詩(shi)詞研究(jiu)·重要詩(shi)人·龔自珍(zhen)

初名自(zi)(zi)暹，及(ji)長，名自(zi)(zi)珍(zhen)，字(zi)璱(se)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，號定(ding)庵(an)(an)，一號定(ding)公，晚(wan)號羽琌山民;曾名鞏祚，又曾更(geng)名易簡，字(zi)伯定(ding)。仁和(he)(今浙江(jiang)杭州)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。出(chu)(chu)身(shen)官(guan)(guan)宦(huan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)世(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)。因家(jia)(jia)學(xue)(xue)淵源，八(ba)歲即涉經(jing)(jing)史(shi)，十二(er)(er)歲從其外祖(zu)父、著名文(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)段玉裁(cai)學(xue)(xue)《說(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》，以(yi)字(zi)說(shuo)經(jing)(jing)、以(yi)經(jing)(jing)說(shuo)字(zi)，并及(ji)考據、目(mu)錄、金(jin)石(shi)諸(zhu)學(xue)(xue)，治古文(wen)(wen)(wen)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)詞。年(nian)方弱冠(guan)，所(suo)為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)已有不可一世(shi)(shi)之慨。清仁宗嘉慶二(er)(er)十三年(nian)(1818)舉(ju)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。會(hui)試(shi)不中(zhong)(zhong)，考授內閣中(zhong)(zhong)書，充國史(shi)館校對。曾從劉逢祿受今文(wen)(wen)(wen)經(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)，主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)經(jing)(jing)世(shi)(shi)致用。宣宗道光(guang)(guang)(guang)九年(nian)(1829)，始登(deng)進(jin)士第，殿試(shi)因楷法(fa)(fa)不合規格不列優等(deng)，仍回中(zhong)(zhong)書原班，后(hou)歷(li)官(guan)(guan)宗人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)府主(zhu)(zhu)事(shi)、禮部主(zhu)(zhu)事(shi)等(deng)。道光(guang)(guang)(guang)十九年(nian)，終以(yi)動觸時(shi)忌而辭官(guan)(guan)南歸。道光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)十一年(nian)，任(ren)(ren)丹陽(yang)云陽(yang)書院講習，不久暴卒。自(zi)(zi)珍(zhen)從青年(nian)時(shi)代(dai)起就敏(min)銳覺察到清王朝已進(jin)入(ru)“衰世(shi)(shi)”，“岌岌乎不可支日月(yue)”，于(yu)(yu)是(shi)放(fang)言(yan)(yan)危(wei)論，揭露社(she)會(hui)、政(zheng)治、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制度及(ji)官(guan)(guan)風、士習種種積弊(bi)朽象(xiang)(xiang)，疾呼“更(geng)法(fa)(fa)改(gai)圖”，提出(chu)(chu)改(gai)革(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)。進(jin)而以(yi)歷(li)史(shi)批判家(jia)(jia)自(zi)(zi)任(ren)(ren)，探究(jiu)“世(shi)(shi)變”，倡言(yan)(yan)“天地(di)非圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)造，眾人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)(zi)造”，抨擊專(zhuan)制統治壓制摧殘人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)，預言(yan)(yan)“山中(zhong)(zhong)之民有大(da)(da)音(yin)聲起”。并預見(jian)到外國資(zi)本主(zhu)(zhu)義入(ru)侵危(wei)險，林(lin)則(ze)(ze)徐赴粵禁煙時(shi)，他致函力(li)主(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)武力(li)抗英。與(yu)魏(wei)源同(tong)為(wei)(wei)近代(dai)思想啟(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙先(xian)驅，世(shi)(shi)稱“龔(gong)魏(wei)”，對晚(wan)清思想解放(fang)產生(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)大(da)(da)影響(xiang)，“光(guang)(guang)(guang)緒間所(suo)謂新(xin)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)者(zhe)，大(da)(da)率人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆經(jing)(jing)過(guo)崇拜龔(gong)氏(shi)之一時(shi)期(qi)”(梁啟(qi)(qi)(qi)超《清代(dai)藝術概論》)。于(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)力(li)破(po)“束縛”，主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)“尊(zun)情(qing)”，提出(chu)(chu)“詩(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)一”，期(qi)待文(wen)(wen)(wen)體(ti)“大(da)(da)變忽開(kai)”。所(suo)為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)都“繼往開(kai)來，自(zi)(zi)成一家(jia)(jia)”(曹(cao)籀《定(ding)庵(an)(an)文(wen)(wen)(wen)集(ji)(ji)序》)。其詩(shi)(shi)(shi)尤“奇境(jing)獨(du)(du)辟”，“為(wei)(wei)近代(dai)別開(kai)生(sheng)(sheng)面”(林(lin)昌(chang)(chang)彝《射鷹樓詩(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)》)。部分詩(shi)(shi)(shi)作以(yi)直抒或象(xiang)(xiang)征手法(fa)(fa)暴露社(she)會(hui)黑暗、譏嘲官(guan)(guan)場腐(fu)敗、抉發(fa)時(shi)弊(bi)，呼喚改(gai)革(ge);大(da)(da)部分詩(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)表(biao)達(da)了深沉(chen)的(de)時(shi)代(dai)危(wei)機感、濃郁的(de)孤獨(du)(du)感，和(he)對腐(fu)朽現實(shi)的(de)憎惡、對美(mei)好世(shi)(shi)界(jie)的(de)憧憬。意象(xiang)(xiang)獨(du)(du)特，聯(lian)想豐(feng)富，語言(yan)(yan)瑰(gui)麗，“聲情(qing)沉(chen)烈，惻悱遒上”(程(cheng)金(jin)鳳《己亥雜(za)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)跋》)。《能(neng)令公少年(nian)行(xing)》、《西郊落花歌(ge)》、《詠史(shi)》、《又懺心》、《夜坐》、《秋心》等(deng)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)名篇。由三百十五首七絕組成的(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)組詩(shi)(shi)(shi)《己亥雜(za)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)》更(geng)是(shi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)史(shi)上奇作。對晚(wan)清詩(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)黃遵憲、康有為(wei)(wei)、梁啟(qi)(qi)(qi)超以(yi)及(ji)南社(she)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)柳(liu)亞(ya)子、高旭、蘇(su)曼殊、姚錫鈞、潘(pan)飛聲等(deng)產生(sheng)(sheng)廣泛影響(xiang)。小說(shuo)家(jia)(jia)曾樸也(ye)(ye)稱其“全力(li)改(gai)革(ge)文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)”，“實(shi)是(shi)新(xin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)的(de)先(xian)驅者(zhe)”(《譯龔(gong)自(zi)(zi)珍(zhen)〈病梅館記(ji)〉題解》)。近人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)錢仲(zhong)聯(lian)則(ze)(ze)謂“其詩(shi)(shi)(shi)筆乃橫(heng)掃一世(shi)(shi)之彗星，光(guang)(guang)(guang)芒輻射，拔奇于(yu)(yu)古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之外，境(jing)界(jie)獨(du)(du)辟。其瑰(gui)瑋(wei)之形象(xiang)(xiang)，如(ru)天馬躡云，不同(tong)凡(fan)驥”(《論近代(dai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)四十家(jia)(jia)》)。所(suo)著文(wen)(wen)(wen)、賦(fu)、詩(shi)(shi)(shi)、詞，輯為(wei)(wei)《龔(gong)自(zi)(zi)珍(zhen)全集(ji)(ji)》。生(sheng)(sheng)平事(shi)跡見(jian)《清史(shi)稿(gao)》本傳、吳昌(chang)(chang)綬《定(ding)庵(an)(an)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)年(nian)譜》、張(zhang)(zhang)祖(zu)廉《定(ding)庵(an)(an)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)年(nian)譜外紀》、孫文(wen)(wen)(wen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)《龔(gong)自(zi)(zi)珍(zhen)研究(jiu)資(zi)料(liao)集(ji)(ji)》、郭(guo)延禮《龔(gong)自(zi)(zi)珍(zhen)年(nian)譜》。

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