調人(ren)與自(zi)然(ran)的依存關系。“薩(sa)滿(man)”的主要職責(ze)之一就(jiu)是為人(ren)們(men)驅邪除(chu)病,通過(guo)暗示(shi)效應、心理(li)誘(you)導和關注轉移等手段,調動人(ren)體自(zi)身能(neng)量來戰(zhan)勝疾(ji)病。這與中(zhong)原的“天(tian)人(ren)相(xiang)應”“道(dao)法自(zi)然(ran)”“源于(yu)天(tian)然(ran) ”“神(shen)形合一”的中(zhong)醫思(si)想相(xiang)吻合。薩(sa)滿(man)在(zai)(zai)進行某些(xie)心理(li)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)的同時,還使(shi)用杏仁、芥子(zi)、元胡、桅(wei)子(zi)、金銀花(hua)等藥材治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)各(ge)種疾(ji)患。采(cai)用非(fei)藥物療(liao)(liao)法主要有蜂蜇、按摩、推拿、針刺(ci)、溫(wen)灸(jiu)、火針、涂抹等。

養(yang)生(sheng)與生(sheng)活(huo)相結合(he)。北(bei)方(fang)地(di)區生(sheng)存條件惡(e)劣,冬季(ji)漫(man)(man)長(chang)高寒,夏(xia)季(ji)日照強(qiang)烈,人們為了抵御嚴寒而漫(man)(man)長(chang)的(de)(de)冬季(ji),喝(he)酒吃肉成為主要(yao)的(de)(de)飲食習慣(guan)。酒是北(bei)方(fang)民族(zu)不可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)物資。經過歷(li)代先(xian)民的(de)(de)總結和實(shi)踐,把東北(bei)獨有(you)的(de)(de)道地(di)藥(yao)材泡酒如(ru)延(yan)齡藥(yao)酒、神仙藥(yao)酒、紅(hong)藥(yao)酒、甕頭春(chun)、黃藥(yao)酒、五加皮酒等既可(ke)治病(bing)(bing)、強(qiang)身健體,又滿足人們生(sheng)活(huo)需要(yao)。還有(you)用溫(wen)泉(quan)(quan)洗浴(yu)的(de)(de)辦法治療疾病(bing)(bing)和養(yang)生(sheng),如(ru)黑(hei)龍江省遜克縣(xian)都(dou)魯河溫(wen)泉(quan)(quan)和德都(dou)縣(xian)的(de)(de)五大連池等地(di)通過“泡溫(wen)泉(quan)(quan)、喝(he)圣水”治療肺病(bing)(bing)、皮膚病(bing)(bing)、胃腸病(bing)(bing)、眼病(bing)(bing)、婦女(nv)病(bing)(bing)等,此溫(wen)泉(quan)(quan)至今(jin)沿用。

醫技特色明顯。黑(hei)龍江是我國(guo)北(bei)方少數(shu)民(min)族的聚集地,在與疾(ji)病(bing)作(zuo)斗爭中(zhong)總結了豐富的民(min)間醫療(liao)經驗,如針(zhen)灸、溫泉(quan)浴(yu)、食療(liao)、酒療(liao)、熨燙、冰覆、雪療(liao)、徒手、正骨、躲避等。行醫多以“草醫”為主,與日常生活勞作(zuo)兼顧,用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)即為房前屋后和山野之間的鮮(xian)草鮮(xian)葉治(zhi)病(bing),常常以幫助鄰(lin)里解除病(bing)痛(tong),實用(yong)(yong)(yong)有效而(er)聞名。典型的診療(liao)技術有外(wai)(wai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)膏(gao)(gao)藥(yao)如哈爾(er)濱(bin)道(dao)外(wai)(wai)“王麻子膏(gao)(gao)藥(yao)”;針(zhen)挑放(fang)血如鄂倫春族“給達(da)仁(ren)”,用(yong)(yong)(yong)縫衣針(zhen)針(zhen)挑前胸后背相關部位(wei)治(zhi)“攻(gong)心翻(fan)”,腹痛(tong)刺臍上下方等;拔罐火攻(gong)多用(yong)(yong)(yong)瓦罐治(zhi)療(liao)頭(tou)痛(tong)、腰(yao)腿痛(tong)和腹痛(tong)等。

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