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詩詞研究·詩學概念·用事

大(da)道家園 2023-07-28 23:07:54

詩詞(ci)研(yan)究·詩學概念(nian)·用事

與詩(shi)(shi)學有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)古代文(wen)(wen)論(lun)概念。鐘嶸《詩(shi)(shi)品序》:“至乎吟詠情(qing)(qing)性,亦何貴于(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)?”“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”就是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)典。劉勰《文(wen)(wen)心雕龍(long)·事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類(lei)》篇最早從理論(lun)上對(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)了(le)闡述:“據事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)類(lei)義,援古以(yi)(yi)證(zheng)今。”即借助古代的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)(qing)以(yi)(yi)類(lei)比(bi)映證(zheng)所要(yao)表達的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)題(ti)或事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物。詩(shi)(shi)歌創作中(zhong)(zhong)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),可以(yi)(yi)達到含蓄蘊藉、深沉渾厚的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)(shu)效果。王(wang)昌齡(ling)《出(chu)塞》詩(shi)(shi):“秦時明月漢(han)(han)(han)時關,萬里(li)長征人未還(huan)。但使(shi)龍(long)城飛將在(zai),不(bu)教(jiao)胡馬度陰山。”詩(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)巧妙運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)漢(han)(han)(han)代將軍李(li)(li)廣的(de)(de)(de)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)古代人物的(de)(de)(de)景慕反(fan)襯現實中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)憾,可謂(wei)“婉而(er)成章(zhang)”,不(bu)致鋒芒畢露。詩(shi)(shi)歌中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),還(huan)可以(yi)(yi)烘托氣(qi)氛,熔鑄(zhu)意(yi)境,使(shi)詩(shi)(shi)歌藝術(shu)(shu)形(xing)象更豐(feng)滿感人。辛棄疾《賀新郎·別(bie)茂(mao)嘉十二(er)(er)弟(di)》,王(wang)國維《人間詞(ci)話》評為(wei)“章(zhang)法(fa)絕妙,且語語有(you)境界”,即得(de)力于(yu)詞(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)一連用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)四個故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。從典故運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)方式,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可分“直(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”和“反(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”二(er)(er)種。直(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)改變故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)原來(lai)結構和涵義,“反(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”是(shi)(shi)反(fan)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)義而(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《出(chu)塞》詩(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)李(li)(li)廣故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),即屬直(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。李(li)(li)商隱《賈(jia)生》詩(shi)(shi):“宣室求賢訪逐(zhu)臣,賈(jia)生才調更無倫。可憐夜半虛(xu)前席,不(bu)問(wen)蒼(cang)生問(wen)鬼神。”漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)召回起用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)放逐(zhu)長沙的(de)(de)(de)賈(jia)誼,對(dui)(dui)人才重視,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)正面(mian)。李(li)(li)商隱卻(que)從這(zhe)件事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生發(fa)感慨:漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)明知賈(jia)生有(you)治國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)(shu)而(er)不(bu)問(wen),卻(que)問(wen)起鬼神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)反(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。嚴有(you)翼《藝苑雌黃》說(shuo):“直(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),人皆能之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);反(fan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)而(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)學業高人,超(chao)越尋常拘攣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見,不(bu)規規然蹈(dao)襲前人陳跡者,何以(yi)(yi)臻此。”詩(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)否必須用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),不(bu)可一概而(er)論(lun)。鐘嶸反(fan)對(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),是(shi)(shi)針對(dui)(dui)當時任昉(fang)等(deng)作家(jia)動輒用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)典,“文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)殆(dai)同書鈔”的(de)(de)(de)風氣(qi)說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)。王(wang)安石曾(ceng)說(shuo):“詩(shi)(shi)家(jia)病使(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)多,蓋皆取其(qi)(qi)(qi)與題(ti)合者類(lei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如此乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)編事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),雖工(gong)何益? 若能自出(chu)己意(yi),借事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)相發(fa)明,情(qing)(qing)態中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu),則(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雖多,亦何所妨。”(《蔡寬(kuan)夫詩(shi)(shi)話》引)詩(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),貴在(zai)自然切當,不(bu)露痕跡,如水中(zhong)(zhong)著鹽,飲水乃(nai)知鹽味,不(bu)可有(you)意(yi)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

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