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詩詞研究·重要詩人·趙孟頫

大(da)道家園 2023-07-30 15:29:49

詩詞研究·重要詩人·趙孟頫

字子(zi)(zi)(zi)昂,號松(song)雪(xue)道人(ren),宋(song)(song)太祖子(zi)(zi)(zi)秦王德(de)芳之后,五世祖秀安(an)僖(xi)王子(zi)(zi)(zi)偁,四(si)世祖崇(chong)憲靖王伯(bo)圭(gui)。南宋(song)(song)時,高宗(zong)(zong)無(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi),立子(zi)(zi)(zi)偁之子(zi)(zi)(zi),是為(wei)(wei)孝宗(zong)(zong)。孝宗(zong)(zong)賜伯(bo)圭(gui)第于(yu)湖(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(今屬浙(zhe)江),遂為(wei)(wei)湖(hu)(hu)州(zhou)人(ren)。十(shi)(shi)一(yi)歲喪父,十(shi)(shi)四(si)歲以(yi)父蔭得官(guan),后授真州(zhou)司戶參軍。宋(song)(song)亡后,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖至元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(1286),程鉅夫薦孟(meng)頫于(yu)朝,受(shou)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖賞識。至元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian),授兵部郎中。至元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian),遷(qian)集(ji)賢(xian)直學士。至元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian),出(chu)同(tong)(tong)知(zhi)濟南路(lu)總(zong)管府(fu)事(shi),后遷(qian)知(zhi)汾州(zhou)。武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)至大三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(1310),召(zhao)至京(jing)師,為(wei)(wei)翰林侍讀學士。仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)延佑(you)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1314),遷(qian)集(ji)賢(xian)侍講學士。延祐三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian),拜翰林學士承旨。延祐六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian),告老南歸。英宗(zong)(zong)至治二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1322)卒,年(nian)(nian)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)九,謚(shi)文敏。孟(meng)頫以(yi)宋(song)(song)宗(zong)(zong)室身份(fen)仕元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)五朝,曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)世祖面(mian)前(qian)賦詩(shi),有(you)(you)“往事(shi)已非(fei)那(nei)可說(shuo),且將忠(zhong)直報(bao)皇元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”之句,遂為(wei)(wei)士論所輕,趙(zhao)氏宗(zong)(zong)族視其(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)叛子(zi)(zi)(zi)。孟(meng)頫曾往秀州(zhou)看望族兄趙(zhao)孟(meng)堅,孟(meng)堅只(zhi)準其(qi)(qi)(qi)從后門入,會面(mian)加以(yi)冷嘲熱諷,走后洗其(qi)(qi)(qi)坐具。他在(zai)(zai)(zai)蒙古(gu)貴(gui)族眼中也(ye)被(bei)視為(wei)(wei)貳臣,而(er)由于(yu)受(shou)到世祖、仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)恩(en)寵,更(geng)招致人(ren)忌(ji),經(jing)常(chang)遇到排擠傾(qing)軋。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)外部非(fei)議、排擠以(yi)及自身的(de)(de)(de)憂(you)慮和自譴中,度過了富(fu)于(yu)悲劇(ju)性的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)生。因其(qi)(qi)(qi)身份(fen)特殊,雖然(ran)仕元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),但詩(shi)中也(ye)不免有(you)(you)故國之思(si),如(ru)(ru)有(you)(you)名的(de)(de)(de)《岳(yue)鄂王墓》詩(shi)深得陶(tao)宗(zong)(zong)儀贊許,被(bei)認為(wei)(wei)是諸家(jia)詠岳(yue)王墓詩(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者(zhe)。這(zhe)種(zhong)懷念故宋(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)感情(qing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)懷古(gu)詩(shi)中有(you)(you)較明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)露,如(ru)(ru)《錢(qian)塘懷古(gu)》。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)則(ze)表達了“一(yi)生事(shi)事(shi)總(zong)堪慚”的(de)(de)(de)自我譴責(ze),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中《罪出(chu)》一(yi)篇(pian),詩(shi)語(yu)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)沉痛。還(huan)有(you)(you)一(yi)部分揭(jie)露現實黑(hei)暗的(de)(de)(de)作品,如(ru)(ru)《送(song)高仁(ren)卿還(huan)湖(hu)(hu)州(zhou)》等(deng)。孟(meng)頫與戴表元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相知(zhi)頗深,同(tong)(tong)是推崇(chong)唐(tang)詩(shi)的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)名詩(shi)家(jia),就(jiu)詩(shi)作總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)成就(jiu)來說(shuo),趙(zhao)勝過戴。趙(zhao)詩(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)期詩(shi)壇上有(you)(you)很(hen)大影響,明(ming)胡應麟《詩(shi)藪》稱他“首(shou)創元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)音”,后人(ren)將他和虞(yu)集(ji)、楊載、范(fan)梈(peng)、揭(jie)傒(xi)斯四(si)大家(jia)并(bing)稱。其(qi)(qi)(qi)詩(shi)風(feng)格清(qing)麗(li),富(fu)于(yu)情(qing)趣,在(zai)(zai)(zai)各體詩(shi)作中,以(yi)七律(lv)最為(wei)(wei)出(chu)色。他有(you)(you)多(duo)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)藝術才能,通曉音律(lv),又是書畫(hua)名家(jia),其(qi)(qi)(qi)書法被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)“趙(zhao)體”,畫(hua)山水、木石、竹花、人(ren)馬(ma)尤精致,其(qi)(qi)(qi)畫(hua)尚有(you)(you)手跡傳世。著(zhu)有(you)(you)《松(song)雪(xue)齋集(ji)》十(shi)(shi)卷(juan)、外集(ji)一(yi)卷(juan)、續集(ji)一(yi)卷(juan)。《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)》卷(juan)一(yi)七二(er)有(you)(you)傳。

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