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洪范《尚書》原文注解與鑒賞

大(da)道家園 2023-07-17 06:50:49

洪范《尚書》原文注解與鑒賞(shang)洪范 《尚書》

惟十有(you)三祀,王訪于箕子。王乃言曰:“嗚呼!箕子。惟天陰騭下民,相協厥居,我不知其彝倫攸敘。”

箕子乃(nai)言(yan)曰(yue):“我(wo)聞在昔(xi),鯀陻洪水(shui),汩陳其(qi)五(wu)行,帝乃(nai)震怒,不畀‘洪范’九疇,彝(yi)倫攸斁。鯀則殛(ji)死,禹乃(nai)嗣(si)興。天乃(nai)錫(xi)禹‘洪范’九疇,彝(yi)倫攸敘。

“初一曰(yue)(yue)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行,次(ci)二(er)曰(yue)(yue)敬用(yong)(yong)(yong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi),次(ci)三曰(yue)(yue)農用(yong)(yong)(yong)八(ba)政,次(ci)四曰(yue)(yue)協用(yong)(yong)(yong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)紀(ji),次(ci)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)建用(yong)(yong)(yong)皇極(ji),次(ci)六曰(yue)(yue)乂用(yong)(yong)(yong)三德,次(ci)七(qi)曰(yue)(yue)明用(yong)(yong)(yong)稽疑,次(ci)八(ba)曰(yue)(yue)念(nian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)庶征,次(ci)九(jiu)曰(yue)(yue)向用(yong)(yong)(yong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)福,威(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)六極(ji)。

“一、五行:一曰(yue)(yue)水(shui),二(er)曰(yue)(yue)火,三曰(yue)(yue)木(mu),四曰(yue)(yue)金(jin),五曰(yue)(yue)土。水(shui)曰(yue)(yue)潤下,火曰(yue)(yue)炎上(shang),木(mu)曰(yue)(yue)曲直(zhi),金(jin)曰(yue)(yue)從革,土爰稼穡。潤下作(zuo)(zuo)咸,炎上(shang)作(zuo)(zuo)苦,曲直(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)酸,從革作(zuo)(zuo)辛,稼穡作(zuo)(zuo)甘。

“二(er)、五(wu)事:一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)貌,二(er)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)言,三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)視,四曰(yue)(yue)(yue)聽,五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)思。貌曰(yue)(yue)(yue)恭,言曰(yue)(yue)(yue)從,視曰(yue)(yue)(yue)明(ming),聽曰(yue)(yue)(yue)聰,思曰(yue)(yue)(yue)睿。恭作(zuo)肅(su),從作(zuo)乂,明(ming)作(zuo)哲,聰作(zuo)謀,睿作(zuo)圣。

“三、八政(zheng):一(yi)曰(yue)食,二曰(yue)貨,三曰(yue)祀,四曰(yue)司空,五曰(yue)司徒,六曰(yue)司寇,七(qi)曰(yue)賓(bin),八曰(yue)師。

“四、五紀(ji):一曰(yue)歲(sui),二曰(yue)月,三曰(yue)日,四曰(yue)星(xing)辰,五曰(yue)歷(li)數。

“五、皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)(ji)(ji):皇(huang)(huang)建其(qi)有極(ji)(ji)(ji)。斂(lian)時(shi)五福(fu)(fu),用敷錫厥庶民,惟時(shi)厥庶民于汝(ru)(ru)極(ji)(ji)(ji),錫汝(ru)(ru)保極(ji)(ji)(ji)。凡(fan)厥庶民,無(wu)有淫朋,人(ren)無(wu)有比德,惟皇(huang)(huang)〔51〕作極(ji)(ji)(ji)。凡(fan)厥庶民,有猷(you)有為有守〔52〕,汝(ru)(ru)則念之(zhi)。不協(xie)〔53〕于極(ji)(ji)(ji),不罹于咎,皇(huang)(huang)則受〔54〕之(zhi)。而(er)康而(er)色〔55〕,曰:‘予攸好(hao)德〔56〕。’汝(ru)(ru)則錫之(zhi)福(fu)(fu),時(shi)人(ren)斯〔57〕其(qi)惟皇(huang)(huang)之(zhi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。無(wu)虐煢(qiong)獨〔58〕,而(er)畏高明。人(ren)之(zhi)有能有為,使(shi)羞〔59〕其(qi)行,而(er)邦其(qi)昌〔60〕。凡(fan)厥正人(ren)〔61〕,既(ji)富(fu)方谷〔62〕,汝(ru)(ru)弗能使(shi)有好(hao)于而(er)家〔63〕,時(shi)人(ren)斯其(qi)辜〔64〕。于其(qi)無(wu)好(hao)德〔65〕,汝(ru)(ru)雖錫之(zhi)福(fu)(fu),其(qi)作汝(ru)(ru)用咎〔66〕。

“無(wu)偏無(wu)陂〔67〕,遵(zun)王(wang)之(zhi)義;無(wu)有(you)作好〔68〕,遵(zun)王(wang)之(zhi)道(dao);無(wu)有(you)作惡〔69〕,遵(zun)王(wang)之(zhi)路。無(wu)偏無(wu)黨(dang)〔70〕,王(wang)道(dao)蕩蕩〔71〕;無(wu)黨(dang)無(wu)偏,王(wang)道(dao)平(ping)平(ping)〔72〕;無(wu)反(fan)無(wu)側〔73〕,王(wang)道(dao)正直。會其(qi)(qi)有(you)極〔74〕,歸其(qi)(qi)有(you)極,曰(yue),皇極之(zhi)敷言(yan)〔75〕,是彝是訓(xun)(xun)〔76〕,于帝〔77〕其(qi)(qi)訓(xun)(xun)。凡(fan)厥庶民,極之(zhi)敷言(yan),是訓(xun)(xun)是行,以近(jin)〔78〕天子之(zhi)光。曰(yue),天子作民父母,以為天下王(wang)。

“六(liu)、三(san)德:一曰(yue)(yue)正直(zhi),二曰(yue)(yue)剛(gang)克(ke)〔79〕,三(san)曰(yue)(yue)柔克(ke)。平(ping)康〔80〕,正直(zhi);彊弗友〔81〕,剛(gang)克(ke);燮(xie)友〔82〕,柔克(ke)。沈潛〔83〕,剛(gang)克(ke);高(gao)明〔84〕,柔克(ke)。惟(wei)辟(pi)〔85〕作(zuo)(zuo)福(fu),惟(wei)辟(pi)作(zuo)(zuo)威(wei),惟(wei)辟(pi)玉食(shi)〔86〕。臣無有作(zuo)(zuo)福(fu)、作(zuo)(zuo)威(wei)、玉食(shi)。臣之有作(zuo)(zuo)福(fu)、作(zuo)(zuo)威(wei)、玉食(shi),其害于(yu)而〔87〕家,兇于(yu)而國(guo)。人用(yong)側頗僻〔88〕,民用(yong)僭忒〔89〕。

“七(qi)、稽疑:擇建立卜筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)〔90〕人(ren)(ren)(ren),乃(nai)命卜筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue)雨,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)霽,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)蒙〔91〕,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)驛〔92〕,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)克(ke)〔93〕,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)貞〔94〕,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)悔〔95〕,凡七(qi)。卜五〔96〕,占用(yong)二(er)〔97〕,衍忒〔98〕。立時人(ren)(ren)(ren)〔99〕作卜筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),三人(ren)(ren)(ren)占,則(ze)(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之言。汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)(ze)有大疑,謀及(ji)(ji)乃(nai)〔100〕心,謀及(ji)(ji)卿(qing)(qing)士(shi),謀及(ji)(ji)庶(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),謀及(ji)(ji)卜筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜(gui)(gui)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),庶(shu)民(min)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),是之謂大同。身其(qi)康彊,子孫其(qi)逢〔101〕,吉(ji)(ji)。汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜(gui)(gui)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)逆(ni)(ni),庶(shu)民(min)逆(ni)(ni),吉(ji)(ji)。卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜(gui)(gui)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)(ze)逆(ni)(ni),庶(shu)民(min)逆(ni)(ni),吉(ji)(ji)。庶(shu)民(min)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜(gui)(gui)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)(ze)逆(ni)(ni),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)逆(ni)(ni),吉(ji)(ji)。汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜(gui)(gui)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逆(ni)(ni),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)逆(ni)(ni),庶(shu)民(min)逆(ni)(ni),作內(nei)〔102〕,吉(ji)(ji);作外(wai)〔103〕,兇。龜(gui)(gui)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)共違于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),用(yong)靜〔104〕,吉(ji)(ji);用(yong)作〔105〕,兇。

“八、庶征:曰雨,曰旸(yang)〔106〕,曰燠〔107〕,曰寒,曰風。曰:時〔108〕五(wu)者(zhe)來備(bei)(bei),各以其敘,庶草蕃廡〔109〕。一極備(bei)(bei)〔110〕,兇;一極無(wu),兇。

“曰(yue)休征〔111〕:曰(yue)肅(su)〔112〕,時雨若(ruo);曰(yue)乂,時旸若(ruo);曰(yue)晢(zhe)〔113〕,時燠若(ruo);曰(yue)謀,時寒若(ruo);曰(yue)圣,時風若(ruo)。

“曰(yue)(yue)咎征:曰(yue)(yue)狂,恒雨〔114〕若(ruo)(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)僭〔115〕,恒旸若(ruo)(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)豫〔116〕,恒燠若(ruo)(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)急(ji),恒寒若(ruo)(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)蒙,恒風(feng)若(ruo)(ruo)。

“曰:王省惟歲〔117〕,卿士惟月(yue)(yue),師尹惟日。歲、月(yue)(yue)、日時(shi)無(wu)易(yi),百谷(gu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)〔118〕成,乂(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)明,俊(jun)民(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)章〔119〕,家用(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)康。日、月(yue)(yue)、歲時(shi)既易(yi),百谷(gu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)成,乂(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)昏不(bu)明,俊(jun)民(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)微,家用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)寧(ning)。

“庶(shu)民惟星(xing),星(xing)〔120〕有好風(feng),星(xing)〔121〕有好雨(yu)。日月之行,則(ze)有冬有夏。月之從星(xing)〔122〕,則(ze)以風(feng)雨(yu)。

“九、五(wu)福:一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)壽,二曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)富,三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)康寧,四曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)攸好德(de),五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)考終命。〔123〕。六(liu)極:一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)兇短折〔124〕,二曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)疾(ji),三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)憂,四曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)貧,五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)惡,六(liu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)弱。”


〔注釋〕惟:發語(yu)詞。有(you):又(you)。祀:年(nian)。惟十(shi)有(you)三(san)年(nian):十(shi)三(san)年(nian)。王(wang)(wang):周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang),姓姬名發。箕(ji)(ji)子:殷(yin)紂王(wang)(wang)叔父。陰騭(zhi)(zhì):不(bu)言而(er)(er)決定。相(xiang):相(xiang)互。協(xie):和。厥:天(tian)所(suo)(suo)生(sheng)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。彝(yi)(yi)倫:常理(li)。攸(you):所(suo)(suo)。敘(xu):順(shun)(shun)。鯀(gǔn):禹之(zhi)父親(qin)。陻(yīn):堵塞。鯀以(yi)(yi)(yi)陻治(zhi)水(shui)(shui),失敗后,被撤職流(liu)放。汩(gǔ):亂。陳:排列。五(wu)行(xing)(xing):水(shui)(shui)、火(huo)、木(mu)(mu)、金(jin)、土各自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),即(ji)(ji)(ji)它們(men)各自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律。帝:上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)帝,至高(gao)(gao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神。畀(bì):給(gei)予。洪范:大(da)法(fa)(fa),根本法(fa)(fa)則(ze)。疇:種(zhong)(zhong)類。斁:敗壞(huai)。殛(ji)(jí):誅責,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)放。嗣(sì):繼承。興(xing):興(xing)起,此(ci)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)受命(ming)治(zhi)理(li)洪水(shui)(shui)。錫(xi):賜予。次(ci):第(di)。用(yong):做。農:勉,努(nu)力。政:政事(shi)。協(xie):合。五(wu)紀(ji):五(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)記錄時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)。建:建立。皇(huang):大(da)。極(ji):至高(gao)(gao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至高(gao)(gao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)準(zhun)則(ze)。乂(yì):治(zhi)理(li)。稽:考(kao)察。疑:疑惑、疑難之(zhi)事(shi)。念:思慮(lv)。庶:多。征:征兆(zhao)(zhao)。向(xiang):通(tong)享,享受。威(wei):畏懼。六極(ji):六大(da)困厄。潤下:水(shui)(shui)自(zi)高(gao)(gao)往低處(chu)流(liu),潤濕所(suo)(suo)經之(zhi)處(chu)。從:順(shun)(shun)。革:變(bian)革。從革:順(shun)(shun)從人(ren)(ren)(ren)意,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鍛鑄中(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)革形態(tai)。爰(yuán):表(biao)語(yu)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)助(zhu)詞。稼穡:種(zhong)(zhong)植與(yu)收獲,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)莊稼。潤下作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)咸:江河湖泊中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)味(wei)淡,但最(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)流(liu)入大(da)海,海水(shui)(shui)味(wei)咸。曲(qu)直作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)酸:樹(shu)木(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果實(shi)多酸味(wei)。甘:甜。從:順(shun)(shun)。這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語(yu)言要順(shun)(shun)理(li)。睿:通(tong)達。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo):產(chan)生(sheng)。恭作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)肅(su)(su):態(tai)度恭敬(jing)會(hui)形成嚴(yan)肅(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風。食(shi)(shi):以(yi)(yi)(yi)糧食(shi)(shi)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)有(you)食(shi)(shi)品。貨(huo)(huo):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣料及以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)然物質(zhi)制(zhi)造用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)等價物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)幣。司空(kong)(kong)(kong):金(jin)文(wen)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)司工,掌(zhang)管工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官員(yuan)(yuan)。司徒:金(jin)文(wen)多作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)司土,掌(zhang)管土地和人(ren)(ren)(ren)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官員(yuan)(yuan)。司寇:掌(zhang)管司法(fa)(fa)事(shi)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官員(yuan)(yuan)。賓(bin):掌(zhang)管諸侯朝覲(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官員(yuan)(yuan)。師:掌(zhang)管軍事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官員(yuan)(yuan)。歲:歲星(xing),即(ji)(ji)(ji)木(mu)(mu)星(xing)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)歲星(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歲,即(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)。月(yue)(yue)(yue):月(yue)(yue)(yue)亮。以(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)亮在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個圓缺,為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)。日(ri):太(tai)陽。以(yi)(yi)(yi)太(tai)陽在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri),即(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)。星(xing)辰:選取日(ri)、月(yue)(yue)(yue)、木(mu)(mu)星(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)象,用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)分辨一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)四季十(shi)二(er)(er)個月(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標志,尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是以(yi)(yi)(yi)北(bei)斗(dou)七星(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)。歷數:推算歲時(shi)(shi)(shi)節(jie)候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序(xu)。將其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)得(de)編為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統,是為(wei)歷法(fa)(fa)。皇(huang):君王(wang)(wang)、天(tian)子。建:建立。極(ji):至高(gao)(gao)準(zhun)則(ze)。斂:聚(ju)。時(shi)(shi)(shi):此(ci)。五(wu)福(fu):壽(shou)、富、康寧(ning)、攸(you)好德(de)(de)、考(kao)終(zhong)(zhong)命(ming)。用(yong):以(yi)(yi)(yi)。敷(fu)(fu):布(bu)。錫(xi):賜。厥:其(qi)(qi)。時(shi)(shi)(shi):此(ci)。汝:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君王(wang)(wang)、天(tian)子。于汝極(ji):對(dui)于你(ni)所(suo)(suo)確立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)至高(gao)(gao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)原(yuan)則(ze)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)擁護(hu)奉(feng)行(xing)(xing)。保(bao)極(ji):保(bao)有(you)至高(gao)(gao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)。淫朋:在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)交游(you)中(zhong)(zhong)結成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朋黨、集團。比:勾結。德(de)(de):心意。比德(de)(de):與(yu)淫朋之(zhi)義相(xiang)似。〔51〕皇(huang):君王(wang)(wang)、天(tian)子。〔52〕猷:謀慮(lv)。守(shou):執守(shou)。〔53〕協(xie):合。〔54〕受:寬(kuan)容(rong)。〔55〕第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個“而(er)(er)”:如果。康:和諧(xie)。第(di)二(er)(er)個“而(er)(er)”:你(ni)。色:態(tai)度表(biao)情。〔56〕攸(you):所(suo)(suo)。好:喜愛。德(de)(de):德(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)準(zhun)則(ze)。〔57〕斯:將。〔58〕煢獨:孤獨無(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)依靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。〔59〕羞:進。〔60〕邦:國。其(qi)(qi):將。〔61〕厥:語(yu)助(zhu)詞。正(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren):正(zheng)長(chang),正(zheng)職長(chang)官。〔62〕谷:祿位。〔63〕而(er)(er):你(ni)。有(you)好于而(er)(er)家:于王(wang)(wang)室有(you)好處(chu)。〔64〕斯:就。辜(gu):罪(zui)。〔65〕于:對(dui)。其(qi)(qi):那些。〔66〕用(yong):為(wei)。咎:惡(e)(e)。〔67〕陂(po)(bēi):頗,不(bu)平(ping)坦。〔68〕好:私自(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)己(ji)之(zhi)好。〔69〕惡(e)(e):私自(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)己(ji)之(zhi)惡(e)(e)。〔70〕黨:偏私。〔71〕蕩蕩:廣闊。〔72〕平(ping)平(ping):齊一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)均等。〔73〕反:違反。側(ce):傾(qing)(qing)側(ce)。〔74〕會(hui):聚(ju)集。其(qi)(qi):那。〔75〕敷(fu)(fu):宣(xuan)布(bu)、公布(bu)。敷(fu)(fu)言:公之(zhi)于眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言論。〔76〕彝(yi)(yi):法(fa)(fa)。訓:教(jiao)。〔77〕帝:上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)帝。〔78〕近:親(qin)附。〔79〕剛克:以(yi)(yi)(yi)強硬威(wei)嚴(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)取勝。〔80〕平(ping)康:太(tai)平(ping)安(an)康。〔81〕友(you):親(qin)近。〔82〕燮(xiè)友(you):和善(shan)可親(qin)。〔83〕沈潛:亦作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)沉(chen)潛,深沉(chen)隱伏。〔84〕高(gao)(gao)明:高(gao)(gao)妙精(jing)明。〔85〕辟:天(tian)子。〔86〕玉食(shi)(shi):美食(shi)(shi)。〔87〕而(er)(er):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)子。〔88〕用(yong):奉(feng)行(xing)(xing)。側(ce):傾(qing)(qing)側(ce)。頗:偏頗。僻:邪惡(e)(e)。〔89〕用(yong):因(yin)而(er)(er)。僭:過(guo)(guo)分。忒:同(tong)慝,惡(e)(e)念。〔90〕卜(bu)(bu):以(yi)(yi)(yi)龜甲(jia)(jia)獸骨(gu)灼于火(huo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),據其(qi)(qi)裂紋占(zhan)(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)。筮:以(yi)(yi)(yi)蓍(shi)草(cao)若干根,運(yun)(yun)用(yong)數數方法(fa)(fa)占(zhan)(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)。〔91〕蒙:古人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)氣下降所(suo)(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)昏暗。〔92〕驛:即(ji)(ji)(ji)圛,此(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)卦兆(zhao)(zhao),今已不(bu)明。〔93〕克:凌犯。〔94〕貞:卦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下面(mian)三(san)爻,即(ji)(ji)(ji)下體,內(nei)卦。〔95〕悔:卦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)三(san)爻,即(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)體,外(wai)卦。〔96〕卜(bu)(bu)五(wu):前五(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)甲(jia)(jia)骨(gu)占(zhan)(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)。〔97〕占(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)二(er)(er):后二(er)(er)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)蓍(shi)草(cao)占(zhan)(zhan)卦。〔98〕衍:推演、演述。忒:變(bian)化。〔99〕立:設置。時(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卜(bu)(bu)者、筮者。〔100〕乃(nai):你(ni)。〔101〕逢:大(da)。子孫其(qi)(qi)逢:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)丁滋(zi)生(sheng),家族鼎盛(sheng)(sheng)。〔102〕內(nei):家內(nei)之(zhi)事(shi)。〔103〕外(wai):對(dui)外(wai)之(zhi)事(shi)。〔104〕靜:靜守(shou)無(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)舉動。〔105〕作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo):舉事(shi)。〔106〕旸(yáng):日(ri)出,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晴天(tian)。〔107〕燠(yù):炎熱。〔108〕時(shi)(shi)(shi):是,此(ci)。〔109〕蕃(fan):生(sheng)長(chang)茂盛(sheng)(sheng)。廡(wu):蕪,豐(feng)盛(sheng)(sheng)。〔110〕一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述五(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)氣象中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。極(ji):過(guo)(guo)甚(shen)。〔111〕休征:美好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征兆(zhao)(zhao)。〔112〕肅(su)(su):敬(jing),這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)認(ren)真辦(ban)事(shi)。〔113〕晢(zhé):明智。〔114〕恒雨(yu):長(chang)期(qi)下雨(yu)。〔115〕僭:差錯無(wu)(wu)(wu)序(xu)。〔116〕豫:安(an)逸。〔117〕省:即(ji)(ji)(ji)眚(sheng),過(guo)(guo)失。歲:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)(guo)失影響(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)。〔118〕用(yong):因(yin)。百谷成因(yin)歲、月(yue)(yue)(yue)、日(ri)時(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)易。〔119〕章(zhang):顯,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提拔任(ren)用(yong)。〔120〕星(xing):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)箕(ji)(ji)星(xing)。〔121〕星(xing):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畢星(xing)。〔122〕月(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)從星(xing):月(yue)(yue)(yue)亮在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),以(yi)(yi)(yi)二(er)(er)十(shi)八宿為(wei)坐標。箕(ji)(ji)、畢是二(er)(er)十(shi)八宿中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)宿。〔123〕考(kao)終(zhong)(zhong)命(ming):老壽(shou)而(er)(er)終(zhong)(zhong)。〔124〕兇短折:未成年(nian)而(er)(er)死(si)為(wei)兇。

(賀圣迪)

〔鑒賞〕關(guan)于(yu)本篇時代,古人認為(wei)(wei)作(zuo)于(yu)周初,五四以(yi)來學者(zhe)以(yi)持戰(zhan)國(guo)說(shuo)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)多,筆者(zhe)采取劉起(qi)紆先生《〈洪范(fan)〉成書(shu)時代考》之說(shuo),認為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)本寫于(yu)商末,自西(xi)周至戰(zhan)國(guo),為(wei)(wei)傳播者(zhe)所增(zeng)益潤(run)色,也有可(ke)能整理加工。

“洪”意(yi)為(wei)(wei)大,“范(fan)(fan)(fan)”即(ji)法,“洪范(fan)(fan)(fan)”就是大法,即(ji)治國之大法,相(xiang)傳(chuan)是周滅殷以后的(de)第(di)二(er)(er)年箕子向周武王提出的(de)治國之策。本(ben)文由兩部(bu)分組成。第(di)一部(bu)分,自(zi)開篇至“彝倫攸(you)敘”,簡述(shu)洪范(fan)(fan)(fan)九(jiu)疇(chou)(chou)的(de)性質與來源。其下至文終,為(wei)(wei)第(di)二(er)(er)部(bu)分,先(xian)述(shu)洪范(fan)(fan)(fan)九(jiu)疇(chou)(chou)名目(mu),而后依次詮釋各目(mu),有(you)詳(xiang)、有(you)略,而重在皇極、稽疑、庶征(zheng)三疇(chou)(chou)。《洪范(fan)(fan)(fan)》講述(shu)的(de)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍十分廣泛,從哲學到政治、經濟、教育,舉凡與治國相(xiang)關的(de)重大問題無不論及。

《洪(hong)(hong)范》從頭到(dao)尾都貫穿著(zhu)“天”的(de)觀念(nian),而且有“稽疑”這(zhe)一(yi)大法專(zhuan)門講說占卜(bu)定吉兇的(de)問題,這(zhe)在儒家論政治學的(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)中是(shi)(shi)少見的(de)。在《洪(hong)(hong)范》中天是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種人格(ge)神,它繁殖(zhi)了下界臣民(min),是(shi)(shi)天把(ba)“洪(hong)(hong)范九疇”傳給大禹(yu),用以治國安民(min)。天與人事是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)互感應的(de):天子(zi)辦事恭謹,政治清(qing)明(ming),通(tong)達事理,就會風調雨順,陽光(guang)明(ming)媚;相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan),如(ru)果(guo)天子(zi)行為狂妄,胡(hu)作(zuo)非為,貪圖享(xiang)受,就會經常發生(sheng)洪(hong)(hong)澇、干旱之災。總之,天是(shi)(shi)宇(yu)宙和人間的(de)最(zui)高主(zhu)宰。

《洪范》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)天的(de)(de)觀念(nian)是時(shi)(shi)代(dai)給它打(da)下的(de)(de)烙印(yin),顯示了中(zhong)(zhong)國早期思想的(de)(de)特點,因(yin)為(wei)西周時(shi)(shi)期天帝(di)的(de)(de)觀念(nian)仍然牢牢地統治著人們(men)的(de)(de)頭腦。因(yin)此(ci),文中(zhong)(zhong)關(guan)于天的(de)(de)說法也(ye)從(cong)一(yi)個方面說明這篇(pian)著作產(chan)生的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)甚(shen)早。但(dan)是,更值得注意的(de)(de)是,從(cong)《洪范》我們(men)也(ye)可以看到古(gu)人逐漸擺脫(tuo)天帝(di)觀念(nian)束(shu)縛的(de)(de)緩慢過程。

首先(xian),文(wen)(wen)章表(biao)明中(zhong)國古人越(yue)來越(yue)重(zhong)視對自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)界(jie)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)察、研究和(he)解釋。它(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)開頭(tou)以(yi)后(hou)就提出了(le)五行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念,力圖(tu)用自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)界(jie)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物及其性(xing)質和(he)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)原因(yin)來說明自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)界(jie)。五行(xing)(xing)是構成(cheng)萬(wan)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質基(ji)礎和(he)基(ji)本(ben)單位(wei)(wei),《洪(hong)(hong)范》不僅描述(shu)了(le)五行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)和(he)功用,而(er)(er)且提出只有(you)順應和(he)利用它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀(guan)特性(xing),做事(shi)才能獲得成(cheng)功,而(er)(er)鯀正是由于違背了(le)五行(xing)(xing)之性(xing)和(he)變(bian)化法(fa)則(ze),才招致治水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失敗。此外(wai),《洪(hong)(hong)范》還要(yao)求密切(qie)關注自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)現(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律,其第八條(tiao)大法(fa)“庶征”就指出雨、晴、暖、寒(han)、風(feng)五種(zhong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)現(xian)象是非常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它(ta)們(men)如(ru)按照一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律發(fa)生,草(cao)木就會(hui)茂盛(sheng)地生長,莊稼也會(hui)豐收。可(ke)見在(zai)(zai)(zai)《洪(hong)(hong)范》中(zhong)人們(men)需要(yao)注視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正在(zai)(zai)(zai)從天(tian)帝轉向(xiang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)。其次,事(shi)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭祀(si)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)降。在(zai)(zai)(zai)遠古,政(zheng)治上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)信條(tiao)是“國之大事(shi)祀(si)與戎”,但是《洪(hong)(hong)范》列舉(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八條(tiao)大政(zheng)中(zhong)祭祀(si)卻排列在(zai)(zai)(zai)第三(san)位(wei)(wei),次于農業生產和(he)工商貿易。再次,問天(tian)和(he)求天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)卜在(zai)(zai)(zai)決定政(zheng)治行(xing)(xing)為中(zhong)已經不具優先(xian)權。在(zai)(zai)(zai)“稽疑”中(zhong),《洪(hong)(hong)范》規(gui)定,君主如(ru)遇到重(zhong)大疑難問題,首先(xian)要(yao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己多加考(kao)慮(lv),然(ran)后(hou)再同(tong)卿士商議,再后(hou)同(tong)庶民(min)討論,最后(hou)才問到卜筮;在(zai)(zai)(zai)整個(ge)決策過(guo)程中(zhong)占(zhan)卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果都(dou)不是惟(wei)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定因(yin)素,始終要(yao)將這(zhe)種(zhong)結果同(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)慮(lv),以(yi)及卿士的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見加以(yi)參照研究。而(er)(er)且從總體上(shang)說,在(zai)(zai)(zai)《洪(hong)(hong)范》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)文(wen)(wen)字中(zhong)占(zhan)卜問神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篇(pian)幅只占(zhan)小部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。人類掙脫天(tian)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念經歷(li)了(le)十分(fen)(fen)艱難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程,《洪(hong)(hong)范》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)演(yan)變(bian)就是這(zhe)一(yi)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)縮影。

《洪(hong)范(fan)(fan)》思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)特色是(shi)(shi)竭(jie)力加(jia)強(qiang)天(tian)(tian)子的(de)(de)(de)權威。它在“皇極”中(zhong)提出周王應(ying)當(dang)確立(li)至高無(wu)上的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze),臣(chen)民(min)應(ying)當(dang)服從這些(xie)(xie)原(yuan)則(ze),要(yao)(yao)按(an)照(zhao)天(tian)(tian)子所(suo)建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)(fan)來要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)自(zi)己,為天(tian)(tian)子辦事。“三(san)德”又規定只(zhi)有天(tian)(tian)子才(cai)能給人以獎(jiang)賞和懲罰。人們(men)如果脫離時(shi)代條件(jian)來看(kan)這些(xie)(xie)主(zhu)張,就(jiu)會把它們(men)當(dang)作宣揚君主(zhu)專制(zhi)而加(jia)以否定。然而人們(men)要(yao)(yao)看(kan)到,西(xi)周時(shi)代實(shi)行的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)分封制(zhi),各地眾多諸侯國(guo)擁有相當(dang)大的(de)(de)(de)獨立(li)性,周王朝的(de)(de)(de)幅員極其(qi)遼闊,但是(shi)(shi)遠古(gu)的(de)(de)(de)政治制(zhi)度(du)不健全,交通和通訊條件(jian)又十分落后,因此中(zhong)央對地方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)非常困難。正是(shi)(shi)由于這些(xie)(xie)原(yuan)因,春(chun)秋戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)期延(yan)續了數百年殘酷的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭,給人民(min)造成了無(wu)數痛(tong)苦。《洪(hong)范(fan)(fan)》要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)強(qiang)化周王的(de)(de)(de)權力,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)以天(tian)(tian)子為天(tian)(tian)下(xia)共主(zhu),以維(wei)護天(tian)(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)、秩序和安寧(ning),防止國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)分裂和諸侯國(guo)之間的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭。古(gu)代中(zhong)國(guo)在那(nei)樣(yang)大的(de)(de)(de)地域范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)、在那(nei)樣(yang)長的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)期內(nei)能夠保持著統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)局面,同《洪(hong)范(fan)(fan)》所(suo)表(biao)述的(de)(de)(de)這種政治理念的(de)(de)(de)作用是(shi)(shi)分不開的(de)(de)(de)。

《洪(hong)(hong)范》中最(zui)有價(jia)值的(de)思(si)想是(shi)在(zai)“八政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”中把(ba)農(nong)業生產和工商貿易(yi)確定為(wei)最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)兩項政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)務(wu),把(ba)它(ta)(ta)們當作(zuo)治(zhi)國(guo)的(de)頭等大事。這(zhe)表(biao)現了《洪(hong)(hong)范》對(dui)民(min)(min)生問題的(de)高度重(zhong)視。《洪(hong)(hong)范》指出政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)應當設法(fa)使(shi)人民(min)(min)生活幸福,在(zai)列舉“五(wu)福”時它(ta)(ta)把(ba)長壽、富(fu)裕(yu)、平安而(er)無病置(zhi)于喜歡美德之前(qian)。此外,它(ta)(ta)把(ba)交通、建筑、教(jiao)育等方面的(de)事情列為(wei)治(zhi)國(guo)的(de)基本(ben)要務(wu)。與此成為(wei)對(dui)照(zhao)的(de)是(shi),它(ta)(ta)把(ba)軍事放在(zai)“八政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)最(zui)后一(yi)項,這(zhe)種做法(fa)后來逐漸成為(wei)一(yi)個傳統。就是(shi)說中國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)要采取(qu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)、經濟、教(jiao)育、行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)手段、而(er)不是(shi)通過武力(li)來解決各種社會問題和民(min)(min)族矛盾,從而(er)避免了軍國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)義的(de)傾向,因此,中華(hua)民(min)(min)族以愛好和平而(er)聞名于世。

尚書洪范原文(wen)及翻(fan)譯(yi)尚書.周書.洪范原文(wen)及翻(fan)譯(yi)

周書.洪范

作者:佚名

武王勝殷,殺受,立武庚(geng),以箕(ji)子(zi)歸。作《洪范》。

惟十有三祀,王訪于箕子。王乃言曰:「嗚呼!箕子。惟天陰騭下民,相協厥居,我不知其彝倫攸敘。」?

箕子(zi)乃(nai)言曰:「我聞(wen)在昔,鯀堙(yin)洪水,汩陳(chen)其(qi)五(wu)行。帝乃(nai)震怒(nu),不畀『洪范』九疇,彝(yi)倫攸斁。鯀則殛死,禹乃(nai)嗣興(xing),天乃(nai)錫(xi)禹『洪范』九疇,彝(yi)倫攸敘。

初(chu)一曰(yue)五行,次(ci)二曰(yue)敬用(yong)五事,次(ci)三曰(yue)農(nong)用(yong)八(ba)政,次(ci)四(si)曰(yue)協用(yong)五紀,次(ci)五曰(yue)建用(yong)皇(huang)極,次(ci)六曰(yue)乂用(yong)三德(de),次(ci)七曰(yue)明用(yong)稽疑,次(ci)八(ba)曰(yue)念用(yong)庶征,次(ci)九曰(yue)向用(yong)五福,威用(yong)六極。

一(yi)、五行(xing):一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)水,二曰(yue)(yue)火(huo),三曰(yue)(yue)木,四曰(yue)(yue)金,五曰(yue)(yue)土。水曰(yue)(yue)潤下,火(huo)曰(yue)(yue)炎(yan)上(shang),木曰(yue)(yue)曲(qu)直(zhi),金曰(yue)(yue)從革,土爰稼穡。潤下作(zuo)咸(xian),炎(yan)上(shang)作(zuo)苦,曲(qu)直(zhi)作(zuo)酸(suan),從革作(zuo)辛,稼穡作(zuo)甘。

二、五事:一曰(yue)貌,二曰(yue)言(yan),三(san)曰(yue)視,四曰(yue)聽(ting),五曰(yue)思。貌曰(yue)恭,言(yan)曰(yue)從,視曰(yue)明(ming),聽(ting)曰(yue)聰(cong),思曰(yue)睿。恭作(zuo)肅,從作(zuo)乂(yi),明(ming)作(zuo)哲,聰(cong)作(zuo)謀,睿作(zuo)圣。

三、八政:一曰(yue)食,二(er)曰(yue)貨(huo),三曰(yue)祀,四曰(yue)司空(kong),五曰(yue)司徒,六曰(yue)司寇,七日(ri)賓,八曰(yue)師。

四、五(wu)祀:一曰(yue)歲,二曰(yue)月,三(san)曰(yue)日,四曰(yue)星(xing)辰,五(wu)曰(yue)歷(li)數。

五、皇(huang)極(ji)(ji):皇(huang)建其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)極(ji)(ji)。斂時五福,用敷(fu)錫厥(jue)庶(shu)(shu)民(min)。惟時厥(jue)庶(shu)(shu)民(min)于汝極(ji)(ji)。錫汝保極(ji)(ji):凡(fan)(fan)厥(jue)庶(shu)(shu)民(min),無(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)淫朋(peng),人(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)比德(de),惟皇(huang)作(zuo)(zuo)極(ji)(ji)。凡(fan)(fan)厥(jue)庶(shu)(shu)民(min),有(you)猷有(you)為有(you)守,汝則(ze)念之(zhi)(zhi)。不協于極(ji)(ji),不罹(li)于咎,皇(huang)則(ze)受之(zhi)(zhi)。而(er)康(kang)而(er)色(se),曰(yue):『予攸(you)好德(de)。』汝則(ze)錫之(zhi)(zhi)福。時人(ren)(ren)(ren)斯其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)惟皇(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)極(ji)(ji)。無(wu)(wu)(wu)虐煢獨而(er)畏高明,人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)能(neng)有(you)為,使(shi)羞其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行,而(er)邦其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)昌。凡(fan)(fan)厥(jue)正人(ren)(ren)(ren),既富方谷,汝弗能(neng)使(shi)有(you)好于而(er)家,時人(ren)(ren)(ren)斯其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)辜。于其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)好德(de),汝雖錫之(zhi)(zhi)福,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)汝用咎。無(wu)(wu)(wu)偏(pian)無(wu)(wu)(wu)陂(po),遵王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)義(yi);無(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)作(zuo)(zuo)好,遵王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao);無(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)作(zuo)(zuo)惡,尊王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)路。無(wu)(wu)(wu)偏(pian)無(wu)(wu)(wu)黨(dang),王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)蕩蕩;無(wu)(wu)(wu)黨(dang)無(wu)(wu)(wu)偏(pian),王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)平平;無(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)無(wu)(wu)(wu)側,王(wang)(wang)(wang)道(dao)正直。會其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)極(ji)(ji),歸其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)極(ji)(ji)。曰(yue):皇(huang),極(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)敷(fu)言(yan),是彝是訓,于帝其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)訓,凡(fan)(fan)厥(jue)庶(shu)(shu)民(min),極(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)敷(fu)言(yan),是訓是行,以近天(tian)子之(zhi)(zhi)光(guang)。曰(yue):天(tian)子作(zuo)(zuo)民(min)父母,以為天(tian)下王(wang)(wang)(wang)。

六、三(san)(san)德:一(yi)曰(yue)正直,二曰(yue)剛(gang)克(ke)(ke),三(san)(san)曰(yue)柔克(ke)(ke)。平康,正直;強弗友,剛(gang)克(ke)(ke);燮友,柔克(ke)(ke)。沈潛(qian),剛(gang)克(ke)(ke);高明,柔克(ke)(ke)。惟辟(pi)作(zuo)福,惟辟(pi)作(zuo)威,惟辟(pi)玉食。臣無有(you)作(zuo)福、作(zuo)威、玉食。臣之有(you)作(zuo)福、作(zuo)威、玉食,其害于而家,兇于而國。人(ren)用側頗(po)僻,民用僭忒。

七(qi)、稽疑(yi):擇建立卜(bu)筮(shi)人,乃命十筮(shi)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue)雨,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)霽,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)蒙,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)驛,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)克,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)貞,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)悔,凡(fan)七(qi)。卜(bu)五,占用二,衍忒。立時人作(zuo)(zuo)卜(bu)筮(shi),三人占,則(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)二人之言。汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)有(you)大疑(yi),謀及(ji)乃心(xin),謀及(ji)卿(qing)(qing)士(shi),謀及(ji)庶(shu)人,謀及(ji)卜(bu)筮(shi)。汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),庶(shu)民從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),是之謂大同。身其(qi)康強,子孫其(qi)逢,汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)逆(ni),庶(shu)民逆(ni)吉(ji)。卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)逆(ni),庶(shu)民逆(ni),吉(ji)。庶(shu)民從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)逆(ni),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)逆(ni),吉(ji)。汝(ru)(ru)則(ze)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),龜從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),筮(shi)逆(ni),卿(qing)(qing)士(shi)逆(ni),庶(shu)民逆(ni),作(zuo)(zuo)內吉(ji),作(zuo)(zuo)外兇。龜筮(shi)共違于(yu)人,用靜吉(ji),用作(zuo)(zuo)兇。

八、庶征(zheng):曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)雨(yu)(yu),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)暘(yang),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)燠(yu),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)寒(han),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)風(feng)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)時(shi)(shi)五者來備(bei),各以(yi)其敘,庶草蕃廡。一極備(bei),兇(xiong);一極無,兇(xiong)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)休征(zheng);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)肅、時(shi)(shi)雨(yu)(yu)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)乂(yi),時(shi)(shi)暘(yang)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)晰,時(shi)(shi)燠(yu)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)謀(mou),時(shi)(shi)寒(han)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)圣,時(shi)(shi)風(feng)若(ruo)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)咎征(zheng):曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)狂,恒(heng)雨(yu)(yu)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)僭,恒(heng)暘(yang)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)豫,恒(heng)燠(yu)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)急,恒(heng)寒(han)若(ruo);曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)蒙,恒(heng)風(feng)若(ruo)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王省惟(wei)歲,卿士惟(wei)月(yue),師尹惟(wei)日(ri)。歲月(yue)日(ri)時(shi)(shi)無易(yi),百(bai)谷(gu)(gu)用(yong)(yong)成,乂(yi)用(yong)(yong)民(min),俊民(min)用(yong)(yong)章,家用(yong)(yong)平康。日(ri)月(yue)歲時(shi)(shi)既(ji)易(yi),百(bai)谷(gu)(gu)用(yong)(yong)不成,乂(yi)用(yong)(yong)昏不明,俊民(min)用(yong)(yong)微,家用(yong)(yong)不寧。庶民(min)惟(wei)星,星有(you)好(hao)風(feng),星有(you)好(hao)雨(yu)(yu)。日(ri)月(yue)之(zhi)行(xing),則有(you)冬有(you)夏。月(yue)之(zhi)從(cong)星,則以(yi)風(feng)雨(yu)(yu)。

九、五(wu)(wu)福(fu):一曰(yue)(yue)壽(shou),二曰(yue)(yue)富,三曰(yue)(yue)康寧(ning),四曰(yue)(yue)攸好德,五(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)考終命。六(liu)極:一曰(yue)(yue)兇、短、折(zhe),二曰(yue)(yue)疾(ji),三曰(yue)(yue)憂,四曰(yue)(yue)貧,五(wu)(wu)曰(yue)(yue)惡(e),六(liu)曰(yue)(yue)弱。

【分器】

武(wu)王既(ji)勝(sheng)殷(yin),邦諸侯(hou),班宗彝(yi),作(zuo)《分器》。

文言文翻譯:

周文王(wang)(wang)十三年(nian),武(wu)王(wang)(wang)詢問箕(ji)子。武(wu)王(wang)(wang)就說(shuo)道(dao):"啊!箕(ji)子,上帝庇蔭安定下民,使他(ta)們和(he)睦相處,我(wo)不知道(dao)那治國常理的規定方法。"

箕子就(jiu)回答(da)說:"我(wo)聽說從前,鯀堵(du)塞洪水,胡亂處理(li)(li)了(le)(le)水、火、木、金、土五種(zhong)用(yong)物(wu)。上帝震怒,不賜(si)給(gei)鯀九種(zhong)大(da)法,治國的(de)常理(li)(li)因(yin)此(ci)敗壞(huai)了(le)(le)。后(hou)來,鯀被流放死了(le)(le),禹于(yu)是繼承興起。上帝就(jiu)把九種(zhong)大(da)法賜(si)給(gei)了(le)(le)禹,治國的(de)常理(li)(li)因(yin)此(ci)定了(le)(le)下來。

"第(di)一是五(wu)行。第(di)二是認真做好五(wu)事。第(di)三(san)是努力(li)施行八(ba)種(zhong)政(zheng)務。第(di)四是合用五(wu)種(zhong)記時(shi)方(fang)法(fa)。第(di)五(wu)是建事使(shi)(shi)用皇極(ji)。第(di)六(liu)是治理使(shi)(shi)用三(san)種(zhong)品德的人。第(di)七是尊(zun)用以卜考疑的方(fang)法(fa)。第(di)八(ba)是經(jing)常(chang)注意使(shi)(shi)用各種(zhong)征兆。第(di)九是憑(ping)五(wu)福鼓(gu)勵臣民,憑(ping)六(liu)極(ji)警戒臣民。

"一、五行:一是(shi)水,二(er)是(shi)火,三(san)是(shi)木(mu),四是(shi)金(jin),五是(shi)土(tu)。水向下(xia)潤濕,火向上(shang)燃燒,木(mu)可(ke)以(yi)彎曲(qu)、伸(shen)直(zhi),金(jin)屬(shu)可(ke)以(yi)順從人意改變形狀,土(tu)壤可(ke)以(yi)種(zhong)植百(bai)谷(gu)。向下(xia)潤濕的(de)水產(chan)生(sheng)咸味,向上(shang)燃燒的(de)火產(chan)生(sheng)苦味,可(ke)曲(qu)可(ke)直(zhi)的(de)木(mu)產(chan)生(sheng)酸味,順從人意而改變形狀的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)產(chan)生(sheng)辣味,種(zhong)植的(de)百(bai)谷(gu)產(chan)生(sheng)甜味。

"二、五事:一是容貌,二是言(yan)論(lun),三是觀察(cha),四(si)是聽聞(wen),五是思(si)考。容貌要(yao)恭(gong)敬,言(yan)論(lun)要(yao)正(zheng)(zheng)當(dang),觀察(cha)要(yao)明白(bai),聽聞(wen)要(yao)廣(guang)遠,思(si)考要(yao)通(tong)達。容貌恭(gong)敬就能嚴肅,言(yan)論(lun)正(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)就能治理,觀察(cha)明白(bai)就能昭晰,聽聞(wen)廣(guang)遠就能善謀,思(si)考通(tong)達就能圣(sheng)明。

"三、八種政務(wu):一是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理民食(shi),二是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理財貨(huo),三是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理祭(ji)祀,四是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理居(ju)民,五是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理教育,六是(shi)(shi)治理盜(dao)賊(zei),七是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理朝覲,八是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理軍(jun)事。

"四(si)、五種記時(shi)方法:一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年,二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月,三是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri),四(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)星辰的出現情況(kuang),五是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)月運行所經歷的周天(tian)度數。

"五、君(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)則(ze),君(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)建立政事要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)則(ze):掌握五福,用來普遍地(di)賞賜給臣(chen)民(min),這(zhe)樣(yang),臣(chen)民(min)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)尊重您的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)則(ze)。貢獻您保持法(fa)(fa)則(ze)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa):凡(fan)是(shi)臣(chen)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)邪黨(dang),百官(guan)(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)私相比附(fu)的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei),只(zhi)有(you)(you)把君(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)作榜樣(yang)。凡(fan)是(shi)臣(chen)下(xia)有(you)(you)計謀(mou)有(you)(you)作為(wei)有(you)(you)操守的(de)(de),您就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)惦念他(ta)們。行(xing)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合法(fa)(fa)則(ze),但沒有(you)(you)陷入罪惡的(de)(de)人,你就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)他(ta)們;假若(ruo)他(ta)們和悅溫順地(di)說(shuo):"我遵(zun)行(xing)美德。"您就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)賜給他(ta)們好處(chu)(chu),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi),臣(chen)民(min)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)思念君(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)則(ze)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)虐待無依無靠(kao)的(de)(de)人,而又不(bu)(bu)(bu)畏(wei)顯貴,臣(chen)下(xia)這(zhe)樣(yang)有(you)(you)才(cai)能有(you)(you)作為(wei),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)讓他(ta)獻出他(ta)的(de)(de)才(cai)能,國家就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)繁榮昌盛(sheng)。凡(fan)那些(xie)百官(guan)(guan)之長,既然(ran)富(fu)有(you)(you)經常的(de)(de)俸祿,您不(bu)(bu)(bu)能使(shi)他(ta)們對國家有(you)(you)好處(chu)(chu),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)臣(chen)民(min)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)責怪您了。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)那些(xie)沒有(you)(you)好德行(xing)的(de)(de)人,您即使(shi)賜給他(ta)們好處(chu)(chu),將會(hui)使(shi)您受到(dao)危害。不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平,不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)正,要(yao)(yao)(yao)遵(zun)守王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)令;不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)作私好,要(yao)(yao)(yao)遵(zun)守王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)道;不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)作威惡,要(yao)(yao)(yao)遵(zun)行(xing)正路。不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)行(xing)偏,不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)(jie)黨(dang),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)道坦蕩(dang);不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)(jie)黨(dang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)行(xing)偏,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)道平平;不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)違反,不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)傾(qing)側,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)道正直。團結(jie)(jie)那些(xie)守法(fa)(fa)之臣(chen),歸附(fu)那些(xie)執法(fa)(fa)之君(jun)。君(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)皇(huang)極(ji)的(de)(de)廣泛陳述(shu),要(yao)(yao)(yao)宣(xuan)揚(yang)教導,天(tian)(tian)帝就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)順心了。凡(fan)是(shi)百官(guan)(guan),對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)皇(huang)極(ji)的(de)(de)敷言,要(yao)(yao)(yao)遵(zun)守實行(xing),用來接近(jin)天(tian)(tian)子的(de)(de)光輝。天(tian)(tian)子作臣(chen)民(min)的(de)(de)父母,因此才(cai)做天(tian)(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)君(jun)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。

"六、三種品德:一是正直(zhi),二是過(guo)于剛(gang)(gang)強(qiang),三是過(guo)于柔弱。中(zhong)正和平,就(jiu)是正直(zhi);強(qiang)不(bu)可(ke)親(qin)就(jiu)是剛(gang)(gang)克(ke);和順(shun)可(ke)親(qin)就(jiu)是柔克(ke)。應當抑制剛(gang)(gang)強(qiang)不(bu)可(ke)親(qin)近的人(ren),推崇和順(shun)可(ke)親(qin)的人(ren)。只(zhi)有(you)君王才能(neng)作(zuo)福,只(zhi)有(you)君王才能(neng)作(zuo)威,只(zhi)有(you)君王才能(neng)享用美(mei)(mei)物。臣子不(bu)許有(you)作(zuo)福、作(zuo)威、美(mei)(mei)食(shi)的情況。假若臣子有(you)作(zuo)福、作(zuo)威、美(mei)(mei)食(shi)的情況,就(jiu)會害及(ji)您的家,亂及(ji)您的國。百(bai)(bai)官將因(yin)(yin)此傾(qing)側不(bu)正,百(bai)(bai)姓也(ye)將因(yin)(yin)此發生差錯和疑惑。

"七(qi)、用(yong)(yong)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)決(jue)(jue)疑:選擇建立掌管卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員(yuan),教(jiao)導他們卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法。龜兆有(you)的(de)(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做雨,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做霽,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做蒙,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做驛,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做克;卦象有(you)的(de)(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做貞,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做悔,共計有(you)七(qi)種。龜兆用(yong)(yong)前(qian)五(wu)種,占筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)后兩種,根(gen)據這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些推演變化,決(jue)(jue)定吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兇。設立這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種官(guan)員(yuan)進行(xing)(xing)卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。三個(ge)人占卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),就(jiu)(jiu)聽從兩個(ge)人的(de)(de)(de)說法。你(ni)若有(you)重大的(de)(de)(de)疑難(nan),你(ni)自(zi)己要考慮,再與卿(qing)士(shi)(shi)商量,再與庶(shu)民(min)商量,再與卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)員(yuan)商量。你(ni)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),龜卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),蓍(shi)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),卿(qing)士(shi)(shi)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),庶(shu)民(min)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)叫(jiao)(jiao)大同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣,自(zi)身會康強,子(zi)孫會昌盛(sheng),很吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)利。你(ni)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),龜卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),蓍(shi)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),而卿(qing)士(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),庶(shu)民(min)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),也吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)利。卿(qing)士(shi)(shi)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),龜卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),蓍(shi)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),你(ni)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),庶(shu)民(min)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),也吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)利。庶(shu)民(min)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),龜卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),蓍(shi)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),你(ni)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),卿(qing)士(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),也吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)利。你(ni)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),龜卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)贊(zan)(zan)(zan)(zan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),蓍(shi)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),卿(qing)士(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),庶(shu)民(min)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui),在(zai)國(guo)(guo)內行(xing)(xing)事(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)利,在(zai)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)行(xing)(xing)事(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)利。龜卜(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、蓍(shi)筮(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都(dou)與人意相(xiang)違,不(bu)做事(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)利,做事(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)兇險。

"八、一(yi)(yi)些征兆:一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)雨(yu)(yu),一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)晴,一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)暖,一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)寒(han)(han),一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)。一(yi)(yi)年(nian)中這(zhe)五種(zhong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣齊備,各根據時(shi)(shi)(shi)序發生(sheng),百(bai)草就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)茂盛(sheng),一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣過多就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)好;一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣過少,也不(bu)好。君(jun)王(wang)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)美好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征兆:一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)肅(su)敬,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)降雨(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)修(xiu)治(zhi)(zhi),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)晴朗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)明(ming)智(zhi),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)溫暖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)善謀,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)寒(han)(han)冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通圣,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刮(gua)風(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。君(jun)王(wang)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征兆:一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)狂(kuang)妄(wang),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)久雨(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愁(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)信,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)久晴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愁(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)逸豫,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)久暖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愁(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)嚴急,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)久寒(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愁(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);一(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)昏昧,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)久風(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愁(chou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。君(jun)王(wang)之所視察,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)包括四時(shi)(shi)(shi);卿(qing)士就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)月(yue)(yue)(yue),統(tong)(tong)屬于歲(sui)(sui);眾尹就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)日,統(tong)(tong)屬于月(yue)(yue)(yue)。假(jia)若(ruo)歲(sui)(sui)、月(yue)(yue)(yue)、日、時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系沒有改變,百(bai)谷(gu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)因此(ci)成熟(shu),政治(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)因此(ci)清(qing)明(ming),杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)因此(ci)顯(xian)揚,國(guo)家因此(ci)太平(ping)安寧。假(jia)若(ruo)日、月(yue)(yue)(yue)、歲(sui)(sui)、時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系全都改變,百(bai)谷(gu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)因此(ci)不(bu)能成熟(shu),政治(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)因此(ci)昏暗不(bu)明(ming),杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)因此(ci)不(bu)能重用,國(guo)家因此(ci)不(bu)得安寧。百(bai)姓(xing)好比星(xing)星(xing),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)喜歡風(feng)(feng)(feng),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)喜歡雨(yu)(yu)。太陽和(he)月(yue)(yue)(yue)亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有冬天(tian)(tian)(tian)和(he)夏(xia)天(tian)(tian)(tian)。月(yue)(yue)(yue)亮順從星(xing)星(xing),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要用風(feng)(feng)(feng)和(he)雨(yu)(yu)潤澤他們(men)。

"九(jiu)、五種幸(xing)(xing)福:一是(shi)長壽,二(er)是(shi)富,三是(shi)健康安寧,四(si)是(shi)遵行美德,五是(shi)高(gao)壽善終。六(liu)種不(bu)幸(xing)(xing)的事:一是(shi)早死(si),二(er)是(shi)疾病,三是(shi)憂愁,四(si)是(shi)貧窮(qiong),五是(shi)邪(xie)惡(e),六(liu)是(shi)不(bu)壯毅。"

《尚書》周書·洪范武王勝殷,殺受,立武庚,以箕子歸。作《洪范》。

惟十有三祀,王訪于箕子。王乃言曰:“嗚呼!箕子。惟天陰騭下民,相協厥居,我不知其彝倫攸敘。”

箕子乃言曰:“我聞在昔,鯀堙洪水,汩陳其五行。帝乃震怒,不畀‘洪范’九疇,彝倫攸斁。鯀則殛死,禹乃嗣興,天乃錫禹‘洪范’九疇,彝倫攸敘。

初一曰五行,次二曰敬用五事,次三曰農用八政,次四曰協用五紀,次五曰建用皇極,次六曰乂用三德,次七曰明用稽疑,次八曰念用庶征,次九曰向用五福,威用六極。

一、五行:一曰水,二曰火,三曰木,四曰金,五曰土。水曰潤下,火曰炎上,木曰曲直,金曰従革,土爰稼穡。潤下作咸,炎上作苦,曲直作酸,従革作辛,稼穡作甘。

二、五事:一曰貌,二曰言,三曰視,四曰聽,五曰思。貌曰恭,言曰従,視曰明,聽曰聰,思曰睿。恭作肅,従作乂,明作哲,聰作謀,睿作圣。

三、八政:一曰食,二曰貨,三曰祀,四曰司空,五曰司徒,六曰司寇,七日賓,八曰師。

四、五祀:一曰歲,二曰月,三曰日,四曰星辰,五曰歷數。

五、皇極:皇建其有極。斂時五福,用敷錫厥庶民。惟時厥庶民于汝極。錫汝保極:凡厥庶民,無有淫朋,人無有比德,惟皇作極。凡厥庶民,有猷有為有守,汝則念之。不協于極,不罹于咎,皇則受之。而康而色,曰:‘予攸好德。’汝則錫之福。時人斯其惟皇之極。無虐煢獨而畏高明,人之有能有為,使羞其行,而邦其昌。凡厥正人,既富方谷,汝弗能使有好于而家,時人斯其辜。于其無好德,汝雖錫之福,其作汝用咎。無偏無陂,遵王之義;無有作好,遵王之道;無有作惡,尊王之路。無偏無黨,王道蕩蕩;無黨無偏,王道平平;無反無側,王道正直。會其有極,歸其有極。曰:皇,極之敷言,是彝是訓,于帝其訓,凡厥庶民,極之敷言,是訓是行,以近天子之光。曰:天子作民父母,以為天下王。

六、三德:一曰正直,二曰剛克,三曰柔克。平康,正直;強弗友,剛克;燮友,柔克。沈潛,剛克;高明,柔克。惟辟作福,惟辟作威,惟辟玉食。臣無有作福、作威、玉食。臣之有作福、作威、玉食,其害于而家,兇于而國。人用側頗僻,民用僭忒。

七、稽疑:擇建立卜筮人,乃命十筮。曰雨,曰霽,曰蒙,曰驛,曰克,曰貞,曰悔,凡七。卜五,占用二,衍忒。立時人作卜筮,三人占,則従二人之言。汝則有大疑,謀及乃心,謀及卿士,謀及庶人,謀及卜筮。汝則従,龜従,筮従,卿士従,庶民従,是之謂大同。身其康強,子孫其逢,汝則従,龜従,筮従,卿士逆,庶民逆吉。卿士従,龜従,筮従,汝則逆,庶民逆,吉。庶民従,龜従,筮従,汝則逆,卿士逆,吉。汝則従,龜従,筮逆,卿士逆,庶民逆,作內吉,作外兇。龜筮共違于人,用靜吉,用作兇。

八、庶征:曰雨,曰旸,曰燠,曰寒,曰風。曰時五者來備,各以其敘,庶草蕃廡。一極備,兇;一極無,兇。曰休征;曰肅、時雨若;曰乂,時旸若;曰晰,時燠若;曰謀,時寒若;曰圣,時風若。曰咎征:曰狂,恒雨若;曰僭,恒旸若;曰豫,恒燠若;曰急,恒寒若;曰蒙,恒風若。曰王省惟歲,卿士惟月,師尹惟日。歲月日時無易,百谷用成,乂用民,俊民用章,家用平康。日月歲時既易,百谷用不成,乂用昏不明,俊民用微,家用不寧。庶民惟星,星有好風,星有好雨。日月之行,則有冬有夏。月之従星,則以風雨。

九、五福:一曰壽,二曰富,三曰康寧,四曰攸好德,五曰考終命。六極:一曰兇、短、折,二曰疾,三曰憂,四曰貧,五曰惡,六曰弱。

〖分器〗

武王(wang)既勝殷,邦諸侯(hou),班宗彝,作《分器》。

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