臣聞為人君者(zhe),在乎善(shan)(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)惡惡,近君子而(er)遠小(xiao)人。善(shan)(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)則(ze)則(ze)君子進矣。惡惡著則(ze)小(xiao)人退矣。近君子則(ze)朝無(wu)粃政〔1〕,遠小(xiao)人則(ze)聽不(bu)(bu)私邪。小(xiao)人非(fei)無(wu)小(xiao)善(shan)(shan)(shan),君子非(fei)無(wu)小(xiao)過。君子小(xiao)過,則(ze)白玉微(wei)瑕。小(xiao)人小(xiao)善(shan)(shan)(shan),乃鉛刀(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)割〔2〕。鉛刀(dao)一(yi)割,良工(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)(bu)重,小(xiao)善(shan)(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)足以(yi)掩眾惡也(ye)。白玉微(wei)瑕,善(shan)(shan)(shan)賈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所不(bu)(bu)棄,小(xiao)疵不(bu)(bu)足以(yi)妨(fang)大美也(ye)。善(shan)(shan)(shan)小(xiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)善(shan)(shan)(shan),謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan);惡君子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)過,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡惡。此(ci)則(ze)蒿蘭同(tong)嗅,玉石(shi)不(bu)(bu)分。屈(qu)原所以(yi)沉(chen)江〔3〕,卞和所以(yi)泣血者(zhe)也(ye)〔4〕。既識玉石(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分,又辨蒿蘭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嗅,善(shan)(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)進,惡惡不(bu)(bu)能(neng)去,此(ci)郭(guo)氏所以(yi)為墟(xu),史魚所以(yi)遺恨(hen)者(zhe)也(ye)〔5〕。
陛下(xia)聰明神武,天(tian)姿英睿(rui),志存泛愛。引納多(duo)途,好(hao)善(shan)(shan)而不(bu)(bu)甚擇人(ren)(ren)(ren),疾惡而未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能遠佞(ning)〔6〕。又出(chu)言無(wu)隱,疾惡太(tai)深,聞人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan),或(huo)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)全(quan)信;聞人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡,以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)必然。雖有獨見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明,猶恐理或(huo)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盡。何(he)(he)(he)則(ze)(ze),君(jun)子揚人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan),小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)訐人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡〔7〕。聞惡必信,則(ze)(ze)小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道長矣(yi);聞善(shan)(shan)或(huo)疑(yi),則(ze)(ze)君(jun)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道消矣(yi)。為(wei)(wei)國家者,急(ji)于(yu)(yu)進君(jun)子而退小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren),乃使君(jun)子道消小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道長,則(ze)(ze)君(jun)臣(chen)失序(xu),上下(xia)否(fou)隔〔8〕,亂亡不(bu)(bu)恤,將何(he)(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)求治?且世俗(su)常人(ren)(ren)(ren),心無(wu)遠慮(lv),情在告(gao)訐,好(hao)言朋黨〔9〕。夫以(yi)(yi)(yi)善(shan)(shan)相成謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同德,以(yi)(yi)(yi)惡相濟謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朋黨。今(jin)則(ze)(ze)清濁并流,善(shan)(shan)惡無(wu)別,以(yi)(yi)(yi)告(gao)訐為(wei)(wei)誠直,以(yi)(yi)(yi)同德為(wei)(wei)朋黨。以(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)朋黨,則(ze)(ze)謂事(shi)無(wu)可信;以(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)誠直,則(ze)(ze)謂言皆可取。此君(jun)恩所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)結于(yu)(yu)下(xia),臣(chen)忠所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)達于(yu)(yu)上。大(da)臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)能辨正(zheng),小(xiao)臣(chen)莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敢論,遠近承風,混然成俗(su),非(fei)國家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)福,非(fei)為(wei)(wei)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道。適足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)長奸邪,亂視聽,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)不(bu)(bu)知所(suo)信,臣(chen)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)得(de)相安,若不(bu)(bu)遠慮(lv),深絕其源,則(ze)(ze)后(hou)患未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)息也。今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幸而未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)敗(bai)者,由(you)乎君(jun)有遠慮(lv),雖失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)始,必得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)終(zhong)故(gu)也。若時逢少(shao)隳〔10〕,往而不(bu)(bu)返,雖欲(yu)悔(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必無(wu)所(suo)及(ji),既不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)傳諸后(hou)嗣,復何(he)(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)垂法將來?
且夫進善(shan)黜惡,施(shi)于(yu)人者(zhe)也,以古作(zuo)鑒,施(shi)于(yu)己者(zhe)也。鑒貌(mao)在乎止水,鑒己在乎哲人〔11〕。能以古之(zhi)(zhi)哲王鑒于(yu)己之(zhi)(zhi)行事,則貌(mao)之(zhi)(zhi)妍媸宛然在目,事之(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)惡自得于(yu)心(xin)。無勞司過之(zhi)(zhi)史,不假(jia)芻(chu)蕘之(zhi)(zhi)議,巍巍之(zhi)(zhi)功日著,赫赫之(zhi)(zhi)名彌遠〔12〕。為(wei)人君(jun)者(zhe)可(ke)不務乎?
【注 釋】
〔1〕粃政(zheng):謂不(bu)良之政(zheng),亦作“秕政(zheng)”。《晉書(shu)·文席紀》:“朝無粃政(zheng),人無謗言(yan)。”
〔2〕鉛刀:一割(ge)(ge):《后漢(han)書·班固傳》上疏(shu):“昔(xi)魏降列國大夫,尚(shang)能(neng)(neng)和輯諸戎,況臣奉(feng)大漢(han)之盛,而無鉛刀一割(ge)(ge)之用乎?”自謙才能(neng)(neng)雖薄(bo)弱如鈍刀,但盡(jin)其所能(neng)(neng),未(wei)嘗不可一用。
〔3〕屈(qu)原沉江(jiang):戰國楚(chu)懷王時(shi)屈(qu)原任左徒、三閭大夫,主張(zhang)聯齊抗秦。后遭(zao)靳(jin)尚等人誣陷,被(bei)放(fang)逐,作《離(li)騷》。頃襄王時(shi)再遭(zao)讒毀(hui),謫(zhe)于江(jiang)南。見楚(chu)國政治衰敗,無力(li)挽救,遂于五(wu)月五(wu)日,投(tou)汨(mi)羅江(jiang)而死(si)。
〔4〕卞(bian)(bian)和(he)泣(qi)血:卞(bian)(bian)和(he),春(chun)秋楚(chu)人(ren)。相傳他發(fa)現了(le)一塊玉璞,先后獻給楚(chu)厲王和(he)武王,都被認為欺詐,被截去(qu)雙腳。等到楚(chu)文王繼位,他又抱璞哭于荊山下,楚(chu)王使(shi)人(ren)剖璞加(jia)工,果得(de)寶(bao)玉。
〔5〕郭(guo)氏:事(shi)跡未詳(xiang)。 史魚:春秋時衛國大(da)夫(fu),以正直敢諫(jian)(jian)著(zhu)名。相傳死前遺命諫(jian)(jian)衛靈(ling)公(gong)退彌子(zi)瑕,用遽伯玉。
〔6〕遠佞:遠離奸巧(qiao)謅諛,花(hua)言巧(qiao)語之人。
〔7〕訐人:攻人之短。
〔8〕否隔:閉隔,不通。《三國(guo)志·魏志·陳思王傳》:“今(jin)之否隔,友于(yu)同憂。”
〔9〕告訐(jie)(jie):謂(wei)告發人(ren)之陰私(si)。《后漢書·刑法志(zhi)》:“論(lun)議務在(zai)寬厚,恥言人(ren)之過(guo)失,化行天(tian)下,告訐(jie)(jie)之俗(su)易”。注:“師古曰:‘訐(jie)(jie)面相斥也(ye)。’” 朋黨:為(wei)私(si)目的而勾結同類。《韓非子·有(you)度》:“交眾與多(duo),外內朋黨,雖有(you)大過(guo),其蔽多(duo)矣。”
〔10〕隳:落(luo),掉。
〔11〕哲人(ren):明達而有才智(zhi)的人(ren)。《詩經·大雅·仰》:“其維(wei)哲人(ren),告之話言。”
〔12〕赫(he)赫(he):顯(xian)然盛大(da)貌。《詩·大(da)雅·常武》:“赫(he)赫(he)明明,王命卿土。”
【賞 析】
作者在本文中提(ti)出:社會(hui)上有(you)小(xiao)人、君(jun)子(zi)之分(fen);亦有(you)“小(xiao)善”、“小(xiao)惡”之別。為此(ci)他提(ti)出:人為君(jun)者,應該親君(jun)子(zi),遠小(xiao)人,此(ci)乃(nai)治國之道。全文雖(sui)屬駢體,但用語(yu)樸(pu)素,極少用典。
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