丹鼎派,又稱金丹道教,是對道教中以煉金丹求仙為主的各道派的通稱。最早由 古代的神仙家、方仙道發展而來。道教金丹思想是道教徒從事金丹活動的思想依據、 思想方法。金丹術是道教的一種重要方術,包括外丹黃白術和內丹術。丹(dan)(dan)鼎(ding)派流傳至 今的早期理論著作是《周易參同(tong)契(qi)》,該(gai)派奉(feng)為萬古丹(dan)(dan)經王,對(dui)后世煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)家(jia)影響極 大。魏晉時,葛洪進一步(bu)發展了金丹(dan)(dan)派神(shen)仙道教(jiao),對(dui)其作了理論上(shang)的總結。南北朝隋 唐(tang),丹(dan)(dan)鼎(ding)派以煉(lian)外(wai)丹(dan)(dan)為主要特征。宋元以后,由外(wai)丹(dan)(dan)轉(zhuan)向內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)。全真道南北宗都屬修 煉(lian)內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)。
丹鼎派(pai)從追求(qiu)長生不(bu)死(si)的目的出發,雖然理(li)想(xiang)高遠,罕有所及,但卻客觀上推動了我國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)化學(xue)冶煉、氣功養(yang)生學(xue)的發展,在中國(guo)科學(xue)技(ji)術史上留下了累累碩果。
丹鼎諸家精華
蕭天石:“道家修真之法,總不外三元丹法,即天元、地元、人元是。天元神 丹,立地飛升,惟百世不一遇耳。地元靈丹,點化黃白。惟世罕真傳。人元大丹,性 命雙修,陰陽鍛煉。超凡人圣,了當生死,莫過于此。前二者為外金丹法,后者為內 金丹法,丹經中亦有以修清靜者為天元丹法,修服食者為地元丹法,修陰陽者為人元 丹法。要以前述之分法為普遍。人元內丹,以文始派最高,以少陽派最大。文始派直 修虛無大道,以無為法而兼舉有為(wei)法,頓(dun)超直人(ren)(ren),了命(ming)而性亦因得了也(ye)。文(wen)始派(pai)(pai)曲高 和(he)寡,修者日希。少陽派(pai)(pai)則平(ping)易(yi)近人(ren)(ren),盡(jin)人(ren)(ren)可(ke)修,盡(jin)人(ren)(ren)可(ke)證,故得大行于世。其(qi)最著 者為(wei)南北兩(liang)派(pai)(pai),其(qi)后(hou)又有東派(pai)(pai)、西派(pai)(pai)、中派(pai)(pai)、青城派(pai)(pai)、崆峒(tong)派(pai)(pai)、三豐派(pai)(pai)、伍柳派(pai)(pai)、要 皆可(ke)以(yi)南北兩(liang)宗(zong)范(fan)疇之。余則不足道矣,且(qie)亦皆可(ke)并入兩(liang)宗(zong)之內也(ye)”(《道家養生學 概要》)。
大道淵于黃帝,而集大成于老子。丹家有所謂“文始最高,少陽最大”,“文始 少陽皆出老子”的說法。一傳尹文始,即關尹子。文始派以關尹子為宗祖,關尹子 名喜,曾為關令,與老子同時,老子之道德經五千言,系應其請而撰著者。劉向謂: “喜著書凡九篇,名關令子廣《漢書?藝文志》著錄《關尹子》九篇,舊題周尹喜 撰。亦即后世所謂之《文始真經》也。其著是書,當在老子《道德經》后,而道亦 近似,故《莊子?天下篇》敘古之道術以老子與關尹子并述。其大要在貴本重神,澹然無為,清靜自守,獨任虛無,隨物因應。故亦即先秦之純粹哲學派,或純粹道學 派。尹傳麻衣(即李名和),李傳陳希夷,陳傳火龍真人,是為文始一派。一傳王少 陽,開全真教一派。王傳鐘離權,鐘傳呂純陽。呂祖首傳王重陽,重陽傳丘長春,開 北宗,又稱龍門派。呂祖嗣又傳劉海蟾,海蟾傳張紫陽,開南宗,是為紫陽一派 (按:海蟾亦曾以丹法傳希夷,遞傳至張三豐,開(kai)一(yi)新脈)。至(zhi)若(ruo)晉(jin)之(zhi)抱(bao)(bao)樸(pu)子葛洪, 梁之(zhi)陶隱居宏景,均抱(bao)(bao)高(gao)世之(zhi)學,懷(huai)王佐之(zhi)才(cai),對于丹道學術,多所述著,傳世不 絕(jue),惟(wei)非(fei)此脈脈相傳承內者也。
—、鐘呂派
鐘呂派煉虛合(he)道采取(qu)五氣朝(chao)元、五液朝(chao)元、三陽聚頂和(he)一(yi)意守(shou)中的方法來完成。
鐘(zhong)離權說(shuo):“五氣朝(chao)(chao)于(yu)(yu)中元(yuan)(yuan),從君火以超(chao)人院。下元(yuan)(yuan)陰中之(zhi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang),其(qi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)無陰,升(sheng)而(er)(er) 聚(ju)于(yu)(yu)神(shen)宮(gong)(gong)。中元(yuan)(yuan)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)中之(zhi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang),其(qi)陰無生,升(sheng)而(er)(er)聚(ju)于(yu)(yu)神(shen)宮(gong)(gong)。黃(huang)庭大(da)藥(yao),陰盡純陽(yang)(yang)(yang),聚(ju)而(er)(er)升(sheng) 在神(shen)宮(gong)(gong)。五液朝(chao)(chao)于(yu)(yu)下元(yuan)(yuan),五氣朝(chao)(chao)于(yu)(yu)中元(yuan)(yuan),三陽(yang)(yang)(yang)朝(chao)(chao)于(yu)(yu)上(shang)元(yuan)(yuan)。朝(chao)(chao)元(yuan)(yuan)既畢,功(gong)(gong)滿三千,或而(er)(er) 鶴舞于(yu)(yu)頂中,或而(er)(er)龍飛于(yu)(yu)身內(nei)(nei)。但聞嘹亮(liang)樂聲,又睹(du)仙花亂墜,紫庭盤桓(huan),真香馥 郁。三千功(gong)(gong)滿,不為塵(chen)世之(zhi)人;一炷香消,已作蓬瀛之(zhi)客,乃曰超(chao)凡入(ru)圣(sheng)而(er)(er)脫質升(sheng) 仙”(見(jian)《鐘(zhong)呂(lv)傳道(dao)集(ji)?論煉形》)。朝(chao)(chao)元(yuan)(yuan)功(gong)(gong)夫完成(cheng)后,要“一意(yi)不散,神(shen)識(shi)俱妙。靜 中常聞樂聲,如夢(meng)(meng)非夢(meng)(meng)。若(ruo)在虛無之(zhi)境(jing)。風光景物(wu)不比塵(chen)俗,繁華美麗勝過人世。樓 臺宮(gong)(gong)闕,碧(bi)瓦凝煙。珠翠(cui)綺羅,馨香成(cheng)陣(zhen)。當此之(zhi)時,乃日超(chao)內(nei)(nei)院,而(er)(er)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)神(shen)方(fang)得聚(ju)會 而(er)(er)還上(shang)丹(dan),煉神(shen)成(cheng)仙以合大(da)道(dao)。一撞天門,金光影里以現法(fa)身,鬧花深人而(er)(er)坐凡體。 乘(cheng)空如履平川,萬里若(ruo)同展臂者(zhe)也。復再入(ru)本軀,神(shen)與形合,天地齊其(qi)長久者(zhe)也。
厭居塵(chen)(chen)世,寄下凡胎而返十洲。于(yu)紫府(fu)太微真君處,契勘鄉原,對會名姓(xing),較量(liang) 功行之(zhi)高下,得居三島,而遨游永在(zai)于(yu)風塵(chen)(chen)之(zhi)外,其名曰超塵(chen)(chen)脫凡(見《鐘呂傳道 集(ji)?論朝(chao)元》)。
南世常稱南五(wu)祖(zu)者,系(xi)由張(zhang)(zhang)紫(zi)陽(yang)(yang)開其(qi)法派,張(zhang)(zhang)傳(chuan)(chuan)石杏林,石傳(chuan)(chuan)薜道光,薜傳(chuan)(chuan)陳(chen)泥 丸,陳(chen)傳(chuan)(chuan)白(bai)玉蟾。總是(shi)(shi)南方人(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)稱南五(wu)祖(zu)。張(zhang)(zhang)祖(zu)又(you)(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)劉永年,玉蟾又(you)(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)彭鶴林,均 為(wei)(wei)(wei)不世之杰出人(ren)(ren)(ren)物,故又(you)(you)合(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南七(qi)真(zhen)(zhen)。此派修(xiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei),以(yi)陰(yin)陽(yang)(yang)雙(shuang)修(xiu),亦(yi)即男女雙(shuang)修(xiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu), 故其(qi)丹法重在命功,回陽(yang)(yang)換骨,采鉛接命,太乙(yi)歸真(zhen)(zhen),片晌工(gong)夫可(ke)成(cheng)(cheng)。中老年人(ren)(ren)(ren)破體 之身,修(xiu)此較宜。又(you)(you)北七(qi)真(zhen)(zhen)中,馬(ma)真(zhen)(zhen)究為(wei)(wei)(wei)陰(yin)陽(yang)(yang)所成(cheng)(cheng),故另開一支(zhi),馬(ma)傳(chuan)(chuan)宋(song)德芳(fang),宋(song)傳(chuan)(chuan) 李(li)雙(shuang)玉,李(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)張(zhang)(zhang)紫(zi)陽(yang)(yang),張(zhang)(zhang)傳(chuan)(chuan)趙友欽(緣督(du)子),趙傳(chuan)(chuan)陳(chen)觀吾(上陽(yang)(yang)子)。至(zhi)南宗始祖(zu), 則均尊(zun)海蟾真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)劉操。大張(zhang)(zhang)法車則始于紫(zi)陽(yang)(yang)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。此派以(yi)張(zhang)(zhang)紫(zi)陽(yang)(yang)之《悟(wu)真(zhen)(zhen)》為(wei)(wei)(wei)圣經。 而《白(bai)玉蟾全(quan)集(ji)》,亦(yi)名重道林。白(bai)著全(quan)近禪理,尤切清修(xiu),為(wei)(wei)(wei)世所尊(zun)。
閔(min)一(yi)得說:“金丹只須還虛合道,遂合真元。何(he)須用意,修煉有復性復命之(zhi)煩, 只因(yin)生(sheng)身之(zhi)后,七竅已(yi)竅竅通靈(ling)。不(bu)能常最于一(yi)竅,以致混沌(dun)破而為知,知而復轉(zhuan)而 成識(shi),從(cong)此心(xin)感(gan)于物而成識(shi)”(見閔(min)一(yi)得《還源(yuan)篇闡微》)。
其方(fang)法為(wei):“始而(er)相依,漸而(er)蟄(zhe)藏(zang)(zang),從此相依于無,相依遂并蟄(zhe)藏(zang)(zang),于無可蟄(zhe)藏(zang)(zang) 之際,是為(wei)相忘,湛然常寂(ji),即(ji)(ji)是化虛(xu),到了(le)寂(ji)無所(suo)寂(ji),即(ji)(ji)是煉虛(xu)合(he)道也。” “可以 長生(sheng)久視,智周萬類,澤流永世(shi),參(can)天兩(liang)地(di),中(zhong)立為(wei)三(san)。故白(bai)子有言曰:人(ren)若不(bu)為(wei)形 所(suo)累,眼(yan)前即(ji)(ji)是大羅天。
文曰:忘(wang)形以養炁(qi),忘(wang)炁(qi)以養神,忘(wang)神以養虛,忘(wang)虛以合道(dao),即(ji)此忘(wang)之一(yi)字,便 是(shi)無(wu)物(wu)也”(同上(shang))。這就是(shi)說打破一(yi)切,與(yu)道(dao)合體。
煉虛(xu)合道后的境界是:“陽神離體,冥冥窈(yao)窈(yao),剎(cha)那間游遍三島,出人純熟,按 捺住(zhu)別尋,玄(xuan)妙合真(zhen),空虛(xu)無事了”(見陳(chen)致虛(xu)《陳(chen)虛(xu)白(bai)規中(zhong)指南(nan)》)。
南宗(zong)丹(dan)法特點及與北(bei)宗(zong)的區別有:
1.南宗特別重(zhong)視(shi)“由無生有,重(zhong)在(zai)有物(wu)”的丹法要訣。其人手(shou)功夫是(shi)追求“有 象”、“有物(wu)”、“有精”、“有信”之(zhi)效驗。而北(bei)宗功夫從“為(wei)學日益(yi),為(wei)道日損”句(ju) 起修,欲通過“九層煉心(xin)”追求一無染滯的元神。
2.南(nan)宗(zong)丹(dan)法是“先(xian)命(ming)后性,重在(zai)命(ming)功”,北宗(zong)丹(dan)法是“先(xian)性后命(ming),重在(zai)性功”, 這是南(nan)北丹(dan)法的根本區別。陰(yin)陽(男女)雙修和清凈孤(gu)修并(bing)非南(nan)北二宗(zong)的根本區別。
3.南(nan)宗強調煉丹(dan)應“由后(hou)天(tian)轉先天(tian),借假修真”,清(qing)修丹(dan)法和陰陽(yang)丹(dan)法皆可走(zou) 通。其命(ming)功完成后(hou)不著意煉性功也(ye)可健身(shen),而北宗性功完成后(hou)尚須命(ming)功成就方能結 丹(dan)。
4.南宗丹法強調“返璞(pu)歸真,以簡馭(yu)繁,慢中(zhong)求快,依訣(jue)而(er)煉”,其人手根本(ben)法 訣(jue)是(shi)“收(shou)視返聽,凝神人炁,調息綿(mian)綿(mian),心息相依”。郭(guo)武(wu)教授則(ze)認為(wei)南北(bei)宗除在對 待修行之(zhi)“性(xing)”、“命”秩(zhi)序(xu)上略(lve)有差異外,其余思想理(li)(li)論大致是(shi)相同(tong)的。二者(zhe)都宣 揚“道”是(shi)世(shi)界觀的根源和本(ben)體,將“道”等同(tong)于(yu)“心”,都滑入了主(zhu)觀唯心主(zhu)義陣 營;二者(zhe)皆主(zhu)張“無為(wei)而(er)通靈”的神秘主(zhu)義認識(shi)論;二者(zhe)也都認同(tong)行善積德、忠(zhong)孝 仁義的倫理(li)(li)價值觀。南北(bei)二宗的思想理(li)(li)論最終是(shi)服務于(yu)其得道成仙信仰。
三、北派
世稱(cheng)北(bei)(bei)七(qi)(qi)真(zhen)者,即丘長春(chun)處(chu)機(ji),劉(liu)長生(sheng)處(chu)傳(chuan),譚(tan)長真(zhen)處(chu)端,馬丹(dan)(dan)陽(yang)處(chu)鈺,郝廣(guang)寧(ning) 太古,王(wang)玉(yu)陽(yang)處(chu)一(yi),孫清(qing)(qing)靜(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)二(丹(dan)(dan)陽(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻)。七(qi)(qi)真(zhen)又稱(cheng)七(qi)(qi)祖,皆重陽(yang)弟子。七(qi)(qi)祖中(zhong) 廣(guang)開法(fa)派(pai)(pai),奠定北(bei)(bei)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基者為(wei)(wei)長春(chun)真(zhen)人。此派(pai)(pai)上采(cai)易(yi)理,旁涉禪宗(zong),而(er)一(yi)歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)道。 微妙亦通,廣(guang)大悉(xi)備(bei)。要在以清(qing)(qing)靜(jing)單修(xiu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)旨。北(bei)(bei)宗(zong)始,則(ze)均(jun)尊稱(cheng)重陽(yang)真(zhen)人王(wang)喆。此 派(pai)(pai)經典之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最著(zhu)者,除(chu)七(qi)(qi)真(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)著(zhu)述語(yu)錄(lu)外,即為(wei)(wei)金蓋山刊行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《古書隱(yin)樓藏書;K北(bei)(bei)派(pai)(pai)工法(fa),專主(zhu)清(qing)(qing)靜(jing)無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei),而(er)一(yi)以“悟道全真(zhen)”為(wei)(wei)上乘(cheng)(cheng)旨意;故能(neng)大宏“全真(zhen) 教派(pai)(pai)”,又簡稱(cheng)“真(zhen)宗(zong)”。蓋體清(qing)(qing)凈無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨,全在悟真(zhen)一(yi)事(shi)耳。雖曰清(qing)(qing)凈無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei),其(qi) 下手法(fa)則(ze)全在清(qing)(qing)凈二字(zi),能(neng)得(de)真(zhen)清(qing)(qing)凈,自(zi)(zi)可(ke)無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)矣。馬丹(dan)(dan)陽(yang)有(you)云:“三十六導引,二 十四還丹(dan)(dan),比乃人道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漸(jian)門,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)便人大道。若(ruo)窮(qiong)法(fa)于(yu)爐灶,取象于(yu)龜蛇,乃無(wu)(wu)事(shi)生(sheng) 事(shi),性上添偽也。”此皆誤人甚矣!神氣須在自(zi)(zi)身(shen)中(zhong)煉養,火(huo)符(fu)須在自(zi)(zi)身(shen)中(zhong)生(sheng)用,以 至(zhi)過關服食(shi),結胎脫胎,了當虛(xu)無(wu)(wu):無(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)盡(jin)集一(yi)身(shen)。仙道種(zhong)子,人人具有(you),個個現 成,不(bu)(bu)(bu)假外求(qiu),故一(yi)以自(zi)(zi)修(xiu)、自(zi)(zi)煉、自(zi)(zi)成、自(zi)(zi)證為(wei)(wei)上乘(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)旨。
四、東派
東派(pai)為明嘉靖隆慶間淮(huai)海陸潛(qian)虛(xu)真人所(suo)創,亦稱為呂(lv)祖(zu)親(qin)傳。陸潛(qian)虛(xu)名西星,號 長庚。早歲事舉(ju)子業,瑰瑋世(shi)林,后(hou)究金火,翹楚玄(xuan)門。于修真期中,曾親(qin)感呂(lv)祖(zu)降 于其(qi)(qi)家,留(liu)“北(bei)海草(cao)堂” 二十日(ri),得其(qi)(qi)丹法(fa),以陰陽雙(shuang)修為宗,而開(kai)東派(pai)。以所(suo)著 《方壺(hu)外史叢編》十五(wu)種,而闡丹法(fa),精深(shen)奧妙(miao),玄(xuan)微莫測。其(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)修丹法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)精密(mi),訣 要之(zhi)(zhi)上徹,較密(mi)宗雙(shuang)身法(fa)有過之(zhi)(zhi)而無不及。至馴道人稱其(qi)(qi)著述(shu),“洞曉陰陽,深(shen)達(da)造 化,發(fa)群經之(zhi)(zhi)秘奧,揭千圣(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)微傳,乃修玄(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)正脈(mo),度世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)慈航(hang)也(ye)。”誠為憑心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi) 論。
東(dong)派(pai)煉虛合道(dao)用周(zhou)(zhou)天火府圖(tu)和還(huan)元圖(tu)來(lai)形容(rong)。周(zhou)(zhou)天火府圖(tu)稱(cheng)“進退符火,周(zhou)(zhou)天 數卦,三百功(gong)圓,脫胎神化(hua)”,強調“此中得意須忘象,若(ruo)究群爻謾役情”見陸西星 《金(jin)丹(dan)大旨(zhi)圖(tu)》。就是說采取進陽火退陰符的方法,來(lai)烹(peng)煉和溫養金(jin)丹(dan)。還(huan)元圖(tu)稱(cheng) “三年九載,面壁功(gong)深,返于(yu)無極(ji),與(yu)道(dao)合真(zhen)”同(tong)上。陸西星認為“功(gong)夫到此一句(ju)說 不得,一字用不著”(同(tong)上)。就是說功(gong)夫煉到此步,即可以(yi)沖(chong)關,沖(chong)關后便是與(yu)逍 合一,化(hua)為仙真(zhen)。
五、西派
西(xi)派為李涵虛(xu)真人(ren)所創,亦稱為呂祖直傳。雖亦為陰(yin)陽二品大(da)丹(dan),然較(jiao)之東派, 則又略有遜(xun)焉,以(yi)其(qi)丹(dan)法(fa)較(jiao)為嚴繁也。惟(wei)仍可統(tong)屬于南(nan)宗。其(qi)所分全在用(yong)鼎(ding)成丹(dan)之工 程法(fa),及其(qi)接命(ming)之術,略有異耳。
李初名元(yuan)植,后改名西月,涵虛,其字也,又(you)字團陽,涵虛則較為世(shi)(shi)所善(shan)知(zhi)。李 為四川樂山長乙(yi)山人(ren),曾于(yu)峨嵋山遇呂(lv)祖(zu)于(yu)禪院,密付真(zhen)旨(zhi),卒得成道(dao)于(yu)清咸豐(feng)(feng)丙 辰,時在民(min)(min)國(guo)紀(ji)元(yuan)前約六十余年。李初事孫教鸞真(zhen)人(ren)高弟鄭樸山,得其口(kou)訣;在未(wei)遇 呂(lv)祖(zu)指點前,亦曾遇三豐(feng)(feng)祖(zu),故從事三豐(feng)(feng)派丹(dan)法甚久,且有獨得之秘,其編訂之 《三豐(feng)(feng)全(quan)集》,與呂(lv)祖(zu)年譜(pu)圣跡之《海(hai)山奇(qi)遇》,卓具(ju)匠(jiang)心,風行一世(shi)(shi),迄民(min)(min)初尤未(wei)稍 衰。李于(yu)成道(dao)后,曾潛心注釋《太上十三經(jing)(jing)》、《大洞(dong)老仙經(jing)(jing)發明》,及(ji)《二注無根樹 道(dao)情詞(ci)》。最后并著有《道(dao)竅談》、《三車秘旨(zhi)》、《文終經(jing)(jing)》、《后天串(chuan)述》、《圓嶠內(nei) 篇》五種,后一書則今已(yi)失傳(chuan)矣。
西派稱煉神還虛(xu)后,更上一(yi)層(ceng),與(yu)道合真。移神上院,端拱冥(ming)心,直要與(yu)大虛(xu)同 體,普照(zhao)大千世界。如此則(ze)法身圓滿,舍利交光,分身應(ying)用,充周不(bu)窮。所(suo)謂子(zi)子(zi)孫 孫,百千萬化(hua)。至此應(ying)時(shi)立功,則(ze)身歸三清,道超九(jiu)祖。
西派(pai)(pai)(pai)及東(dong)派(pai)(pai)(pai)與(yu)南(nan)派(pai)(pai)(pai)同,均為陰(yin)陽二(er)品大丹法,且系為上乘(cheng)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)法而(er)不流于下乘(cheng),法 嚴而(er)旨(zhi)正。單修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)一派(pai)(pai)(pai)家(jia)(jia)法,當可(ke)人(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)證真(zhen);如(ru)有(you)會通為用,擇長舍短,則(ze)(ze)更(geng)可(ke)扶(fu)搖直(zhi) 上矣(yi)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)本圓融,切(qie)不可(ke)執(zhi)見執(zhi)法,執(zhi)則(ze)(ze)滯,滯則(ze)(ze)活(huo)法亦(yi)為死法,活(huo)訣(jue)亦(yi)為死訣(jue)矣(yi)。 人(ren)之(zhi)心性與(yu)資質不齊,宜于何(he)(he)派(pai)(pai)(pai)工法,即修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)何(he)(he)派(pai)(pai)(pai)可(ke)也;若執(zhi)此(ci)以(yi)非彼(bi)(bi),亦(yi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)限耳(er)。如(ru) 北七真(zhen)同為王(wang)祖重陽之(zhi)傳(chuan),且系同時為人(ren)室(shi)弟子,復均主清(qing)凈,而(er)劉(liu)祖則(ze)(ze)在妓院修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu) 為,丘祖則(ze)(ze)一味枯坐,而(er)丹陽與(yu)孫不二(er)真(zhen)人(ren)又屬陰(yin)陽所成。南(nan)五祖同為劉(liu)祖海蟾及張 祖紫(zi)陽所傳(chuan),然薛道(dao)(dao)(dao)光禪(chan)師(shi)則(ze)(ze)棄禪(chan)還俗,以(yi)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)陰(yin)陽,而(er)白玉禪(chan)真(zhen)人(ren)則(ze)(ze)自(zi)(zi)(zi)幼出(chu)家(jia)(jia),終(zhong)身 云水。南(nan)北二(er)派(pai)(pai)(pai)中(zhong)人(ren)如(ru)是(shi),東(dong)西二(er)派(pai)(pai)(pai)又何(he)(he)獨不然?故切(qie)不可(ke)是(shi)此(ci)非彼(bi)(bi),自(zi)(zi)(zi)囿自(zi)(zi)(zi)限,以(yi) 自(zi)(zi)(zi)礙其成也。
六、中派
中(zhong)派(pai)以(yi)(yi)李(li)道(dao)(dao)(dao)純、黃元(yuan)吉(ji)、尹(yin)(yin)真人(ren)師弟為其(qi)中(zhong)巨擘(bo)。李(li)著(zhu)有《中(zhong)和集》,選編有 《道(dao)(dao)(dao)統大成集》。黃著(zhu)有《樂育堂語(yu)錄》,及《老子(zi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德經精義(yi)》、《道(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)語(yu)要》等(deng)書, 雖亦純主(zhu)清凈(jing)修為,然(ran)主(zhu)援儒(ru)以(yi)(yi)人(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao),本儒(ru)以(yi)(yi)釋道(dao)(dao)(dao)為主(zhu)旨(zhi),而微(wei)(wei)始終以(yi)(yi)“守中(zhong)” 一(yi)(yi)(yi) 著(zhu)為訣(jue)法。宋儒(ru)常(chang)教(jiao)人(ren)守喜怒(nu)哀(ai)樂未發之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),全系宗主(zhu)于堯舜(shun)禹湯文武周公孔子(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)脈 相承(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)十六字(zi)心(xin)法也(ye)。“人(ren)心(xin)惟(wei)危,道(dao)(dao)(dao)心(xin)惟(wei)微(wei)(wei),惟(wei)精惟(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi),允執厥中(zhong)。”雖曰十六字(zi), 實(shi)只一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi),此一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)心(xin)法,即(ji)“中(zhong)”也(ye)。尹(yin)(yin)真人(ren)師弟著(zhu)有《性命圭旨(zhi)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)書,全旨(zhi)雖 在(zai)三家(jia)合參(can)而一(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)體用(yong),然(ran)要亦對(dui)儒(ru)家(jia)佚傳(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)命功,多隱隱有抉微(wei)(wei)者在(zai)也(ye)。此派(pai)對(dui)儒(ru) 門(men)中(zhong)人(ren)修持,易為人(ren)手有得,以(yi)(yi)其(qi)行文立說,著(zhu)旨(zhi)相近,一(yi)(yi)(yi)反(fan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)全以(yi)(yi)鉛(qian)汞龍虎(hu)等(deng) 等(deng)之(zhi)(zhi)“喻體假用(yong)”之(zhi)(zhi)旨(zhi)趣,故(gu)視之(zhi)(zhi)為“教(jiao)外別傳(chuan)”,當無(wu)不可。至著(zhu)《毅一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)》之(zhi)(zhi)楊(yang) 毅廷,則完全是以(yi)(yi)儒(ru)說道(dao)(dao)(dao)矣。
中派煉虛合道,黃元(yuan)吉認(ren)為,神(shen)生(sheng)炁(qi)、炁(qi)生(sheng)神(shen)后,“如此神(shen)炁(qi)交養(yang),兩(liang)兩(liang)相生(sheng), 斯時(shi)正(zheng)宜撒手(shou)成空,不(bu)粘不(bu)脫,心(xin)若(ruo)無(wu)意……合乎天地盈(ying)虛消息(xi)”《道德經講義》。
李(li)涵虛(xu)注解(jie)張三豐《無(wu)根樹詞》認為,煉丹(dan)至于(yu)空(kong)(kong),已經算(suan)是盡善盡美了。然(ran) 而(er)(er)會有真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)之念,又會有法(fa)相(xiang)之念,正如(ru)太(tai)上老(lao)君(jun)所(suo)(suo)說(shuo):“觀空(kong)(kong)亦(yi)空(kong)(kong),空(kong)(kong)無(wu)所(suo)(suo)空(kong)(kong),所(suo)(suo) 空(kong)(kong)既(ji)無(wu),無(wu)無(wu)亦(yi)無(wu)”《太(tai)上老(lao)君(jun)說(shuo)常(chang)清(qing)凈經》。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)要(yao)湛(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)然(ran)常(chang)寂,才算(suan)得上是大超(chao)脫、 大解(jie)悟、大清(qing)凈、大圓覺。因為湛(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)然(ran)有而(er)(er)若空(kong)(kong),空(kong)(kong)而(er)(er)且(qie)無(wu),不可以(yi)(yi)用具(ju)體事物來形 容(rong)。前一(yi)階段的功夫還有金精(jing)、黃芽等(deng)(deng)名稱(cheng),湛(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)然(ran)卻沒有任何名稱(cheng),猶如(ru)空(kong)(kong)谷傳聲(sheng)(sheng), 聲(sheng)(sheng)聲(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)應(ying),這(zhe)(zhe)就是湛(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)然(ran)的奧妙,藏于(yu)無(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)煉虛(xu)合(he)道必以(yi)(yi)道為體,又必以(yi)(yi)無(wu)擒(qin), 入于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)間虛(xu)無(wu)之境(jing),大造(zao)、大化(hua)之中(zhong)(zhong),起動周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)三昧(mei)真(zhen)火(huo)(huo),鍛煉元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen),使(shi)虛(xu)空(kong)(kong)法(fa)身返 于(yu)太(tai)無(wu)。此(ci)太(tai)無(wu)為圣真(zhen)之境(jing),玉清(qing)混(hun)洞(dong)大無(wu)天(tian)(tian)、上清(qing)赤(chi)化(hua)太(tai)無(wu)天(tian)(tian)。煉成(cheng)仙道,只要(yao)授 受太(tai)清(qing)官秩(zhi),便(bian)能夠(gou)返于(yu)太(tai)無(wu),可以(yi)(yi)先朝(chao)(chao)拜道德(de)天(tian)(tian)尊,再朝(chao)(chao)拜靈寶天(tian)(tian)尊,最后朝(chao)(chao)拜元(yuan)(yuan) 始天(tian)(tian)尊。要(yao)做(zuo)到這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)步,必須鍛煉真(zhen)空(kong)(kong),要(yao)用周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)三昧(mei)真(zhen)火(huo)(huo)。此(ci)周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)并非(fei)河(he)車功夫, 而(er)(er)是任天(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)動,空(kong)(kong)寂盤旋,深造(zao)密化(hua),道法(fa)自然(ran)。三昧(mei)真(zhen)火(huo)(huo)并非(fei)陽火(huo)(huo),而(er)(er)是天(tian)(tian)一(yi)、±也 二合(he)而(er)(er)為三。人于(yu)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之中(zhong)(zhong),立(li)鼎安爐,神(shen)冥(ming)氣漠,以(yi)(yi)仙煉仙,而(er)(er)成(cheng)天(tian)(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)丹(dan)。等(deng)(deng)到 功德(de)圓滿,便(bian)可上朝(chao)(chao)三天(tian)(tian),謁仙卿、受天(tian)(tian)符,或封(feng)為真(zhen)君(jun),或封(feng)為帝君(jun),或封(feng)為五岳 名山洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)福地(di)(di)師(shi)相(xiang)、逸仙等(deng)(deng)職,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)才算(suan)是真(zhen)正地(di)(di)達到了煉虛(xu)合(he)道的地(di)(di)步(見李(li)涵 虛(xu)《道竅談?三車秘(mi)旨》)。
七、三豐派
三(san)豐派認為煉(lian)虛(xu)合(he)道需(xu)要面(mian)(mian)壁(bi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian),有(you)訣說(shuo):“九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)面(mian)(mian)壁(bi)養神體(ti),默默昏昏如煉(lian) 己。無(wu)束無(wu)拘(ju)得自由,隨緣隨分(fen)能知止。心同(tong)日月(yue)大輝光,我與(yu)乾坤為表里(li)。打破虛(xu) 空(kong)不等閑,收(shou)拾六合(he)一(yi)黍米(《張三(san)豐全集(ji)?玄要篇上?面(mian)(mian)壁(bi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)》)。這就(jiu)是說(shuo)在(zai)九(jiu) 年(nian)(nian)面(mian)(mian)壁(bi)的過(guo)程中,要自然(ran)(ran)而然(ran)(ran),就(jiu)像煉(lian)己筑時一(yi)樣,無(wu)拘(ju)無(wu)束,心同(tong)死灰,體(ti)合(he)陰 陽,打破虛(xu)空(kong),具體(ti)過(guo)程為:換(huan)鼎分(fen)胎、轉制通靈(ling)、九(jiu)轉靈(ling)變、修煉(lian)天元、瀟灑優 游(you)。
(一)換鼎(ding)分(fen)胎。訣說:“重(zhong)安爐鼎(ding)立(li)坤乾(qian)(qian),巧手移(yi)丹人上田(tian)。道德(de)崇高神(shen)益邁,虛空粉碎(sui)(sui)法無邊。從(cong)今(jin)易舍還成(cheng)質(zhi),以后分(fen)胎又人玄。兒(er)養孫兮(xi)孫養子,老翁(weng)老母一 齊仙”(《張(zhang)二(er)豐全集?玄要篇h ?換鼎(ding)分(fen)胎》)。就(jiu)是(shi)說重(zhong)先安爐立(li)鼎(ding),運轉乾(qian)(qian)坤, 巧妙(miao)地(di)將丹胎移(yi)到上丹田(tian),含(han)養自己的道德(de),就(jiu)可(ke)以粉碎(sui)(sui)虛空,從(cong)此就(jiu)能夠(gou)移(yi)神(shen)出 殼(ke),分(fen)胎化形,成(cheng)就(jiu)千萬億化身。'
(二)轉(zhuan)制(zhi)通(tong)(tong)靈(ling)。訣說:“養得玄孫漸(jian)長成,強(qiang)宗勝祖善謀營(ying)。昨宵燈下逢佳(jia)偶, 今日堂前產(chan)俊英(ying)。個個孩兒森玉樹,飄(piao)(piao)飄(piao)(piao)仙嗣簇金莖。一(yi)班勝似連城璧,無稅良田只 自耕”(《張三豐(feng)全集?玄要篇上?轉(zhuan)制(zhi)通(tong)(tong)靈(ling)》)。就是(shi)說千萬億化身漸(jian)漸(jian)形成,并且 溫養壯大后(hou)勝于元胎,每個化身就像茂密的大樹枝葉(xie)一(yi)樣簇擁著(zhu)主干(gan)。其中的奧(ao)妙只 有通(tong)(tong)過(guo)切身體驗才能夠領會(hui)到。
(三)九轉(zhuan)(zhuan)靈(ling)(ling)變。訣(jue)說:“九轉(zhuan)(zhuan)丹砂歲月深,養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)舍利鬼神(shen)欽。一(yi)爐(lu)白雪(xue)渾如玉, 滿(man)鼎黃(huang)芽(ya)勝似金。曾見鸞飛和(he)鳳舞(wu),但看虎晡與龍吟。五金八(ba)石皆成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寶(bao),還煉天元(yuan)拔 飛宅”(《張(zhang)三豐全集?玄(xuan)要篇上(shang)?九轉(zhuan)(zhuan)靈(ling)(ling)變》)。就(jiu)是(shi)說通過(guo)九轉(zhuan)(zhuan)還丹的功夫后,仙(xian) 胎養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),潔白如雪(xue),赤黃(huang)如金,進一(yi)步修煉就(jiu)是(shi)脫(tuo)胎拔宅飛升的功夫,也就(jiu)是(shi)修煉天 元(yuan)的功夫。
(四)修煉天(tian)(tian)(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。訣說:“天(tian)(tian)(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)丹品(pin)問誰(shui)知,有自(zi)(zi)(zi)無(wu)生(sheng)世所稀。天(tian)(tian)(tian)地為爐真(zhen)造化, 陰陽(yang)作藥(yao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)玄微。雞餐(can)變鶴(he)青云去,犬(quan)食成龍(long)白(bai)晝飛。到此方稱高妙極,許(xu)君(jun)攜手(shou)一(yi) 同(tong)歸”(《張三豐(feng)全(quan)集?玄要篇上?修煉天(tian)(tian)(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》)。就(jiu)是說修煉天(tian)(tian)(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)功夫只能靠自(zi)(zi)(zi)己 去體悟,就(jiu)像無(wu)中生(sheng)有一(yi)樣,以天(tian)(tian)(tian)為爐,陰陽(yang)為藥(yao),自(zi)(zi)(zi)然能夠造就(jiu)靈(ling)胎。功夫至此, 就(jiu)能夠像許(xu)真(zhen)君(jun)一(yi)樣,攜同(tong)雞犬(quan),白(bai)日飛升。
(五)瀟灑(sa)優游。訣說(shuo):“道人久已泯(min)耳目(mu),瀟灑(sa)自如(ru)脫拘束。朝從(cong)扶桑日頭起, 暮(mu)去(qu)昆侖云腳宿。青牛過(guo)關知兒(er)年(nian),此道分(fen)明在眼前。昨夜瑤琴三疊后(hou),一天風冷月 娟(juan)娟(juan)”(《張三豐全集?玄要篇上?瀟灑(sa)優游》)。就(jiu)是說(shuo)脫胎成仙(xian)后(hou),就(jiu)可以瀟灑(sa)自 如(ru)、無(wu)拘無(wu)朿、優閑自在地游覽于人間仙(xian)境之中。
八、伍柳派
伍(wu)柳(liu)派稱煉虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)合道為粉(fen)碎(sui)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)。柳(liu)華陽(yang)說:“一片光輝周法界,虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)朗(lang)徹天心 耀;雙忘寂凈最(zui)靈虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),海(hai)水澄清(qing)潭(tan)月溶”(《慧命經?粉(fen)碎(sui)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)圖》)。就(jiu)是說粉(fen)碎(sui)了 虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)心,即無(wu)(wu)心于(yu)(yu)(yu)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong),做到(dao)本體(ti)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong),并安本體(ti)于(yu)(yu)(yu)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong),得先天虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)無(wu)(wu)之(zhi)陽(yang)神,合 于(yu)(yu)(yu)遍布萬化、無(wu)(wu)所不在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大道之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)。也就(jiu)是達到(dao)了 “不生不滅,云散(san)碧空(kong)(kong)(kong)山色凈; 無(wu)(wu)去(qu)無(wu)(wu)來,慧歸禪定月輪(lun)孤(gu)”(《慧命經?粉(fen)碎(sui)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)圖》)的真境(jing)界。這其中(zhong)(zhong)關鍵在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu) “寂靜” 二字,不著于(yu)(yu)(yu)法,不著于(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang),任何方法都(dou)不必(bi)用,也就(jiu)是從有入無(wu)(wu),無(wu)(wu)無(wu)(wu)既 無(wu)(wu),與道同(tong)體(ti)。
九、千峰派
千(qian)峰派稱(cheng)煉(lian)(lian)虛(xu)(xu)合道(dao)為(wei)(wei)粉(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong),是(shi)(shi)撒(sa)手(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。是(shi)(shi)由漸法(fa)而(er)(er)(er)人(ren)頓(dun)法(fa),由有為(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)人(ren)無(wu)(wu)(wu) 為(wei)(wei),由不(bu)空(kong)(kong)而(er)(er)(er)人(ren)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)。訣(jue)曰:“打破虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)消息路,我登彼岸不(bu)用舟。煉(lian)(lian)神還虛(xu)(xu)千(qian)變(bian) 化,撒(sa)手(shou)(shou)虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)是(shi)(shi)金身。煉(lian)(lian)就這(zhe)(zhe)個不(bu)壞體(ti),十方世界歸化身。撒(sa)手(shou)(shou)逍遙是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)個,這(zhe)(zhe)個虛(xu)(xu) 空(kong)(kong)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)空(kong)(kong)。”就是(shi)(shi)說身外(wai)有身未為(wei)(wei)奇特(te),虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)粉(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)方露全真(zhen)。撒(sa)手(shou)(shou)虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)回(hui)歸空(kong)(kong)空(kong)(kong),聚者顯形(xing)(xing)空(kong)(kong)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)空(kong)(kong)。煉(lian)(lian)至(zhi)(zhi)三年、九(jiu)載、百年、千(qian)年、千(qian)劫、萬(wan)劫,直(zhi)待(dai)四(si)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)崩(beng)散(san),虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong) 粉(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui),無(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)無(wu)(wu)(wu)跡(ji)。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)攜帶(dai)肉(rou)體(ti)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)覺金仙(xian),修成萬(wan)劫不(bu)壞金剛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)身。當然要經九(jiu)年面 壁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,用虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)粉(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)訣(jue):蹈光(guang)(guang)(guang)依(yi)滅(mie)(mie)盡(jin)定(ding)而(er)(er)(er)寂滅(mie)(mie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),寂滅(mie)(mie)日(ri)(ri)久(jiu),直(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)三年、九(jiu)載, 空(kong)(kong)定(ding)衡極,滅(mie)(mie)盡(jin)無(wu)(wu)(wu)余之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),神光(guang)(guang)(guang)周足,法(fa)相圓滿,色空(kong)(kong)倶泯,形(xing)(xing)神俱妙。其(qi)斂也,至(zhi)(zhi) 精至(zhi)(zhi)徹(che),納人(ren)芥(jie)子而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)間。其(qi)放(fang)也,至(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)至(zhi)(zhi)剛,包羅(luo)須(xu)彌而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)外(wai)。將見無(wu)(wu)(wu)極神光(guang)(guang)(guang),化 為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)紅光(guang)(guang)(guang),恰似赫赫日(ri)(ri)輪,從太虛(xu)(xu)玄(xuan)關竅內(nei)一涌而(er)(er)(er)出(chu),崩(beng)開分散(san),燦爛彌滿,無(wu)(wu)(wu)邊無(wu)(wu)(wu) 量。為(wei)(wei)萬(wan)道(dao)毫光(guang)(guang)(guang)透(tou)徹(che)于(yu)(yu)九(jiu)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),貫通(tong)于(yu)(yu)九(jiu)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下。若千(qian)萬(wan)昊日(ri)(ri)放(fang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)光(guang)(guang)(guang)明(ming),普照三千(qian) 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)千(qian)世界。煉(lian)(lian)得虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)粉(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui),方為(wei)(wei)了(le)當。就是(shi)(shi)說直(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)虛(xu)(xu)空(kong)(kong)粉(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui),與道(dao)合真(zhen),才見無(wu)(wu)(wu)量之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 寶光(guang)(guang)(guang),直(zhi)充塞(sai)于(yu)(yu)四(si)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),得與賢圣仙(xian)佛相會,自(zi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)始分離。今日(ri)(ri)方得會面,彼此(ci)(ci)交光(guang)(guang)(guang), 合并一體(ti),成為(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)一個圓子。此(ci)(ci)時身如(ru)摩尼珠,光(guang)(guang)(guang)耀無(wu)(wu)(wu)比。此(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)九(jiu)年面壁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,已 返至(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)覺金仙(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),功德圓滿,天下詔書(shu),十六位(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)覺金仙(xian)合一,上(shang)朝金闕,封以真(zhen) 誥(gao),授以天爵,封為(wei)(wei)十六合一大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)覺金仙(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)。
十、女丹派
女子內丹功法,世間絕少傳授(shou),丹書中亦一鱗(lin)半(ban)爪而(er)已。
(1)南岳魏(華存)夫人派。亦(yi)稱存思派。奉(feng)《黃庭(ting)經》為宗,存思身神(shen)積氣(qi) 成真,男女皆可煉。其功法見于(yu)陳櫻寧《黃庭(ting)經講義》。
(2)湛姆派。亦稱外(wai)金丹派。由(you)諶姆傳許遜、吳猛(meng)。以許遜《石函記》、吳猛(meng) 《銅符鐵券文》為主經,傳天元神丹之燒(shao)煉(lian)(lian)與服食,兼(jian)以符咒(zhou)修煉(lian)(lian)。
(3)中條山老姆派。亦稱劍術派。《呂(lv)祖全書》記(ji)其(qi)源流,以劍術風煉鋼成道, 分“法劍”與“道劍”兩般(ban)作用。
(4)謝仙姑(gu)派(pai)。仙姑(gu)名(ming)謝自然,十余歲(sui)童(tong)(tong)女(nv)即修道,故亦名(ming)童(tong)(tong)女(nv)派(pai)。童(tong)(tong)女(nv)未(wei)行(xing) 經(jing)(jing)。身中元氣(qi)充滿,可免去筑(zhu)基功(gong)夫,以辟谷休糧、服氣(qi)、安(an)神、靜坐人手,以清靜 無為法得道,傳《太清中黃(huang)真經(jing)(jing)》功(gong)法。
(5)曹文逸(yi)真人(ren)派(pai)。以《靈源大(da)道歌》為(wei)祖(zu)經,以清心(xin)寡欲(yu)、神不馳外、專氣 致(zhi)柔(rou)、元和內運為(wei)要訣。此派(pai)為(wei)女(nv)子清修派(pai)功(gong)夫(fu),男女(nv)皆可(ke)用,功(gong)法純(chun)正,陳櫻寧 《靈源大(da)道歌白話解》述之(zhi)甚(shen)詳。
(6)孫(sun)不(bu)二(er)元(yuan)君派。亦稱清靜派,傳太陰煉(lian)形之法,從斬赤龍人手(shou),有《孫(sun)不(bu) 二(er)元(yuan)君法語》、《坤道(dao)功夫次第詩(shi)》等傳世。陳(chen)櫻寧有《孫(sun)不(bu)二(er)女(nv)丹詩(shi)注(zhu)》記其功法。
(7)女(nv)子雙(shuang)修法。此派(pai)功法繁雜(za),有(you)(you)上(shang)中(zhong)下三(san)乘(cheng)(cheng),下乘(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)房(fang)中(zhong)秘訣,有(you)(you)養陰(yin)駐 顏(yan)之(zhi)方(fang);中(zhong)乘(cheng)(cheng)有(you)(you)采陽補陰(yin)之(zhi)術;上(shang)乘(cheng)(cheng)有(you)(you)雙(shuang)修雙(shuang)成之(zhi)訣。其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)玄女(nv)、素女(nv)、采女(nv)派(pai)所 傳合(he)陰(yin)陽之(zhi)術,有(you)(you)夏(xia)姬調(diao)和巽艮駐顏(yan)留春之(zhi)方(fang),有(you)(you)趙飛燕內視(shi)之(zhi)法。女(nv)子雙(shuang)修派(pai)稱其(qi) 丹(dan)法為(wei)呂(lv)祖親傳,亦稱呂(lv)祖派(pai)。
相關書(shu)(shu)籍有《真金訣》、《女(nv)丹要言》等(deng)丹書(shu)(shu)。另有《西池集(ji)》,亦載女(nv)丹秘(mi)傳。 其(qi)丹法要知庚甲、辨有無、坐寶龜、著甘(gan)露,去濁留香、月(yue)照寒潭、騎牛(niu)赴月(yue)撞金 鐘、捉(zhuo)的金精鎖毒龍,最(zui)終達到“救人(ren)兼救己,內(nei)外兩(liang)功收”的目的。《悟真篇》 “大小無傷兩(liang)國(guo)全”,實(shi)亦雙修派功夫。
女(nv)丹派稱煉虛合道為出(chu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)和(he)沖舉(ju)。第一出(chu)神(shen)(shen)(shen),詩(shi)曰:“身(shen)外復有身(shen),非(fei)關幻(huan)術成。圓通此靈炁,活潑一元神(shen)(shen)(shen)。皓月 凝(ning)金液,青(qing)蓮煉玉真。烹(peng)來烏兔(tu)髓,珠皎不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)悉貧。”就是(shi)說陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)出(chu)胎(tai)之(zhi)時,有光(guang)(guang)自臍(qi) 輪向外注射。陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)脫胎(tai)之(zhi)后(hou),金光(guang)(guang)四射,毛竅(qiao)晶(jing)融,就像(xiang)太陽(yang)剛剛從大海(hai)中升起,就 像(xiang)珍珠從深淵中騰起,香氣飄滿(man)房間,霹靂一聲(sheng),金火交流而陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)已(yi)出(chu)于泥丸(wan)。出(chu)神(shen)(shen)(shen) 以后(hou),全看平(ping)日(ri)功(gong)夫,假如陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)全是(shi)先天靈炁結成,則境遇而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)染(ran),見物而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)還,來 去自如。陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)回到泥丸(wan)宮,身(shen)體立即(ji)火熱一般(ban),金光(guang)(guang)又(you)從毛竅(qiao)中射出(chu),香氣依然氤 氳(yun),一會兒陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)便回到黃庭處,雖有若(ruo)無,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺。
這一(yi)(yi)(yi)階段(duan),胎(tai)神(shen)雖(sui)出,還(huan)要緊緊收住(zhu)(zhu),留他做完了煉虛一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)功(gong)夫(fu),再(zai)放出去(qu).,則 真(zhen)光法(fa)界,任意逍遙,大而化(hua)之。然煉虛全要胸懷浩蕩,無我無人,何(he)天何(he)地,覺清 空(kong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)氣,混混沌沌中,是我非我,是虛非虛,合太虛之虛,而融洽無間(jian),所謂(wei)形神(shen)俱 妙,與道合真(zhen),第二(er)沖舉,詩曰(yue):“佳(jia)期方出谷,咫尺上神(shen)霄。玉(yu)女驂青鳳(feng),金童(tong)獻絳桃(tao)。花前 彈錦瑟,月(yue)下(xia)弄瓊(qiong)簫。一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦仙(xian)凡隔(ge),冷然度海潮(chao)。”就是上述功(gong)夫(fu)煉成(cheng)后,陽神(shen)即會(hui) 帶著(zhu)身體在(zai)吉U良辰白日飛升(sheng),人住(zhu)(zhu)神(shen)霄玉(yu)府。屆時你會(hui)在(zai)仙(xian)花前彈拉錦瑟,在(zai)明(ming)月(yue) 下(xia)鼓(gu)吹瓊(qiong)簫,玉(yu)女騎著(zhu)青鳳(feng)凰在(zai)前面導引,金童(tong)手捧著(zhu)紫紅的仙(xian)桃(tao)前來進(jin)獻。說明(ming)此(ci) 時已是仙(xian)凡相(xiang)隔(ge),再(zai)也不會(hui)受到凡世間(jian)的輪回之苦。
丹鼎派代表人物
一、魏伯陽
魏伯(bo)陽,生卒年不(bu)詳(xiang)。正史(shi)無傳。其事(shi)跡多見于野史(shi)、筆記和道(dao)(dao)教典籍之(zhi)中,但 多亦言焉未詳(xiang)。晉葛(ge)洪《神仙傳》稱(cheng):“魏伯(bo)陽者,吳(江浙一(yi)帶)人也。高門(men)之(zhi) 子。易性(xing)好道(dao)(dao)術,不(bu)肯仕宦,閑居養(yang)性(xing),時(shi)人莫知其從來,謂之(zhi)治民養(yang)生而巳”。曾 與弟(di)子“人山作神仙丹”,“作《參(can)同契》、《五相類(lei)》凡二卷。”
魏伯陽是(shi)丹(dan)(dan)鼎學之祖(zu)。他所撰的《周易參同契(qi)》,是(shi)我國最早的一部煉丹(dan)(dan)理(li)論著 作,在(zai)我國道教史和科技史上占有相(xiang)當重要的地位,有“萬古丹(dan)(dan)經王”之美(mei)稱。
《周易(yi)參(can)同(tong)契》簡(jian)稱《參(can)同(tong)契》。該(gai)書(shu)之(zhi)命名,乃指(zhi)會歸《周易(yi)》、黃(huang)老、爐(lu)火三(san)(san) 者為(wei)一途。“《周易(yi)》”,示此書(shu)以《周易(yi)》為(wei)立(li)論之(zhi)本(ben),書(shu)中所(suo)(suo)言皆以《周易(yi)》為(wei)根 據;“參(can)”,三(san)(san)也。即《周易(yi)》、黃(huang)老、爐(lu)火三(san)(san)事;“同(tong)”,通也;“契”,書(shu)契。由(you)此 書(shu)名可(ke)知,該(gai)書(shu)的要(yao)旨在于運用《周易(yi)》所(suo)(suo)揭示的陰陽(yang)之(zhi)道,參(can)合黃(huang)老學說(shuo)的自然 之(zhi)理(li),講述(shu)爐(lu)火煉(lian)丹之(zhi)事,是一部有關煉(lian)丹學說(shuo)的經(jing)書(shu)。
煉(lian)丹(dan)學說,有(you)外(wai)(wai)丹(dan)內(nei)丹(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)別。所謂外(wai)(wai)丹(dan),即以(yi)鉛汞等物質為(wei)(wei)藥物,置人鼎爐(lu)加火 燒煉(lian),所產生的(de)新(xin)物質稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)丹(dan)。據云,此丹(dan)服食后(hou),有(you)長(chang)生不(bu)(bu)老(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)奇(qi)效。所謂內(nei) 丹(dan),則是以(yi)人體內(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)精、氣、神為(wei)(wei)藥物,以(yi)人之(zhi)(zhi)自身為(wei)(wei)鼎爐(lu),按(an)一定路(lu)徑(jing)經過一段時 間的(de)鍛(duan)煉(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),在體內(nei)凝成卵(luan)狀硬(ying)塊(kuai),稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)丹(dan)。據云,一旦體內(nei)成丹(dan),便可長(chang)生不(bu)(bu) 老(lao)。《參同契》一書,對(dui)此二者(zhe)皆有(you)論及(ji),但從整體來(lai)看,則是以(yi)講述外(wai)(wai)丹(dan)為(wei)(wei)生,以(yi)講述內(nei)丹(dan)為(wei)(wei)輔。
我國古代社會很早就(jiu)(jiu)進(jin)入到農業耕作的(de)(de)(de)時代,農業耕作與天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)密切相關,因此先(xian) 民很早就(jiu)(jiu)有觀察(cha)天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣。天(tian)文學(xue)在(zai)古代是(shi)一門較(jiao)為(wei)發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)顯學(xue)。但是(shi)煉(lian)丹家(jia)觀察(cha) 天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)與天(tian)文學(xue)家(jia)甚(shen)至占星家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)出發(fa)(fa)點完(wan)全不同,他們顯然不是(shi)出于純(chun)粹的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)文學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)目 的(de)(de)(de),探索宇宙(zhou)萬(wan)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)奧(ao)秘。煉(lian)丹家(jia)觀察(cha)天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)角度完(wan)全居(ju)于一種超越生命的(de)(de)(de)欲望,其 注(zhu)重的(de)(de)(de)關鍵是(shi)整個生命如(ru)何通過(guo)資天(tian)地(di)造化之(zhi)機,逆轉造化,進(jin)而(er)長生不死(si)。這一工(gong) 程的(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)理論基礎是(shi)建立在(zai)“人體小宇宙(zhou)”(天(tian)人同構)的(de)(de)(de)原則之(zhi)上。他們認為(wei)人體 這種生命系統和天(tian)地(di)大系統一樣,也(ye)有自身的(de)(de)(de)日月(yue)(yue),此即(ji)人體的(de)(de)(de)陰陽二(er)(er)(er)氣(qi),有的(de)(de)(de)煉(lian)丹 家(jia)認為(wei)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)腎氣(qi)與心氣(qi)(又稱(cheng)坎離二(er)(er)(er)藥)。日月(yue)(yue)運(yun)行(xing)有其自身的(de)(de)(de)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao),此即(ji)所謂的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang) 道(dao)(dao)(dao),人體也(ye)有這樣的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。天(tian)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)乃(nai)日月(yue)(yue)運(yun)行(xing)所致,人身的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)則為(wei)陰陽二(er)(er)(er)氣(qi)行(xing) 度所致。
從名(ming)詞、術(shu)語(yu)而(er)論,《周易參同契(qi)》為外(wai)丹(dan)學(xue)創立了(le)(le)(le)一整套名(ming)詞術(shu)語(yu)。也(ye)正是因 為如(ru)此,中國歷史上(shang)外(wai)丹(dan)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)正式(shi)建(jian)立,應以《參同契(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)作(zuo)為標(biao)志。這(zhe)些(xie)名(ming) 詞術(shu)語(yu)涵(han)蓋面極廣,包(bao)括藥(yao)物、火候、采取、穩(wen)養(yang)、結(jie)胎(tai)、證驗、了(le)(le)(le)道等(deng)等(deng)外(wai)丹(dan)合煉 的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)過(guo)(guo)程。其細目有:鉛汞、坎離、戊己(ji)、天符、蟾蜍、兔魄(po)、魂魄(po)、鄞(yin)鄂、元精、 養(yang)己(ji)、金水、子母、黃(huang)芽、白(bai)雪(xue)、河(he)車、偃月爐、上(shang)弦、下弦、子午、真人、龍虎、 明窗塵、還丹(dan)等(deng)等(deng)。這(zhe)些(xie)外(wai)丹(dan)術(shu)語(yu)經過(guo)(guo)后世內丹(dan)大(da)家的(de)(de)(de)注釋,都有了(le)(le)(le)全(quan)新的(de)(de)(de)意義,大(da) 體(ti)上(shang)是借外(wai)象以言內景,做了(le)(le)(le)一種內外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)轉換工作(zuo)。
《周易參同契》不僅對丹(dan)道的基(ji)本原理(li)與準則(ze)做了(le)論述,而且對下手的功(gong)夫也(ye)做 了(le)介紹。《周易參同契》于內丹(dan)功(gong)法(fa)中(zhong),以調息功(gong)夫作為其全部功(gong)法(fa)的核心。
調(diao)息(xi)(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)乃是《參(can)同(tong)契(qi)》內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)功(gong)(gong)(gong)法的(de)基本功(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。《參(can)同(tong)契(qi)》云:“呼息(xi)(xi)相(xiang)合(he)育, 佇息(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)婦。”便是對(dui)調(diao)息(xi)(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)介紹。調(diao)息(xi)(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)是《參(can)同(tong)契(qi)》貫(guan)徹于修煉(lian)內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)過程 始終的(de)的(de)基本功(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。之所以(yi)重(zhong)調(diao)息(xi)(xi),是因為(wei)(wei)《參(can)同(tong)契(qi)》遵循法天道以(yi)立(li)丹(dan)(dan)道這一基 本原(yuan)則所致。在內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)道的(de)人身(shen)系統中,魏伯(bo)陽(yang)(yang)以(yi)《周易》中的(de)乾(qian)、坤(kun)來喻(yu)指(zhi)“吾身(shen) 之鼎(ding)器”,以(yi)坎(kan)、離喻(yu)指(zhi)人體(ti)的(de)陰陽(yang)(yang)二氣。將(jiang)天地(di)乾(qian)坤(kun)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)人體(ti)的(de)首(shou)腹,將(jiang)坎(kan)離轉(zhuan) 換成合(he)煉(lian)內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)的(de)藥物,亦即真陰真陽(yang)(yang)之氣。
從老子(zi)《道(dao)(dao)德(de)經》到魏伯陽《參同契》,是(shi)大宇宙根本道(dao)(dao)論向人體(ti)(ti)小宇宙內丹(dan)道(dao)(dao) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。追溯(su)道(dao)(dao)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)根源,老子(zi)認為道(dao)(dao)乃一切(qie)之母(mu),其《道(dao)(dao)德(de)經》即有(you)“玄(xuan)之又玄(xuan), 眾(zhong)妙(miao)之門”、“道(dao)(dao)生一,一生二,二生三,三生萬物”之經典論述。正是(shi)有(you)了 “氣(qi)” 這一基(ji)礎,才使丹(dan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)逆行回溯(su)道(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)修(xiu)煉(lian)有(you)了可(ke)能(neng)性。氣(qi),既是(shi)溝通人與道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)媒體(ti)(ti), 是(shi)天地萬物創(chuang)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎,又是(shi)人體(ti)(ti)構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎。在(zai)悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)歲月中(zhong)(zhong),內外丹(dan)大師以(yi)丹(dan)道(dao)(dao) 參證天道(dao)(dao)、易(yi)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa),創(chuang)立了著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)“時間(jian)攢簇法(fa)”,這樣便(bian)將天道(dao)(dao)陰陽運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)外 在(zai)節律轉換成丹(dan)鼎中(zhong)(zhong)、人身小宇宙中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內陰陽運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)規律。通過這些工作(zuo)之后, 修(xiu)煉(lian)家便(bian)可(ke)在(zai)小宇宙中(zhong)(zhong)反溯(su)宇宙創(chuang)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程,逆行回歸(gui)到終極的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)。
二、葛洪
葛(ge)洪(hong)(hong),字(zi)稚(zhi)川,自號抱樸子,丹(dan)(dan)陽句容人。生于(yu)晉(jin)(jin)武帝太(tai)(tai)康四年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元283 年(nian)(nian)),其卒年(nian)(nian)不(bu)詳,現(xian)有二說:一(yi)為晉(jin)(jin)康帝建元元年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元343年(nian)(nian))享年(nian)(nian)六十(shi)一(yi)歲; 一(yi)為.晉(jin)(jin)哀帝興(xing)寧元年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元363年(nian)(nian)),享年(nian)(nian)八(ba)十(shi)一(yi)歲,尚待進一(yi)步考證。葛(ge)洪(hong)(hong)出身于(yu) 江南(nan)士族家庭,祖輩世(shi)代為官(guan),十(shi)三(san)歲時喪父(fu),家道中落。葛(ge)洪(hong)(hong)少(shao)好(hao)神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)術,但對 “河洛圖緯,一(yi)視便(bian)止(zhi),不(bu)得(de)留(liu)意也(ye)。不(bu)喜(xi)星書及(ji)算(suan)術九(jiu)宮、三(san)棋、太(tai)(tai)一(yi)、飛符之 屬(shu)”(王(wang)明(ming)《抱樸子內篇校釋》附錄(lu)一(yi),中華(hua)書局,1985,第(di)371頁(ye))。葛(ge)洪(hong)(hong)也(ye)曾學(xue) 過風角(jiao)、望(wang)氣(qi)、三(san)元、遁甲、六壬、太(tai)(tai)乙之法(fa)。但只是“精知其旨,又不(bu)研(yan)精”。葛(ge) 洪(hong)(hong)的從祖葛(ge)玄(xuan),字(zi)孝先(xian),好(hao)神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)修煉(lian)之術,是東吳有名(ming)的道士,號葛(ge)仙(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。曾師(shi)左元 放(左慈),受《太(tai)(tai)清》、《九(jiu)鼎》、《金液》等(deng)丹(dan)(dan)經,又于(yu)天臺、括蒼(cang)、南(nan)岳、羅(luo)浮、 閣皂諸(zhu)名(ming)山修道,授煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)秘術于(yu)弟子鄭隱。由(you)于(yu)葛(ge)洪(hong)(hong)“尤(you)好(hao)神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)導養之法(fa)”,于(yu)是 “洪(hong)(hong)就(jiu)隱學(xue),悉得(de)其法(fa)焉(yan)”,后來(lai)葛(ge)洪(hong)(hong)在羈留(liu)廣州期間,又曾“師(shi)事南(nan)海太(tai)(tai)守上黨鮑 玄(xuan),玄(xuan)亦(yi)內學(xue),逆占將來(lai)。見洪(hong)(hong),深重之,以女妻洪(hong)(hong)。洪(hong)(hong)傳玄(xuan)業,兼綜煉(lian)醫術”。到(dao) 了晚年(nian)(nian),葛(ge)洪(hong)(hong)便(bian)隱居羅(luo)浮山,積極從事煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)活動并(bing)著書不(bu)輟。
在《抱樸(pu)子(zi)?內篇》中(zhong)(zhong),全(quan)面總結(jie)了晉(jin)以(yi)(yi)前的神(shen)仙(xian)理論和神(shen)仙(xian)方術(shu)(shu),包括(kuo)守(shou)一、 行氣、導引和房中(zhong)(zhong)術(shu)(shu)等,并系(xi)統總結(jie)了晉(jin)以(yi)(yi)前的煉丹成就(jiu),記載了大(da)量的古代丹經和 丹法,對其后煉丹術(shu)(shu)的發展(zhan)具有重(zhong)大(da)影響。也為(wei)研究中(zhong)(zhong)國煉丹史以(yi)(yi)及古代化學(xue)提(ti)(ti)供寶 貴史料。同時又將神(shen)仙(xian)方術(shu)(shu)與(yu)儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)的綱常(chang)名教相結(jie)合(he),強調“欲求(qiu)仙(xian)者,要(yao)當以(yi)(yi)忠(zhong) 孝和順仁信為(wei)本。若德行不(bu)修,而但務方術(shu)(shu),皆不(bu)得長生也”。主張神(shen)仙(xian)養生為(wei)內, 儒(ru)術(shu)(shu)應(ying)世(shi)為(wei)外(wai)。在《抱樸(pu)子(zi)?外(wai)篇》中(zhong)(zhong),專論人間(jian)得失,世(shi)事臧(zang)否。主張治亂(luan)世(shi)應(ying) 用重(zhong)刑(xing),提(ti)(ti)倡(chang)嚴刑(xing)峻法,匡時佐世(shi)。對儒(ru)、墨、名、法諸(zhu)家(jia)(jia)兼收并蓄,尊君為(wei)天。不(bu) 滿于魏、晉(jin)清談,主張文章、德行并重(zhong),立言(yan)當有助(zhu)于教化。
三、陶弘景
陶弘(hong)景是(shi)繼葛洪(hong)之后(hou)我國又一杰出的道醫學家、煉(lian)丹家。他字(zi)通(tong)明,晚年號華陽 隱居。他是(shi)丹陽秣陵(今南京)人(ren),生于(yu)南朝宋(song)孝(xiao)(xiao)武(wu)帝(di)孝(xiao)(xiao)建三(san)年(公元456年),死(si) 于(yu)梁武(wu)帝(di)大同(tong)二年(公元536年),活了 81歲,經歷了南朝的宋(song)、齊、梁三(san)個朝代。
陶弘景(jing)是(shi)上(shang)(shang)清派的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)傳人,并開(kai)(kai)創了茅山宗。上(shang)(shang)清派以魏夫人或(huo)楊羲為開(kai)(kai)山祖 師,主要(yao)(yao)傳習《上(shang)(shang)清大(da)同真(zhen)經》、《黃庭經》等(deng)經典。在(zai)修行方(fang)術(shu)上(shang)(shang)特別重視(shi)誦經、 思(si)神、服氣、咽(yan)液等(deng),也兼習金丹、符篆等(deng)方(fang)術(shu),但反對天師道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)房中術(shu),也不重視(shi) 群眾性的(de)(de)齋醮祀神活動,而強調(diao)個人得道(dao)(dao)成仙。陶弘景(jing)在(zai)這(zhe)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)著述有《真(zhen)浩》、 《登(deng)真(zhen)隱訣(jue)》、《真(zhen)靈位(wei)業圖》等(deng)。
陶弘(hong)景同(tong)葛洪一樣,也熱(re)心(xin)于煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)。史(shi)載,他從梁(liang)武帝天(tian)監四年(nian)(nian)(公元505年(nian)(nian)) 起,進行了(le)長達二十年(nian)(nian)的(de)煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)活(huo)動(dong)。為(wei)了(le)尋(xun)找煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)的(de)地方(fang),他曾經改名(ming)換姓,潛至現(xian) 今浙江省的(de)溫州(zhou)和(he)福建省的(de)福州(zhou)。但他真(zhen)正進行煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)的(de)地方(fang)是所隱居(ju)的(de)今江蘇(su)南部的(de) 茅山(shan)。
四、孫思邈
北周(zhou)(zhou)建德(de)五年(公元577年),孫思邈三十六歲。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)年,周(zhou)(zhou)武帝宇文邕下(xia)《詔 制九條》,要(yao)各(ge)州郡(jun)向朝(chao)廷推(tui)薦人才,孫思邈在薦之內。當時,北周(zhou)(zhou)附會《周(zhou)(zhou)官》的 制度,更動(dong)鮮卑舊(jiu)制,又改(gai)山東有(you)名(ming)的郡(jun)姓為關(guan)中郡(jun)姓,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步加(jia)深了鮮卑族及其他(ta)各(ge)族的漢化(hua)。但同時,北周(zhou)(zhou)統治者(zhe)殘(can)暴的一(yi)(yi)面也(ye)很突(tu)出(chu)。朝(chao)廷君(jun)臣(chen)驕縱荒淫,昏狂殺(sha) 戮,愈(yu)演(yan)愈(yu)烈。所以征召孫思邈入朝(chao)為官的使臣(chen)還沒(mei)有(you)到,他(ta)就離開(kai)家鄉,隱(yin)居太白 山去(qu)了。
太(tai)(tai)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)是秦嶺的主(zhu)峰(feng),海拔3767米,位(wei)于陜西(xi)眉縣、周至、佛坪之間,因山(shan)(shan)頂 積雪時間長,加之石頭(tou)為(wei)白(bai)色而得(de)名。主(zhu)峰(feng)巍峨鎊礴,高人云(yun)端。峰(feng)間有三大水池, 上下鼎列。池水清澈鑒發,魚蝦(xia)俯首可掇。孫思邈在(zai)太(tai)(tai)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)隱(yin)居,前(qian)后達四十(shi)(shi)年之 久。他長期固(gu)定的隱(yin)居處在(zai)湯峪河谷內二十(shi)(shi)三公(gong)里處的碓(dui)窩坪。
(一)內(nei)(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)道家(jia)保真全生(sheng)、治病去疴(ke),所賴者,神氣(qi)(qi)而(er)已。故道醫修持,首在(zai)煉(lian)氣(qi)(qi)養(yang)神,也 就是煉(lian)制“內(nei)(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)”。所謂內(nei)(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan),是以身(shen)體(ti)為爐鼎,體(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)精、氣(qi)(qi)、神作(zuo)為藥(yao)物,經過一 定的(de)步(bu)驟,使精、氣(qi)(qi)、神在(zai)體(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)凝成(cheng)大丹(dan)(dan)的(de)養(yang)生(sheng)術。他在(zai)這一時期寫成(cheng)的(de)《內(nei)(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)四 言古詩》,論述了自己(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)修煉(lian)的(de)步(bu)驟和修煉(lian)過程中的(de)感應及(ji)(ji)體(ti)會。詩云;取金之精,合石之液。列為夫婦,結為魂魄。一體(ti)混沌,兩精感激。河(he)車覆載, 鼎侯無忒。洪爐烈(lie)火,洪焰翕赫。煙(yan)未及(ji)(ji)黔(qian),歃不(bu)假(jia)碧。如(ru)蓄(xu)扶桑,若(ruo)藏霹靂(li)。姹(cha)女(nv) 氣(qi)(qi)索,嬰兒聲寂。透出兩儀,麗于四極。壁立幾多,馬馳一驛。宛(wan)其死(si)矣,適(shi)然從 革。惡黜善遷,情回意(yi)易(yi)。紫色(se)內(nei)(nei)(nei)達(da),赤芒外射。熠若(ruo)火生(sheng),乍疑血滴。號曰中還, 退藏于密(mi)。霧散五內(nei)(nei)(nei),川流百(bai)脈。骨變金植,顏駐玉(yu)澤。陽德用敷,陰功乃積。南宮 度名(ming),北斗落籍。
這首(shou)道詩,除略去(qu)內丹修煉(lian)最初步(bu)(也是最簡單(dan)和(he)(he)最為人知(zhi))的(de)筑基(ji)功(gong)夫外, 主(zhu)要系統描述了煉(lian)精(jing)化氣、煉(lian)氣化神和(he)(he)煉(lian)神還虛三個階段(duan)的(de)修煉(lian)過(guo)程、感覺和(he)(he)效應。 由于(yu)詩文古樸(pu)深奧,下(xia)面嘗試著做(zuo)一些粗(cu)淺的(de)注譯。
1.初關(guan)(1~16句(ju)(ju)(ju))。內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)功法第二步,即煉(lian)三歸二、煉(lian)精(jing)(jing)化氣(qi)(qi)的(de)小周天功夫(fu)(fu)金精(jing)(jing),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元精(jing)(jing)(屬(shu)(shu)水)。石(shi)液(ye),又名玉液(ye),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元神(shen)(屬(shu)(shu)火(huo)(huo)(huo))。這(zhe)二 句(ju)(ju)(ju)論(lun)述內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)術的(de)調藥功夫(fu)(fu),即凝(ning)神(shen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)氣(qi)(qi)穴,引(yin)水人(ren)(ren)(ren)火(huo)(huo)(huo),使水火(huo)(huo)(huo)二氣(qi)(qi)上(shang)下相(xiang)(xiang)交、升(sheng)降相(xiang)(xiang) 結,從而達到煉(lian)精(jing)(jing)化氣(qi)(qi)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。夫(fu)(fu)為陽(yang),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing);婦(fu)為陰,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)。夫(fu)(fu)婦(fu)并(bing)列,實乃性(xing)命(ming)(ming) 雙修(xiu)(xiu)。只有(you)(you)性(xing)命(ming)(ming)雙修(xiu)(xiu),才能(neng)(neng)煉(lian)養(yang)陰陽(yang),造(zao)化大丹(dan)(dan),故為道(dao)家視為內(nei)丹(dan)(dan)修(xiu)(xiu)煉(lian)第一要義。 結為魂魄(po),則形象地比喻(yu)了雙修(xiu)(xiu)過程(cheng)中魂(指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先天元神(shen))魄(po)(指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先天元精(jing)(jing))互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)擒 制的(de)情(qing)形。心(xin)腎(shen)相(xiang)(xiang)交、精(jing)(jing)神(shen)凝(ning)結后,體內(nei)就(jiu)會出現一氣(qi)(qi)混合、丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)(tian)融(rong)融(rong)洽洽,周身(shen)酥 綿(mian)如醉的(de)快樂感覺。這(zhe)是(shi)神(shen)足(zu)氣(qi)(qi)壯的(de)表現,此后便進人(ren)(ren)(ren)采(cai)(cai)藥功夫(fu)(fu)。河車(che),喻(yu)元精(jing)(jing)所(suo)(suo)化 之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),猶河上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)車(che)。覆(fu),翻轉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。載,開始之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),這(zhe)里意(yi)為運行。這(zhe)句(ju)(ju)(ju)喻(yu)子時(shi)一陽(yang) 生,即起(qi)真(zhen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)。此乃采(cai)(cai)藥人(ren)(ren)(ren)鼎功夫(fu)(fu)。這(zhe)時(shi)應(ying)用心(xin)著意(yi),尋藥物,辯鼎器,旺火(huo)(huo)(huo)候,絕 對不能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)差(cha)錯,故曰:“鼎侯無(wu)忒”。洪,大也。翕赫(he),火(huo)(huo)(huo)熾盛(sheng)貌。喻(yu)采(cai)(cai)藥后以(yi)武(wu) 火(huo)(huo)(huo)封爐(lu)的(de)情(qing)景。煙,又稱白云,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)元神(shen)相(xiang)(xiang)抱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元氣(qi)(qi)。它(ta)沿(yan)著督脈(即河車(che)路)運 行,歸于(yu)(yu)丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)(tian)。據說這(zhe)時(shi)若能(neng)(neng)聚性(xing)止氣(qi)(qi),則可(ke)見白云片(pian)片(pian),由外飛來,或(huo)入丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)(tian),或(huo) “朝頂上(shang)”。歃通(tong)坎,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蓄水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo),這(zhe)里指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腎(shen)水,亦即腎(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)氣(qi)(qi)。碧,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碧潭,即海 河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水。封爐(lu)煉(lian)藥,火(huo)(huo)(huo)熾則腎(shen)水沸騰起(qi)浪,直至逆(ni)流而上(shang),此水乃人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)自有(you)(you)自興(xing),并(bing) 不借助于(yu)(yu)海河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水。扶(fu)桑,本指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日出之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,這(zhe)里指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太陽(yang)。當此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)(tian)不僅如紅日內(nei)蓄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溫暖,而 且響(xiang)聲隆隆,白光頻(pin)生。姹(cha),美麗(li)。姹(cha)女,道(dao)家指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水銀(yin)。索,這(zhe)里指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)消(xiao)散(san)、消(xiao)失。嬰 兒,道(dao)家指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丹(dan)(dan)鉛(qian)。寂(ji),安靜無(wu)聲。
2.中關(guan)(17~22句)。內丹(dan)(dan)(dan)功(gong)法第三步,即(ji)(ji)煉(lian)二(er)歸一(yi)、煉(lian)氣(qi)化神的大(da)周(zhou)(zhou)天功(gong)夫 兩儀(yi),即(ji)(ji)陰(yin)陽,此(ci)(ci)指(zhi)陰(yin)陽二(er)腎——左腎、右(you)命門。四(si)極,又(you)稱四(si)末,即(ji)(ji)四(si)肢,泛指(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)身(shen)。此(ci)(ci)二(er)句意(yi)為(wei)小周(zhou)(zhou)天通后(hou),仍繼(ji)續用(yong)神火(huo)烹煉(lian),便會感(gan)到(dao)先天之氣(qi)或(huo)(huo)聚(ju)或(huo)(huo)散。 聚(ju)則困于(yu)二(er)腎,散則洋溢于(yu)全身(shen),此(ci)(ci)乃(nai)大(da)藥(yao)將生(sheng)之征,正(zheng)子(zi)時將來之兆。煉(lian)功(gong)進(jin)人極 靜狀態(tai),猶如壁立一(yi)般(ban),無(wu)所(suo)偏執,毫無(wu)欲念。如是(shi)煉(lian)之即(ji)(ji)久(jiu),則氣(qi)滿丹(dan)(dan)(dan)田(tian),周(zhou)(zhou)流一(yi) 身(shen)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)六根震(zhen)動(dong)——丹(dan)(dan)(dan)田(tian)火(huo)熾,兩腎湯煎,眼吐金光,腦后(hou)鷲鳴,身(shen)涌鼻(bi)搐,耳(er)后(hou) 生(sheng)風等的景(jing)象。此(ci)(ci)時大(da)藥(yao)即(ji)(ji)生(sheng),正(zheng)子(zi)時來臨。此(ci)(ci)情(qing)此(ci)(ci)景(jing)好(hao)比(bi)兩驛(yi)站(zhan)之間傳訊之馬(ma)在竭 力奔馳。宛(wan),仿佛,宛(wan)如。適,恰(qia)好(hao)之意(yi)。革,古八音(yin)之一(yi),這里指(zhi)鼓類樂器。從 革,即(ji)(ji)擊鼓之聲(sheng)。此(ci)(ci)時煉(lian)功(gong)者不(bu)知不(bu)覺進(jin)人了(le)人我(wo)莫(mo)知,身(shen)心無(wu)主,宛(wan)如進(jin)人恍(huang)惚世(shi) 界死去一(yi)般(ban)。如是(shi)少頃,則心以復靈,呼吸復起(qi),丹(dan)(dan)(dan)田(tian)氣(qi)沖,直撞(zhuang)頭頂,復下丹(dan)(dan)(dan)田(tian)。 此(ci)(ci)時可聞響(xiang)聲(sheng)陣陣猶如擊鼓。至(zhi)此(ci)(ci),八脈俱通,大(da)藥(yao)煉(lian)成。
3.上關(23~34句)。內(nei)丹功法第四步,即煉一歸(gui)零、煉神還虛(xu),已(yi)得大還。
黜(chu),消除(chu),去掉。遷,升遷,提高。回,改變意向。易,改變。大周天打通,精神(shen)煥然一(yi)(yi)(yi)新。煉氣化神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)光明,內外俱射,或紫或赤,此乃金丹結(jie)(jie)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)極妙(miao)佳候。 耀,光明的(de)(de)樣(yang)子。結(jie)(jie)丹時(shi)的(de)(de)景象(xiang),明亮如(ru)火光,乍看起來晶瑩(ying)透(tou)紅(hong),好似剛滴(di)出的(de)(de)血(xue) 一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)。還(huan)(huan),返還(huan)(huan)大道(dao),如(ru)花謝重開,老叟返童。中還(huan)(huan),才至中關,未人大道(dao),尚需再 進入(ru)(ru)密室繼續修煉。五(wu)內即五(wu)臟,百脈指全身所(suo)有(you)經(jing)脈隧道(dao)。丹田結(jie)(jie)丹(中還(huan)(huan))之(zhi)(zhi) 后(hou),繼續用神(shen)火烹煉,則(ze)此丹藥如(ru)云霧一(yi)(yi)(yi)般,沁潤散布于(yu)五(wu)臟之(zhi)(zhi)內,象(xiang)河水一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang),流 注灌溉于(yu)經(jing)脈隧道(dao)。金丹入(ru)(ru)五(wu)內之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),骨節堅(jian)固,肌膚潤澤,乃至返老還(huan)(huan)童,延年益 壽。
4.天(tian)人(ren)(35~36句)。歸真(zhen)返璞(pu),天(tian)人(ren)合一(yi)敷,布施(shi)。陽,其(qi)德施(shi)與人(ren)而(er)常者。陰,雖(sui)有功績(ji)而(er)不自(zi)持(chi)。與人(ren)為善,施(shi)行仁 義,布施(shi)天(tian)下,天(tian)長地久,必暗積功名,受人(ren)敬(jing)重,最終(zhong)必能達到歸真(zhen)返璞(pu),天(tian)人(ren)合 一(yi)的崇高境界。
5.歸空(kong)(kong)(37~38句(ju))。圓(yuan)通(tong)無礙,四大(da)歸空(kong)(kong)南(nan)宮,指北(bei)(bei)斗以南(nan)之宮,即天宮也。度,度過(guo)(guo)(guo),越過(guo)(guo)(guo)。北(bei)(bei)斗,指北(bei)(bei)方玄武七宿(su), 這(zhe)里指天上。籍(ji),名(ming)冊。全詩結局,意為(wei)返還大(da)道之后,脫(tuo)胎神化(hua),為(wei)題(ti)仙籍(ji)。這(zhe)是(shi) 丹法理想的最高(gao)境界,所謂圓(yuan)通(tong)無礙,四大(da)歸空(kong)(kong)。據說(shuo),孫思邈通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)修(xiu)煉(lian),能夠(gou)隨時 打(da)開大(da)、小周天,使(shi)元氣(qi)在體內汨汨運行,自保健康,并能發向(xiang)體外(wai),給(gei)人治病,還 能閉目存(cun)思,用特異功(gong)能遙視太(tai)空(kong)(kong),預測未來。
(二(er))服(fu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)采氣(qi)(qi)(qi) ?服(fu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)即吐(tu)故納新之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)呼吸鍛(duan)煉。它大致可分為(wei)兩大類。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)服(fu)內氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。道家認(ren)為(wei)人體 生命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,元氣(qi)(qi)(qi)入胎(tai),成人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,藏于氣(qi)(qi)(qi)海。服(fu)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,一(yi)(yi)為(wei)意守(shou),一(yi)(yi)為(wei)咽氣(qi)(qi)(qi),一(yi)(yi)為(wei) 閉氣(qi)(qi)(qi),一(yi)(yi)為(wei)存想。孫思邈還創造了針(zhen)對不同(tong)季節,不同(tong)臟器,而采取(qu)的不同(tong)的服(fu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)法。二(er)是(shi)(shi)服(fu)外氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。所謂(wei)外氣(qi)(qi)(qi),主要是(shi)(shi)指日(ri)月(yue)星辰云(yun)霧及草木山石之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)華。采氣(qi)(qi)(qi),為(wei)采 取(qu)天地(di)日(ri)月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),以培補(bu)自身元氣(qi)(qi)(qi)用于修(xiu)煉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法。
(三)煉制外丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan) ?《云笈七簽》卷七十一(yi)收有(you)(you)(you)孫思邈《太清丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)經要訣》。序言中寫(xie)道:“但恨神道懸(xuan) 邈,云跡疎絕(jue),徒望(wang)青天,莫知升舉……豈自炫其所能趨(qu)利(li)世(shi)間之意(yi),意(yi)在(zai)救疾(ji)濟危 也。”這(zhe)部丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)訣記有(you)(you)(you)“神仙大(da)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)異名(ming)三十四(si)種”、“神仙出世(shi)大(da)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)異名(ming)十三種”和“非 世(shi)所用諸丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)等(deng)名(ming)有(you)(you)(you)二十種”。他所煉制的太一(yi)玉粉(fen)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、小還丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、艮雪丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、赤雪流朱丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan) 都用于(yu)治療(liao)疾(ji)病。
隋大業年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,孫(sun)思(si)邈(miao)幾次煉制太一(yi)神(shen)精(jing)(jing)丹(dan)都因為(wei)缺少雄(xiong)(xiong)曾青(qing)而(er)失敗。直到唐貞(zhen)觀(guan) 年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,在蜀中遇到雄(xiong)(xiong)黃(huang)(huang)大賤,后又在玄(xuan)武(wu)(今(jin)四(si)(si)川中江縣(xian))飛鳥(niao)(今(jin)四(si)(si)川蓬萊鎮) 購得大量曾青(qing),終于在蜀縣(xian)(今(jin)四(si)(si)川成(cheng)都東)魏家煉成(cheng)一(yi)釜太一(yi)神(shen)精(jing)(jing)丹(dan)。“以之治 病(bing),神(shen)驗不可論,宿癥風(feng)氣(qi),百日(ri)服者,皆得痊愈”。太一(yi)神(shen)精(jing)(jing)丹(dan),由丹(dan)砂、曾青(qing)、 雄(xiong)(xiong)黃(huang)(huang)、雌黃(huang)(huang)、磁石、金牙組成(cheng),這(zhe)(zhe)是利(li)用(yong)磁石等氧化劑從雄(xiong)(xiong)黃(huang)(huang)、雌黃(huang)(huang)中制取含“礎 霜”的丹(dan)藥(yao)治療瘧疾。孫(sun)思(si)邈(miao)針對瘧疾不同癥狀,詳細規定(ding)了(le)藥(yao)物劑量及服法,這(zhe)(zhe) 種用(yong)含砒(pi)霜的藥(yao)物治療瘧疾的方法,較(jiao)之歐洲十(shi)八世紀末用(yong)砒(pi)霜治瘧疾早了(le)一(yi)千多 年(nian)(nian)(nian),在藥(yao)學(xue)史(shi)上有著十(shi)分重要(yao)的意義。
孫(sun)思邈在《丹經》里(li)還詳細地(di)論述了煉(lian)丹的基本知識和技術。例如(ru)(ru),他(ta)采用(yong)(yong)的 “硫黃伏(fu)火(huo)(huo)法(fa)”,在去(qu)除礦物毒(du)性上意義(yi)極大(da)。硫黃要(yao)用(yong)(yong)油(you)九天(tian)九夜去(qu)毒(du)。其粉末(mo)呈 五色(se)(se)、三色(se)(se)或“光(guang)明皎潔(jie)如(ru)(ru)雪”時(shi),才能為丹。這(zhe)種方(fang)法(fa)被(bei)醫家奉守至(zhi)今。他(ta)用(yong)(yong)硫 黃、硝石各二(er)兩研(yan)細末(mo),然后再取三斤木炭,共(gong)混一起放在砂(sha)(sha)罐里(li)。在地(di)上挖個坑, 把砂(sha)(sha)罐埋下,使(shi)口和地(di)面相平,周圍填實泥土。再用(yong)(yong)三個蟲木蛀的皂角子燒過,當(dang)火(huo)(huo) 焰剛熄的時(shi)候,放進砂(sha)(sha)罐里(li),使(shi)藥(yao)(yao)物“伏(fu)火(huo)(huo)”。這(zhe)便是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)代制造(zao)“火(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)”的配 方(fang)。《丹經》的有(you)關(guan)描述,便是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)關(guan)于制造(zao)火(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)最(zui)早的文字文字記載。至(zhi)宋代火(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao) 用(yong)(yong)于兵(bing)器,后來又逐(zhu)漸(jian)傳人歐洲,直到十四世(shi)紀中(zhong)葉,英、法(fa)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)才應用(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)于火(huo)(huo) 器。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)則早于他(ta)們300 ~700多年。火(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)代四大(da)發明之一,孫(sun)思邈對火(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao) 的發明有(you)著(zhu)不可磨滅的貢獻。
五、張伯端
張(zhang)伯端(duan)(公元(yuan)984~1082年),北宋(song)(song)道(dao)(dao)士。道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)內(nei)丹(dan)派(pai)南宗開(kai)山祖師。字平叔, 后改名用成(cheng),號“紫陽山人(ren)(ren)”,后世又稱為(wei)“張(zhang)紫陽”。天臺(今(jin)屬(shu)浙江)人(ren)(ren)。自少 好學,廣涉儒(ru)、道(dao)(dao)、佛三教(jiao)經書(shu),以至刑法、術(shu)數、醫藥、戰陣、天文(wen)、地(di)理、吉兇 死生(sheng)等方術(shu),無不留心詳究。曾為(wei)府吏數十年,后來忽悟“一家(jia)溫(wen)暖千家(jia)怨,半世 功名百(bai)世愆”,看破功名利(li)祿,心向蓬萊(lai)仙路,便縱火把(ba)案上文(wen)書(shu)全部燒(shao)毀。因以 “火燒(shao)文(wen)書(shu)”罪被(bei)發配(pei)嶺南。宋(song)(song)英宗治平(公元(yuan)1064 ~ 1067年)中,陸(lu)詵鎮守桂林, 招置帳下,掌管機(ji)要。熙寧(ning)二年(公元(yuan)1069年),隨(sui)陸(lu)詵轉至成(cheng)都,遇真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)授(shou)以金 丹(dan)藥物火候之訣,“指流知源,語一悟百(bai)”。元(yuan)豐(feng)五年(公元(yuan)1082年)仙去,留《尸 解頌》云:“四(si)大欲散,浮云已空,一靈(ling)妙有,法界圓通”。所著(zhu)《悟真(zhen)(zhen)篇》一書(shu),為(wei)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)內(nei)丹(dan)修煉理論不朽之作,對(dui)后世影響極(ji)大。張(zhang)伯端(duan)被(bei)奉為(wei)南宗五祖之首,稱為(wei) “紫陽真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)”。
(一(yi))《悟真篇》的基本內容《悟真篇》共上(shang)、中(zhong)、下三卷,計(ji)有:七(qi)言四(si)(si)韻十(shi)六(liu)首(shou)(shou),七(qi)言絕句(ju)六(liu)十(shi)四(si)(si)首(shou)(shou),五 言四(si)(si)韻一(yi)首(shou)(shou),西江(jiang)月十(shi)二首(shou)(shou),又西江(jiang)月一(yi)首(shou)(shou),七(qi)絕五首(shou)(shou)。此外還(huan)有幾篇外篇。
上卷七言四(si)韻十六首是(shi)(shi)總論。北(bei)宋時(shi)期,由于(yu)皇室的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視,道(dao)(dao)(dao)教得到振興,連(lian)著 名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理學大(da)師也不(bu)排(pai)斥道(dao)(dao)(dao)教,士大(da)夫(fu)信奉道(dao)(dao)(dao)教成(cheng)為風氣,排(pai)斥道(dao)(dao)(dao)教的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言論和(he)行為比起 前(qian)期要少得多。毫無(wu)異議,以人世為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教得到了千載難逢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好機會,宮闕(que)里(li)巷(xiang), 崇尚內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)修煉(lian)蔚然成(cheng)風。張伯端發出“不(bu)求大(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)出迷途,縱負(fu)賢才不(bu)丈夫(fu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼喚(huan) 和(he)“人生雖有(you)百年(nian)期,壽夭窮通莫預知”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠告,對“人人本(ben)(ben)有(you)長生藥(yao),自是(shi)(shi)迷途 枉擺拋”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀不(bu)勝(sheng)惋惜。總論還(huan)指明(ming),修煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵在(zai)于(yu)陰陽得類和(he)調停火候,技 巧在(zai)于(yu)坎離顛(dian)倒(dao),最高(gao)境界是(shi)(shi)玄珠成(cheng)象、返本(ben)(ben)歸原,最終目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“壽永天地”。針對 當(dang)時(shi)內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)理論豐富,門派眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象,張伯端告誡說:“萬卷仙經(jing)語(yu)總同,金(jin)丹(dan)(dan)只(zhi)此 是(shi)(shi)根(gen)宗”,為內(nei)(nei)丹(dan)(dan)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康發展指明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路。
中(zhong)卷即絕句(ju)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)首,可(ke)以看作是分論。其中(zhong),第一(yi)二(er)(er)(er)首言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼎爐;三(san)(san)(san)(san)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)偃月(yue) 爐;五至八言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)真(zhen)鉛(qian);九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)用(yong)鉛(qian)和不(bu)用(yong)鉛(qian);十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)總論鉛(qian)汞;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)虛無(wu)一(yi)氣;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan) 坎離(li);十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戊(wu)己(ji);十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)坎離(li)顛(dian)倒(dao)和取鉛(qian)填離(li);十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)五行;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)二(er)(er)(er)弦;十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi) 九(jiu)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)調和;二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)龍虎;二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)至二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)煉(lian)(lian)己(ji);二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)金公姹女; 二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)火(huo)候(hou);二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)采藥火(huo)候(hou);三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)抽添火(huo)候(hou);三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溫養與 結胎;三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)陰陽歸中(zhong);三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)沐(mu)浴;三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)文烹(peng)武煉(lian)(lian);三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)卦 意;三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)庚(geng)申;三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)玄牝(pin);四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)性情;四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有為(wei);四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)雌 雄(xiong);四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有無(wu);四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)服(fu)丹(dan);四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)丹(dan)自內結;四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)藥自外來; 四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)內外丹(dan);五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)陽精(jing);五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)返(fan)本;五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慧劍(還丹(dan));五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)調 和性情;五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)漸(jian)頓;五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結丹(dan)至易;五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)用(yong)好我與天(tian);五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)盜機, 即及時(shi)采藥;五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)窮理;五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)求師;六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)息機;六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)止足(zu);六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)六(liu)(liu) 十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)生殺;六(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)混俗和光。
下(xia)卷(juan)即所收十九(jiu)首(shou)詞,基本上(shang)以西江月曲牌為主(zhu),是對前面內容的歸納總結。
首先(xian),對(dui)“象(xiang)”的感悟(wu)。關(guan)于(yu)象(xiang),《道德經(jing)》曾講“大(da)象(xiang)無(wu)形”,象(xiang)無(wu)處不(bu)(bu)在, 無(wu)處不(bu)(bu)有,可是“百姓(xing)日(ri)用而不(bu)(bu)知,圣人能究本(ben)源”(《悟(wu)真(zhen)(zhen)外(wai)篇》之(zhi)(zhi)《讀〈周易參 同契>》、這個(ge)本(ben)源就是乾坤、陰陽(yang)、五行、八卦等。這就是《易經(jing)》中所說(shuo)的設象(xiang) 法(fa)則。一(yi)旦知道源頭,就要(yao)效(xiao)法(fa)乾坤,掌握陰陽(yang)造(zao)化,奪一(yi)身之(zhi)(zhi)正氣(qi)。《石橋歌(ge)》有 “小(xiao)悟(wu)真(zhen)(zhen)”之(zhi)(zhi)譽(yu),歌(ge)中有“山北穴(xue)中藏猛虎”、“山南潭底隱蛟龍(long)”、“二(er)獸相逢(feng)斗一(yi) 場”等句,著重談(tan)了沿(yan)著任(ren)督二(er)脈運氣(qi),坎(kan)離交會產玄珠的過程。“無(wu)晝夜(ye),要(yao)綿 綿,聚(ju)散周天(tian)火候(hou)(hou)全”、“木(mu)生(sheng)火,金生(sheng)水,水火須分前(qian)后(hou)隊”等,說(shuo)的是五行與火 候(hou)(hou)要(yao)匹配。“妙(miao)道不(bu)(bu)離自(zi)家身,豈在千山與萬水”,鼓勵修真(zhen)(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)尋師(shi)覓玄旨,區別 真(zhen)(zhen)偽(wei)丹法(fa),堅持修煉(lian),爭(zheng)取早日(ri)與道合真(zhen)(zhen)。
其次,對(dui)“性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”的(de)感悟。張伯端寫(xie)(xie)完九十九首詩詞,發現(xian)“篇集既成(cheng)之后,又覺其中(zhong)惟談養(yang)命(ming)固形之術而于本源(yuan)真(zhen)覺之性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),有所未究”,于是增寫(xie)(xie)了三十二首《悟 真(zhen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宗直指》的(de)歌訣,專言性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功(gong),教誨修(xiu)真(zhen)之士察心(xin)觀性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),以儒養(yang)仁,以佛培性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing), 事事處(chu)處(chu),無分大小,棄(qi)惡從善,脫(tuo)離(li)諸相,才(cai)能無為自用,頓超(chao)彼(bi)岸。否則縱有千 種奇妙丹(dan)法,終因根性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)迷失,亦難于成(cheng)丹(dan)而交臂于成(cheng)仙得(de)道。命(ming)功(gong)煉(lian)形,實現(xian)的(de)是生 命(ming)物質的(de)轉化;性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功(gong)煉(lian)心(xin),拓展的(de)是生命(ming)的(de)境界,最(zui)后達到性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)命(ming)雙修(xiu),實現(xian)生命(ming)的(de)超(chao) 越。
(二)張伯端對丹經理論的繼承與發展(zhan)
1.張(zhang)伯(bo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)與(yu)《道(dao)德經》。作(zuo)為(wei)道(dao)家(jia),張(zhang)伯(bo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)首推《道(dao)德經》,對其(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)“道(dao)生(sheng)(sheng) 一(yi)(yi),一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)二(er)(er)(er),二(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san),三(san)(san)生(sheng)(sheng)萬(wan)(wan)物”的(de)(de)(de)順生(sheng)(sheng)思(si)(si)想作(zuo)了發揮。他在第十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)首中說:“道(dao)自(zi) 虛(xu)無(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)(yi)氣(qi),便從一(yi)(yi)氣(qi)產陰(yin)陽。陰(yin)陽再(zai)合成三(san)(san)體,三(san)(san)體重生(sheng)(sheng)萬(wan)(wan)物昌。”這是(shi)(shi)順生(sheng)(sheng),離 不(bu)(bu)開生(sheng)(sheng)老(lao)病(bing)死。道(dao)是(shi)(shi)虛(xu)無(wu)中的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)天(tian)一(yi)(yi)氣(qi),永(yong)遠不(bu)(bu)會(hui)枯竭衰亡。作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren),他所(suo)具有(you)(you) 的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)因為(wei)煩惱(nao)是(shi)(shi)會(hui)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)天(tian)耗(hao)散(san),具體表現為(wei)一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)二(er)(er)(er),二(er)(er)(er)在人(ren)(ren)體就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)陰(yin)陽,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi) 坎離,也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)精、元(yuan)神。元(yuan)精下滑(hua),元(yuan)神上飛直(zhi)接導致(zhi)先(xian)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)耗(hao)散(san)。要(yao)使它不(bu)(bu) 消散(san),就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)想辦法“歸(gui)(gui)根(gen)復(fu)命(ming)(ming)”。如能(neng)懂得“致(zhi)虛(xu)極,守靜(jing)篤。萬(wan)(wan)物并(bing)作(zuo),吾以(yi)觀 復(fu),夫(fu)物蕓蕓,各復(fu)歸(gui)(gui)其(qi)(qi)根(gen)”的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理(li),篤信不(bu)(bu)移(yi),努(nu)力加(jia)以(yi)實(shi)踐(jian),使三(san)(san)歸(gui)(gui)二(er)(er)(er),二(er)(er)(er)歸(gui)(gui) 一(yi)(yi),一(yi)(yi)歸(gui)(gui)于先(xian)天(tian),這就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)逆修(xiu)成仙。第五十(shi)一(yi)(yi)首,“萬(wan)(wan)物蕓蕓各返根(gen),返根(gen)復(fu)命(ming)(ming)即常 存。知(zhi)常返本人(ren)(ren)難會(hui),妄作(zuo)招兇往往聞”,雖然歸(gui)(gui)根(gen)就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)復(fu)命(ming)(ming),可是(shi)(shi)復(fu)命(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)容易,其(qi)(qi) 理(li)深奧,功(gong)法微妙,藥物有(you)(you)內外老(lao)嫩(nen)之(zhi)(zhi)分,火候有(you)(you)文武(wu)緩急之(zhi)(zhi)別,尚有(you)(you)結(jie)丹(dan)與(yu)脫丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de) 不(bu)(bu)同層次,處理(li)不(bu)(bu)當,難免不(bu)(bu)測(ce),所(suo)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)憑一(yi)(yi)點小聰明臆度私情,要(yao)有(you)(you)名(ming)師指點。 張(zhang)伯(bo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)再(zai)三(san)(san)告誡,“報言學道(dao)諸君子,不(bu)(bu)識(shi)陰(yin)陽莫亂為(wei)”、“饒君聰慧過顏(yan)閔,不(bu)(bu)遇真 師莫強猜”。《道(dao)德經》五十(shi)八章曰(yue):“禍兮,福(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)倚;福(fu)兮,禍之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)伏(fu)。”伯(bo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)從 實(shi)踐(jian)中得到“禍福(fu)由(you)來互倚伏(fu),還如影響相隨(sui)逐。若能(neng)轉此生(sheng)(sheng)殺(sha)機,反掌之(zhi)(zhi)間災變(bian)(bian) 福(fu)”的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理(li),告誡我們,我們身體所(suo)具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)五行之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)相生(sheng)(sheng)相克的(de)(de)(de)。順者德中有(you)(you) 刑,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)殺(sha)機,殺(sha)機者亡。逆者刑中有(you)(you)德,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)機,生(sheng)(sheng)機者存。這里充滿著(zhu)辨(bian)證的(de)(de)(de) 思(si)(si)想,要(yao)求我們小心處理(li)好內在的(de)(de)(de)細微變(bian)(bian)化,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)掉以(yi)輕心。
2.張(zhang)伯端與《陰(yin)符(fu)(fu)經》。《陰(yin)符(fu)(fu)經》只有(you)(you)幾百個字,但其(qi)天(tian)人(ren)(ren)相(xiang)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)機(ji)(ji)論和暗 合天(tian)道的神仙長生學(xue)說給(gei)張(zhang)伯端以(yi)(yi)(yi)極(ji)大的啟發。第(di)五(wu)十七首云:“三(san)(san)才相(xiang)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)及其(qi)時, 道德(de)神仙隱此(ci)機(ji)(ji)。萬化(hua)既(ji)安諸(zhu)慮息,百骸(hai)俱理證無(wu)為(wei)。”這就(jiu)是繼承了《陰(yin)符(fu)(fu)經》 “三(san)(san)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)既(ji)宜(yi),三(san)(san)才乃安”、“動其(qi)機(ji)(ji),萬化(hua)安”的盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)機(ji)(ji)論,認為(wei),“天(tian)地(di)為(wei)萬物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao), 萬物(wu)(wu)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),人(ren)(ren)為(wei)萬物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”。萬物(wu)(wu)得(de)到天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)由(you)萌生到茂(mao)盛(sheng)的發展; 人(ren)(ren)見萬物(wu)(wu)產生貪(tan)嗔(chen)癡欲念,萬物(wu)(wu)消耗人(ren)(ren)的精神。說穿了就(jiu)是及時地(di)互相(xiang)利用。“正(zheng)取 叫(jiao)取,不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)取叫(jiao)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。在(zai)丹法上,順(shun)行稱取,逆行叫(jiao)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。”亙古(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來,神仙都承載了隱 而不(bu)(bu)露(lu)的傳統(tong),為(wei)的就(jiu)是伺(si)機(ji)(ji)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)取,竊奪陰(yin)陽造化(hua)、爭(zheng)取生殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)化(hua),以(yi)(yi)(yi)正(zheng)祛 邪(xie),從而達到萬化(hua)安、百骸(hai)理的目的。人(ren)(ren)若(ruo)(ruo)能(neng)適時盜(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)取天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精華,那就(jiu)能(neng)夠與道合 真(zhen)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)要求信士(shi)理解(jie)《陰(yin)符(fu)(fu)》、《道德(de)》兩文蘊涵的深刻意義。“《陰(yin)符(fu)(fu)》寶字逾三(san)(san) 百,《道德(de)》靈文滿五(wu)千。今(jin)古(gu)上仙無(wu)限數,盡(jin)于此(ci)處達真(zhen)詮。”在(zai)丹家眼里,這兩 篇文章是修真(zhen)祖經,是泄露(lu)了天(tian)地(di)造化(hua)機(ji)(ji)密的書(shu),按照書(shu)中(zhong)的指點進行修煉,是會有(you)(you) 利于成功的。因為(wei)修仙得(de)道者都從其(qi)中(zhong)獲(huo)得(de)真(zhen)諦。如此(ci)推崇便(bian)有(you)(you)實(shi)際(ji)運用。“若(ruo)(ruo)會殺 機(ji)(ji)明反復,始知害里卻生恩”,就(jiu)是明白逆轉(zhuan)殺機(ji)(ji)重要性(xing)的最好(hao)注腳。
3.張伯(bo)端與《周易(yi)參同契(qi)》。東(dong)漢魏伯(bo)陽(yang)的(de)《周易(yi)參同契(qi)》是(shi)完備地(di)闡(chan)述內(nei)外 丹(dan)法(fa)的(de)著(zhu)作(zuo),有“丹(dan)經之(zhi)祖”之(zhi)地(di)位。全(quan)書共六千(qian)多字(zi),分(fen)上(shang)、中(zhong)、下三(san)(san)篇(pian)及《周 易(yi)參同契(qi)鼎器(qi)歌》一首。本書將《周易(yi)》、黃老與爐(lu)火參同一體講述丹(dan)道(dao),關于煉丹(dan) 的(de)鼎器(qi)、藥物、火候(hou)是(shi)本書討論的(de)重(zhong)點。“大易(yi)情(qing)性,各如其度(du),黃老用究,較(jiao)而可 御;爐(lu)火之(zhi)事,真有所據。三(san)(san)道(dao)由一,俱出徑路。”以(yi)上(shang)這(zhe)段(duan)文字(zi),是(shi)本書的(de)總綱。
張伯端從《周易(yi)參(can)同(tong)契》獲取了大量的營養,對(dui)多(duo)方面丹(dan)經(jing)理(li)論做(zuo)了深(shen)刻的闡(chan) 述并從以下三個(ge)方面作了發揮。
第一,張伯(bo)端指(zhi)出(chu),《周易參(can)同契》是(shi)(shi)一本講述內(nei)丹修煉的(de)著作,作者害怕泄露(lu) 天(tian)機而(er)受神仙懲(cheng)罰(fa),故(gu)意使(shi)“詞韻皆古(gu),奧(ao)雅難通”(朱熹(xi)語)。以(yi)寓言借(jie)事,顯晦 相(xiang)雜(za),顯少晦多,比喻(yu)連(lian)比喻(yu),著實難以(yi)暢讀,因此出(chu)現(xian)許許多多似是(shi)(shi)而(er)非,牽強附(fu) 會(hui)的(de)解(jie)釋,使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)越讀越糊涂。張伯(bo)端破譯出(chu),“休煉三(san)黃(huang)及四神,若(ruo)尋眾草更非真(zhen)(zhen)”。 所(suo)謂(wei)“三(san)黃(huang)”,就是(shi)(shi)硫(liu)磺(huang)、雄黃(huang)、雌(ci)黃(huang)。所(suo)謂(wei)“四神”,就是(shi)(shi)朱砂、水銀(yin)、鉛(qian)、硝。 《周易參(can)同契》里提到的(de)這(zhe)(zhe)些物質都是(shi)(shi)有形的(de),靠道術無法煉就。“時人(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)識真(zhen)(zhen)鉛(qian)汞(gong), 不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)凡砂及水銀(yin)”,只有把鉛(qian)汞(gong)解(jie)讀為元精元神時,才(cai)算認(ren)識了真(zhen)(zhen)鉛(qian)汞(gong),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)靠修煉 能(neng)夠得(de)到的(de)。為了突出(chu)識真(zhen)(zhen)鉛(qian)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao),張伯(bo)端連(lian)續寫(xie)了 “咽(yan)津納氣是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)行”、“調(diao)(diao)和 鉛(qian)萊(lai)要(yao)成丹”、“未煉還丹莫人(ren)(ren)(ren)山”、“竹破須將竹補(bu)宜”、“用(yong)鉛(qian)不(bu)(bu)得(de)用(yong)凡鉛(qian)”、“虛心 實腹義(yi)倶深”、“夢謁(ye)西華到九(jiu)天(tian)”等七首關于(yu)“鉛(qian)汞(gong)”的(de)口訣,分別(bie)從(cong)咽(yan)津納氣不(bu)(bu) 是(shi)(shi)內(nei)丹修煉、調(diao)(diao)和鉛(qian)汞(gong)、鉛(qian)是(shi)(shi)至寶(bao)家家有,以(yi)鉛(qian)補(bu)鉛(qian)、以(yi)鉛(qian)實腹、不(bu)(bu)用(yong)有形之鉛(qian)、鉛(qian) 汞(gong)合煉七個方面豐富內(nei)丹理論(lun)。
第二,從上述七(qi)首作品可知,內丹修煉(lian)的(de)(de)藥物絕對(dui)不是有形有質的(de)(de)金水鉛(qian)汞,真 正(zheng)的(de)(de)藥物是人人都(dou)有的(de)(de)精氣神,依靠精氣神都(dou)能煉(lian)就(jiu)金丹,“丹熟自然金滿(man)屋,何須 尋草學燒茅?”(律(lv)師六)“要知藥產川(chuan)(chuan)源(yuan)處(chu),只在西南是本鄉(xiang)”(律(lv)師七(qi)),川(chuan)(chuan)源(yuan)處(chu) 就(jiu)是西南方,即人體的(de)(de)坤方,也就(jiu)是下(xia)丹田。所以修士根本不必避開(kai)鬧市孤(gu)守空山。
第(di)三,明確指(zhi)出修煉的場所不在(zai)深山老林,而是以(yi)人體自身為爐。“須(xu)知(zhi)大隱居(ju)(ju) 廛(chan)市,何必深山守(shou)靜孤?”(律(lv)師五)“志士(shi)若(ruo)能(neng)修煉,何妨在(zai)市居(ju)(ju)朝”(西江月(yue)十二 首之二 )?
(三)張伯端在內丹修煉方面的(de)實踐
《周易參同契》沒有對功法的層次作出明確的分理。宋代的陳摶是從冥心太無人 手(shou),待靜極生(sheng)動作為過渡(du),再行煉(lian)精化氣,煉(lian)氣化神,煉(lian)神還虛,最后復(fu)歸(gui)無極。
張伯端丹法(fa)有筑基、煉(lian)精化氣、煉(lian)氣化神、煉(lian)神還虛四個(ge)階段。有人把它分為(wei)筑 基是(shi)道(dao)術(shu),后面三個(ge)階段是(shi)仙術(shu)。
1.筑基。筑基階(jie)段命性合煉(lian)。開(kai)始時,選擇適合自己(ji)修煉(lian)的(de)(de)時間和場(chang)所,根本 不(bu)(bu)必追求(qiu)“空山(shan)靜(jing)(jing)室”。端坐、平(ping)(ping)視、雙眼微(wei)閉(bi)、兩手(shou)虛握太極(ji),順(shun)著呼吸的(de)(de)自然(ran)起 伏,使自己(ji)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)息沉(chen)到下(xia)(xia)丹(dan)田(tian),即臍區。這(zhe)(zhe)時自我感覺應當是很松很靜(jing)(jing),要保持(chi)這(zhe)(zhe)種 狀態。《心(xin)(xin)(xin)為(wei)君(jun)論》說:“但于(yu)一念(nian)妄生之(zhi)際,思平(ping)(ping)日心(xin)(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)得靜(jing)(jing)者(zhe),此(ci)為(wei)梗耳,急舍(she)之(zhi),久(jiu)久(jiu)成(cheng)熟(shu),則自然(ran)靜(jing)(jing)矣”。又說,“心(xin)(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)留(liu)事,一靜(jing)(jing)可期,此(ci)便是覓靜(jing)(jing)底路。又 心(xin)(xin)(xin)之(zhi)所以不(bu)(bu)能(neng)靜(jing)(jing)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可純謂之(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。蓋(gai)神亦役(yi)(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),心(xin)(xin)(xin)亦役(yi)(yi)神,二(er)者(zhe)交相役(yi)(yi),而(er)(er)欲念(nian)生 焉。心(xin)(xin)(xin)求(qiu)靜(jing)(jing),必先(xian)制(zhi)眼。眼為(wei)神游之(zhi)宅,神游于(yu)眼而(er)(er)役(yi)(yi)于(yu)心(xin)(xin)(xin),故抑之(zhi)于(yu)眼而(er)(er)使歸于(yu) 心(xin)(xin)(xin),則心(xin)(xin)(xin)靜(jing)(jing)神亦靜(jing)(jing)矣。”心(xin)(xin)(xin)靜(jing)(jing)至神靜(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過程稱守一,也就(jiu)是意守下(xia)(xia)丹(dan)田(tian),重心(xin)(xin)(xin)也應保 持(chi)在下(xia)(xia)丹(dan)田(tian)。覺得丹(dan)田(tian)氣(qi)(qi)足了就(jiu)要準(zhun)備通關,當然(ran)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)氣(qi)(qi)還(huan)是后天之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)。
通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)三(san)關(guan),即(ji)(ji)打通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)背后(hou)(hou)三(san)關(guan)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從尾閭(lv)(lv)處升起,使它慢(man)慢(man)上(shang)升,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尾閭(lv)(lv)關(guan)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi) 運(yun)(yun)(yun)至(zhi)后(hou)(hou)背,幾(ji)乎(hu)與(yu)心臟等高的(de)(de)地方(fang),稱(cheng)之謂夾脊關(guan),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)容易從此處通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)到后(hou)(hou)頸 腦下(xia)與(yu)口相對應的(de)(de)玉枕關(guan)時,道(dao)路不通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)暢,需(xu)要花大力氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慢(man)慢(man)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)。如(ru)果通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)太快, 氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)容易上(shang)沖而至(zhi)偏(pian)差。從尾閭(lv)(lv)到頭(tou)頂泥丸宮(gong),再(zai)到上(shang)嘴唇處,稱(cheng)逆運(yun)(yun)(yun)督(du)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。由泥丸宮(gong) 往下(xia),經(jing)過(guo)印堂(tang)鼻竅即(ji)(ji)鵲橋,再(zai)經(jing)十二(er)重樓,即(ji)(ji)喉(hou)管進人絳宮(gong),即(ji)(ji)中(zhong)丹田,下(xia)行至(zhi)下(xia) 丹田即(ji)(ji)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)任(ren)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。任(ren)督(du)二(er)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),這(zhe)時運(yun)(yun)(yun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不運(yun)(yun)(yun)藥,故只(zhi)能稱(cheng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)或(huo)稱(cheng)轉(zhuan)轱轆,如(ru)果運(yun)(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan) 中(zhong)有了藥,那(nei)就得(de)稱(cheng)小周天了。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)不通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),全(quan)在于意(yi)念(nian)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)用,憑意(yi)念(nian)去體(ti)察(cha)。如(ru)果 有氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)感、有熱的(de)(de)感覺(jue),則說明任(ren)督(du)已通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。任(ren)督(du)二(er)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)是(shi)(shi)八脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)樞紐,任(ren)督(du)二(er)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)了,其 他六脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)也(ye)隨之而通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),全(quan)身也(ye)就通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)暢無阻。筑(zhu)基(ji)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)(shi)有為的(de)(de),運(yun)(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)都是(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)天之氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 筑(zhu)基(ji)目的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)補(bu)人體(ti)虧損(sun),活絡經(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo),通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)血,客觀上(shang)也(ye)有利于身體(ti)健康。古人認為精 滿表現(xian)在牙齒(chi)健全(quan),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)足(zu)表現(xian)在聲音響(xiang)亮,神旺表現(xian)在眼睛明亮,這(zhe)就意(yi)味著筑(zhu)基(ji)的(de)(de) 完成。
筑基的(de)關鍵是(shi)要(yao)(yao)處理(li)好氣(qi)(qi)息。人(ren)(ren)生全(quan)靠一口氣(qi)(qi),日常呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸,呼(hu)(hu)(hu)出時(shi),小(xiao)腹(fu)內縮; 吸進時(shi),氣(qi)(qi)下沉,小(xiao)腹(fu)微有(you)上(shang)升與(yu)突起,做(zuo)到細長無聲(sheng),這稱調息。通(tong)任督時(shi)要(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)會 呼(hu)(hu)(hu)出時(shi)連同(tong)小(xiao)腹(fu)突起,吸氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)小(xiao)腹(fu)內縮,即靠意(yi)念持(chi)內氣(qi)(qi)沿著(zhu)督任二脈(mo)循環呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸,這 叫調真息,也(ye)稱橐籥(yue)功(gong)夫。開始階(jie)段可以用調息方法,使(shi)自己人(ren)(ren)靜,但要(yao)(yao)真正通(tong)任督 二脈(mo),必(bi)須學(xue)(xue)會逆呼(hu)(hu)(hu)吸,即當外氣(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)腹(fu)時(shi),真息從腹(fu)底沿督脈(mo)上(shang)升頭部百會穴;外氣(qi)(qi) 從鼻子(zi)呼(hu)(hu)(hu)出時(shi)真息從百會穴沿著(zhu)任脈(mo)下降到腹(fu)底。沒有(you)這套運氣(qi)(qi)技巧,就無法逆轉周(zhou) 天。筑基要(yao)(yao)花(hua)多少(shao)時(shi)間是(shi)因人(ren)(ren)而異的(de)。
2.煉(lian)(lian)精(jing)化(hua)(hua)氣(qi)(qi)。煉(lian)(lian)精(jing)化(hua)(hua)氣(qi)(qi)階(jie)段(duan),內丹(dan)功法稱(cheng)初(chu)關(guan)。運行的(de)線路(lu)和筑基(ji)時一模一樣。 這個階(jie)段(duan)的(de)主要任務(wu)是(shi)(shi)在筑基(ji)的(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)進一步鍛煉(lian)(lian)精(jing)氣(qi)(qi)神,達到元精(jing)元氣(qi)(qi)與神合凝(ning)生(sheng) 成藥(yao)(yao)(yao),也稱(cheng)“炁(qi)”。如果(guo)說,筑基(ji)階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)煉(lian)(lian)氣(qi)(qi)為主,氣(qi)(qi)在任督(du)二(er)脈循環(huan)運行,那么煉(lian)(lian) 精(jing)化(hua)(hua)炁(qi)是(shi)(shi)指藥(yao)(yao)(yao)沿著任督(du)二(er)脈循環(huan)運行,稱(cheng)運河車(che)(che),運行中使藥(yao)(yao)(yao)不斷純化(hua)(hua)。過(guo)尾閭關(guan)時 需要細步慢行,如羊駕車(che)(che);經過(guo)夾脊關(guan)時像鹿駕車(che)(che),可以(yi)大步急奔(ben);過(guo)玉(yu)枕關(guan)時,通 道較小,要像牛(niu)駕車(che)(che)一樣用力猛沖。從(cong)泥丸宮下行要結合沐浴(yu)和退符(fu),使得到初(chu)步凝(ning) 練的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)歸于丹(dan)田。
上藥(yao)三品(pin),神(shen)與(yu)氣(qi)(qi)精(jing)(jing)。其實,精(jing)(jing)氣(qi)(qi)神(shen)三者是(shi)(shi)并立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de),根據(ju)內煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同層次(ci)和位置 分(fen)別冠以(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)、元(yuan)(yuan)精(jing)(jing)、元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)。筑基使(shi)(shi)人增(zeng)加元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)。煉(lian)精(jing)(jing)化(hua)炁(qi)(qi)就是(shi)(shi)讓精(jing)(jing)氣(qi)(qi)神(shen)進一(yi)步合 煉(lian)。起(qi)始階(jie)段(duan)合煉(lian)出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱外(wai)藥(yao),外(wai)藥(yao)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)而(er)采(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de),即(ji)筑基階(jie)段(duan)在(zai)氣(qi)(qi)海里貯滿了元(yuan)(yuan) 氣(qi)(qi),在(zai)靜極(ji)一(yi)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候就表(biao)明(ming)活子時到來(lai),意味著外(wai)藥(yao)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),這時就要開始采(cai)藥(yao)。藥(yao) 生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于西南(nan)即(ji)腹部。采(cai)取以(yi)后(hou)就要封固在(zai)丹田(tian)。封固的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于繼續煉(lian)藥(yao),使(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)(ta)越來(lai) 越純(chun)(chun)。元(yuan)(yuan)神(shen)運(yun)行到一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)就會(hui)與(yu)已經(jing)積蓄的(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)炁(qi)(qi)在(zai)下(xia)丹田(tian)交會(hui),產生(sheng)一(yi)種比(bi)外(wai)藥(yao)更 純(chun)(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真種子,不采(cai)它(ta)(ta)(ta),它(ta)(ta)(ta)永遠是(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種,只(zhi)有(you)采(cai)了它(ta)(ta)(ta),它(ta)(ta)(ta)就能迎合外(wai)藥(yao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為 “炁(qi)(qi)”,結成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)丹母。有(you)了丹母,才能歸(gui)根復命。所以(yi),煉(lian)精(jing)(jing)化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)階(jie)段(duan)實際上就是(shi)(shi)“三 歸(gui)二”的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。
要(yao)做到“三(san)歸二”就(jiu)要(yao)運(yun)河車。這(zhe)是一個(ge)比喻。在通關(guan)的(de)基礎上(shang)將運(yun)氣改為(wei)運(yun) 藥(yao),就(jiu)是運(yun)河車。羊車細(xi)步慢行,鹿車大步急(ji)奔,牛車用(yong)力猛(meng)沖,過了(le)三(san)關(guan)可以直(zhi)上(shang) 泥丸(wan)宮,由泥丸(wan)宮沿任脈(mo)而下(xia)丹田,這(zhe)就(jiu)是采取藥(yao)物行周天(tian)之(zhi)法(fa),稱之(zhi)謂小周天(tian)。
運(yun)(yun)周天的(de)目的(de)在于將元(yuan)(yuan)精(jing)、元(yuan)(yuan)神凝(ning)合,在運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)中去粗取精(jing),去偽(wei)存真,去礦留 金。內(nei)丹家(jia)認為,腎為先天之本,腎精(jing)屬(shu)陰,易(yi)于下滑;心為神之舍,它主宰萬物, 性(xing)在此(ci)(ci),命(ming)在此(ci)(ci),因(yin)為屬(shu)陽(yang)的(de)元(yuan)(yuan)神居此(ci)(ci)。元(yuan)(yuan)神易(yi)上(shang)飛,陰走陽(yang)失(shi),影(ying)響壽(shou)命(ming)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci), 內(nei)丹家(jia)想方設法要使元(yuan)(yuan)精(jing)上(shang)行(xing),元(yuan)(yuan)神下行(xing),要使兩(liang)者相遇結伴而行(xing),在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)過程中 成(cheng)(cheng)為真種子(zi),再凝(ning)煉成(cheng)(cheng)丹母。
凝煉(lian)要靠(kao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。古人認為(wei)(wei),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。《養真(zhen)秘錄(lu)》:“火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)者,太陽(yang)真(zhen)氣(qi), 乃坎中一陽(yang)。”《天仙正理(li)?先天后(hou)天二氣(qi)指論》:“有(you)(you)言藥即是(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)即是(shi)(shi)藥。”有(you)(you)的(de) 內丹(dan)家干(gan)脆把元(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)看作是(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),將元(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)與精(jing)氣(qi)在(zai)任督二脈(mo)運(yun)轉烹煉(lian)的(de)順(shun)序稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou) 有(you)(you)文(wen)武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)。武(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)就是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)呼吸吹動元(yuan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),較為(wei)(wei)緊重。為(wei)(wei)促使生(sheng)藥,用(yong)(yong)(yong)武(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo);采藥 用(yong)(yong)(yong)武(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo);進火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)則(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)武(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo);運(yun)河車過三關用(yong)(yong)(yong)武(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。文(wen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)就是(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)不(bu)主宰于(yu)(yu)此(ci)的(de)溫柔之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。 退(tui)符用(yong)(yong)(yong)文(wen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo);子(zi)午卯(mao)酉沐浴(yu)溫養用(yong)(yong)(yong)文(wen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。“用(yong)(yong)(yong)將須(xu)分(fen)左右軍(jun)”,這(zhe)個“將”就是(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。 古圣(sheng)人縮(suo)一年火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)(yu)一月之(zhi)(zhi)內,縮(suo)一月火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)于(yu)(yu)一日之(zhi)(zhi)中。子(zi)丑(chou)寅卯(mao)辰(chen)巳,六(liu)(liu)辰(chen)屬陽(yang), 是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)陽(yang)進火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo);午未申酉戌亥,六(liu)(liu)辰(chen)屬陰,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)陰退(tui)符。絕句(ju)二十七,“縱識朱(zhu)砂 于(yu)(yu)黑鉛,不(bu)知火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)也如閑。大都(dou)全借修持力,毫發差殊(shu)不(bu)結丹(dan)”。可見,金丹(dan)全靠(kao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo) 候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)修持而成。可惜圣(sheng)人傳藥不(bu)傳火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),從來火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)少人知,所以不(bu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)愿意傳,實在(zai)是(shi)(shi)難 于(yu)(yu)傳火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),關鍵在(zai)于(yu)(yu)自(zi)己求師(shi),在(zai)實踐中靈活掌握。《天仙金丹(dan)心法(fa)》認為(wei)(wei),煉(lian)精(jing)化(hua)炁 皆用(yong)(yong)(yong)武(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),煉(lian)炁化(hua)神(shen)(shen)(shen)宜(yi)行(xing)文(wen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei),文(wen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),它非呼非吸,生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)定(ding) 中,屬于(yu)(yu)無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)舉(ju)。武(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),屬于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)舉(ju),而煉(lian)精(jing)化(hua)炁階(jie)段(duan)還是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)勝(sheng)于(yu)(yu) 無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)。
煉精(jing)化炁(qi)階段,鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)爐(lu)的作用(yong)不可忽視(shi)。《悟(wu)真篇》絕句第一首:“先把乾(qian)坤為(wei)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding) 器(qi)(qi),次將烏(wu)兔藥(yao)(yao)來烹(peng)(peng)”。開(kai)宗明義,點明鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)器(qi)(qi)的位(wei)置。鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)乾(qian),即(ji)在(zai)(zai)頭(tou)頂泥丸宮,為(wei) 陽,也稱(cheng)(cheng)陽鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)坤,即(ji)在(zai)(zai)下(xia)丹(dan)田(tian),為(wei)陰(yin),也稱(cheng)(cheng)陰(yin)爐(lu)。鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)器(qi)(qi)的作用(yong)就是為(wei)藥(yao)(yao)物鍛(duan)煉 提供場所。煉精(jing)化炁(qi)以(yi)上丹(dan)田(tian)為(wei)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),以(yi)下(xia)丹(dan)田(tian)為(wei)爐(lu),這叫大鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)爐(lu)。烏(wu)為(wei)元神,兔為(wei)元 精(jing)。臍下(xia)起(qi)火,將采到的外(wai)藥(yao)(yao)沿著任督升(sheng)降(jiang)即(ji)上面說的運河(he)車,也稱(cheng)(cheng)烹(peng)(peng)煉。藥(yao)(yao)運至(zhi)爐(lu) 稱(cheng)(cheng)歸爐(lu),也就是元精(jing)元神和土三家(jia)相見,生成丹(dan)母,即(ji)大藥(yao)(yao),至(zhi)此完成“三歸二” 的修煉。
3.煉(lian)(lian)氣化(hua)神(shen)(shen)。煉(lian)(lian)炁(qi)化(hua)神(shen)(shen)是(shi)神(shen)(shen)與炁(qi)(丹(dan)母)合煉(lian)(lian),誕生圣胎,也(ye)就是(shi)嬰兒,完成 “二歸一”的(de)修(xiu)煉(lian)(lian),一般稱之為中關。步驟為凝神(shen)(shen)炁(qi)穴采大藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(丹(dan)母),煉(lian)(lian)服大藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、 養(yang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、結丹(dan)。神(shen)(shen)與氣交(jiao)產生外藥(yao)(yao)(yao),內(nei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)采而生,然后(hou)與外藥(yao)(yao)(yao)凝為大藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。大藥(yao)(yao)(yao)也(ye)是(shi)采而 生,再(zai)經過一段時間,一般說七(qi)日(ri),可以成胎。修(xiu)煉(lian)(lian)方法強調(diao)呼吸自然,不必靠意 念(nian),只要(yao)凝神(shen)(shen)入定(ding),目光內(nei)視觀照中丹(dan)田。
通奇經(jing)八(ba)脈的(de)功(gong)夫屬于大周天(tian)功(gong)夫。這(zhe)一(yi)理(li)論首先(xian)由張伯端提(ti)出,約成(cheng)書于明(ming) 代(dai),作者(zhe)不詳的(de)《性(xing)命圭旨》發揮了這(zhe)一(yi)理(li)論。《性(xing)命法(fa)訣明(ming)指(zhi)》完善了奇經(jing)八(ba)脈的(de)理(li)論和修煉方法(fa)。其法(fa)是(shi)(shi)由尾閭到(dao)(dao)頭頂(ding)中通督脈;由頭頂(ding)從(cong)前面降至(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)死(si)(si)竅(qiao)(qiao)通任(ren)脈; 由生(sheng)死(si)(si)竅(qiao)(qiao)到(dao)(dao)氣穴(xue),分二路至(zhi)(zhi)后腰眼(yan),通帶(dai)脈,再到(dao)(dao)兩腋(ye)窩定(ding)位(wei),然后到(dao)(dao)兩肘(zhou)外,為通 陽腧(shu)脈;由手心走至(zhi)(zhi)陰腧(shu)脈,雙(shuang)(shuang)雙(shuang)(shuang)回(hui)到(dao)(dao)胸前,再由胸前降至(zhi)(zhi)帶(dai)脈,合歸一(yi)處,共同回(hui) 到(dao)(dao)生(sheng)死(si)(si)竅(qiao)(qiao),然后上升(sheng)至(zhi)(zhi)心下(xia)(xia)絳宮定(ding)位(wei),這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)通沖脈,注意不能超過(guo)心的(de)高度(du);下(xia)(xia)降 至(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)死(si)(si)竅(qiao)(qiao)分開(kai),雙(shuang)(shuang)走兩腿外,為通陽蹺脈;然后直至(zhi)(zhi)腳底涌泉穴(xue),回(hui)升(sheng)到(dao)(dao)兩腿內(nei)側, 是(shi)(shi)為通陰蹺脈;過(guo)生(sheng)死(si)(si)竅(qiao)(qiao),上升(sheng)氣穴(xue)定(ding)位(wei),由氣穴(xue)降至(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)死(si)(si)竅(qiao)(qiao)定(ding)位(wei)。
4.煉(lian)(lian)神(shen)(shen)還(huan)虛(xu)。煉(lian)(lian)神(shen)(shen)還(huan)虛(xu)階段(duan)是(shi)內煉(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高階段(duan),稱上(shang)關(guan)或九(jiu)年關(guan)。這個(ge)“九(jiu)”, 是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)古代漢語中(zhong)最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)陽(yang)數,在(zai)這里(li)表示(shi)要(yao)花很多的(de)(de)(de)時間才(cai)能煉(lian)(lian)成由一(yi)歸(gui)(gui)無(wu)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing) 功(gong)。歸(gui)(gui)無(wu),又(you)稱歸(gui)(gui)道、歸(gui)(gui)根(gen)、明心(xin)見(jian)性(xing)。《悟(wu)真(zhen)篇(pian)》絕句(ju)五(wu)十一(yi)首:“萬(wan)物蕓(yun)蕓(yun)各歸(gui)(gui) 根(gen),返根(gen)復命即常(chang)存(cun)”。群陰剝盡才(cai)能歸(gui)(gui)根(gen),跳出樊籠(long)才(cai)能常(chang)存(cun)。要(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)(dao)這一(yi)點(dian),必(bi) 須將陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)搬移到(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)。一(yi)般(ban)說來,上(shang)丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)是(shi)煉(lian)(lian)陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)和陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)所(suo)(suo)居的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang),中(zhong)丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)是(shi)元 炁(qi)所(suo)(suo)居地方(fang),下丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)是(shi)元精(jing)所(suo)(suo)居的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)。陽(yang)神(shen)(shen)上(shang)移就是(shi)要(yao)將在(zai)前面(mian)三個(ge)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang) 煉(lian)(lian)就的(de)(de)(de)圣胎送至上(shang)丹(dan)(dan)田(tian)。真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)夫不(bu)在(zai)通關(guan)、運河車,而全在(zai)于處虛(xu)無(wu)之境,以虛(xu) 無(wu)之心(xin)煉(lian)(lian)虛(xu)無(wu)之性(xing)情(qing),達到(dao)(dao)(dao)常(chang)定常(chang)寂(ji),感(gan)而遂通,出生(sheng)人死,圓通無(wu)礙(ai),徹(che)底解脫, 似與天(tian)地永存(cun)。這個(ge)時候萬(wan)法(fa)(fa)皆空(kong),萬(wan)宗皆同,真(zhen)如(ru)(ru)詩中(zhong)所(suo)(suo)說,“如(ru)(ru)來妙(miao)體(ti)遍河沙(sha), 萬(wan)象森羅無(wu)礙(ai)遮。會(hui)得圓通真(zhen)法(fa)(fa)眼(yan),始知三界是(shi)吾家”。張伯端三教(jiao)兼通,思路曠 達,但最(zui)后,還(huan)是(shi)落實在(zai)形(xing)(xing)神(shen)(shen)一(yi)致、形(xing)(xing)神(shen)(shen)相依(yi)、留形(xing)(xing)駐(zhu)世(shi)而求長(chang)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)道家生(sheng)命觀上(shang)。
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