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五苓散主證病機淺述

道醫 2023-06-25 14:42:00

摘(zhai)要:五苓散(san)是(shi)《傷寒論(lun)》中經典方劑(ji),自成(cheng)無己(ji)注釋以(yi)來(lai),關于五苓散(san)的主(zhu)證(zheng)病機頗(po)多討(tao)論(lun),通過病例分析闡述對(dui)于五苓散(san)的主(zhu)證(zheng)病機的理解。

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞:五苓散;小便(bian)不利;蓄水;主證

五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散出(chu)自(zi)《傷寒論》,其中(zhong)涉及條(tiao)文共有(you)(you)八條(tiao),加上《金匱要略(lve)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)三(san)條(tiao),共有(you)(you)十一條(tiao),關(guan)于(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散歷代醫(yi)家爭議(yi)頗多,首先,關(guan)于(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散的(de)(de)主(zhu)證(zheng)(zheng),都(dou)(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)諸(zhu)多論述,大多數醫(yi)家認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)小(xiao)便(bian)不利(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其主(zhu)證(zheng)(zheng),在(zai)《傷寒論》中(zhong)第71條(tiao)"太(tai)陽病(bing)(bing),發汗(han)(han)后,大汗(han)(han)出(chu),胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)干,煩躁(zao)不得眠,欲(yu)得飲(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)者(zhe),少少與飲(yin)(yin)之(zhi),令胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氣和則(ze)(ze)愈;若脈浮,小(xiao)便(bian)不利(li)(li),微熱消渴(ke)(ke)者(zhe),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散主(zhu)之(zhi)。"《金匱要略(lve)》第13篇第4條(tiao)"脈浮,小(xiao)便(bian)不利(li)(li),微熱消渴(ke)(ke)者(zhe),宜(yi)利(li)(li)小(xiao)便(bian),發汗(han)(han),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散主(zhu)之(zhi)。"等都(dou)(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)論述,亦有(you)(you)醫(yi)家認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以口渴(ke)(ke)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散的(de)(de)首選主(zhu)證(zheng)(zheng),如(ru)柯雪帆(fan)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)"五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)各個癥狀中(zhong),口渴(ke)(ke)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重要,小(xiao)便(bian)不利(li)(li)居第二(er)位"[1]。其次,關(guan)于(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)因(yin)病(bing)(bing)機:太(tai)陽病(bing)(bing)汗(han)(han)不如(ru)法,或(huo)發汗(han)(han)太(tai)過,表證(zheng)(zheng)仍(reng)未解,同時,胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腑和膀(bang)胱(guang)陽氣受損,既蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),又消渴(ke)(ke),熱勢(shi)無法外達,導(dao)致(zhi)表證(zheng)(zheng)難解,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)機大家一致(zhi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)飲(yin)(yin)停(ting)(ting)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)不散,至于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)飲(yin)(yin)停(ting)(ting)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)部(bu)位則(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)諸(zhu)多說法:因(yin)小(xiao)便(bian)不利(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散主(zhu)證(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)一,所(suo)以比較傳統的(de)(de)觀(guan)點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)膀(bang)胱(guang),關(guan)于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)逆,在(zai)《傷寒論》原文中(zhong)第74條(tiao)指出(chu)"……渴(ke)(ke)欲(yu)飲(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)入則(ze)(ze)吐(tu)者(zhe),名曰水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)逆,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)散主(zhu)之(zhi)。"則(ze)(ze)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)停(ting)(ting)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)于(yu)(yu)下而上犯胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腑,胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)失和降而致(zhi)"水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)逆"[2]。但還有(you)(you)另一種(zhong)觀(guan)點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),既有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)入則(ze)(ze)吐(tu),當為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)于(yu)(yu)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),小(xiao)便(bian)不利(li)(li)也不是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)于(yu)(yu)膀(bang)胱(guang)的(de)(de)結果,而是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)于(yu)(yu)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),不循正(zheng)途,下輸(shu)膀(bang)胱(guang)所(suo)致(zhi)[3]。各種(zhong)觀(guan)點都(dou)(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)道理,現就(jiu)一例(li)病(bing)(bing)例(li)談談自(zi)己對本證(zheng)(zheng)看法,請大家指正(zheng)。

1 臨床資料

2014年12月15日,一名老年女性(xing)患(huan)者(zhe)高某來診,76歲,自(zi)述(shu)3d前患(huan)感冒(mao),發熱,全身痛怕(pa)冷(leng),自(zi)行(xing)服(fu)用(yong)西藥百服(fu)寧后(hou)癥狀緩解(jie),因自(zi)覺(jue)癥狀時有(you)反復(fu),遂反復(fu)服(fu)用(yong)百服(fu)寧共至6片,于(yu)來診當日下午突然出現排尿(niao)困難,小腹憋(bie)悶難受,伴發熱,無(wu)汗(han)怕(pa)冷(leng),體溫高達38.5度,全身痛,大(da)便(bian)已3d未解(jie),但因患(huan)者(zhe)平素大(da)便(bian)亦(yi)3~4d一行(xing),故患(huan)者(zhe)無(wu)明顯大(da)便(bian)異常感覺(jue)。急(ji)查血常規:白細(xi)胞:6.6×109中性(xing)粒細(xi)胞86.81%淋巴細(xi)胞8.32%泌尿(niao)系B超(chao):無(wu)明顯異常,膀胱殘余尿(niao)量480ml.患(huan)者(zhe)。患(huan)者(zhe)平日血壓(ya)偶(ou)有(you)波動,自(zi)服(fu)尼莫地平等藥,未連續(xu)服(fu)用(yong)降(jiang)壓(ya)藥治療(liao),血糖血脂無(wu)明顯異常。因患(huan)者(zhe)年齡(ling)大(da)且癥狀較急(ji),遂由我院(yuan)急(ji)診科收院(yuan)留觀,查患(huan)者(zhe)舌質偏紅,舌根部苔膩,脈(mo)浮數。

細(xi)思(si)患者的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)病(bing)過程(cheng),想到《傷(shang)(shang)寒論(lun)》中條文(wen)71條"太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)病(bing),發(fa)(fa)(fa)汗(han)(han)后,大汗(han)(han)出(chu)(chu)(chu),胃中干,……若脈浮,小便(bian)不利(li),微熱消(xiao)渴(ke)者,五苓散(san)主之。"本病(bing)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)病(bing)過程(cheng)及主證符合《傷(shang)(shang)寒論(lun)》中五苓散(san)證的(de)表現,是在(zai)治(zhi)療太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)病(bing)時(shi)誤用(yong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)汗(han)(han),因(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)汗(han)(han)太過致胃腑陽(yang)(yang)(yang)氣與津(jin)液(ye)一同受損,水飲停蓄,出(chu)(chu)(chu)現小便(bian)不利(li),消(xiao)渴(ke)等癥,同時(shi)當還有表證未(wei)解發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱,脈浮亦可見。本例患者本因(yin)為感冒,自行(xing)過量服(fu)用(yong)百服(fu)寧等發(fa)(fa)(fa)汗(han)(han)藥,反復發(fa)(fa)(fa)汗(han)(han)導(dao)致津(jin)液(ye)受損,患者本就(jiu)年(nian)老,素體陽(yang)(yang)(yang)虛,傷(shang)(shang)津(jin)同時(shi)胃陽(yang)(yang)(yang)受損,使胃的(de)消(xiao)化(hua)吸收能力減(jian)弱,水飲停聚,蓄于膀胱(guang),患者因(yin)熱勢不能外達,邪氣無(wu)法隨津(jin)液(ye)外出(chu)(chu)(chu),故表證仍重,發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱,無(wu)汗(han)(han)怕(pa)冷,全身疼痛。

急診的(de)西醫醫生(sheng)(sheng)診斷此病為(wei)膀胱炎,遂給予西藥左氧氟(fu)沙星靜(jing)脈(mo)滴(di)注,但(dan)因為(wei)患者(zhe)(zhe)始(shi)終無尿(niao)(niao),小(xiao)腹(fu)脹滿,靜(jing)脈(mo)輸液(ye)時始(shi)終躁(zao)動(dong)不(bu)安(an),隔幾分鐘就想要去廁所,到了廁所又(you)無法順(shun)利排尿(niao)(niao),心煩(fan)口干想喝水又(you)難以(yi)下(xia)咽,發熱始(shi)終不(bu)褪(tun),1h后體(ti)溫升至38.9℃,急診醫生(sheng)(sheng)慮(lv)其年(nian)老體(ti)衰,體(ti)溫再(zai)升高(gao)恐有危(wei)險,遂下(xia)醫囑注射用賴(lai)氨(an)匹林入(ru)壺(hu),患者(zhe)(zhe)用藥后幾分鐘,即自述后背略(lve)潮,少(shao)量汗出(chu),身體(ti)煩(fan)疼的(de)感覺有所減輕(qing),可以(yi)稍稍平躺(tang),幾分鐘后再(zai)次要求上(shang)廁所,這次小(xiao)便(bian)可以(yi)順(shun)利排出(chu)。患者(zhe)(zhe)排尿(niao)(niao)后返回病房(fang)平穩(wen)入(ru)睡,輸液(ye)完成后再(zai)次順(shun)利排出(chu)小(xiao)便(bian),復查體(ti)溫37.8℃。

第71條(tiao)方后注中有"多飲暖水,汗(han)出愈(yu),如法將息。"為什么把"汗(han)出愈(yu)"作(zuo)為本證向愈(yu)的(de)指征,患者經輸液治療,大量(liang)液體(ti)入血脈,補充了津(jin)液的(de)匱乏(fa),西藥退熱藥賴(lai)氨匹林(lin)的(de)使用相當于五苓散(san)中桂枝的(de)作(zuo)用,既振(zhen)奮了胃腑和膀胱(guang)的(de)陽(yang)氣,將停蓄(xu)的(de)水發散(san)出來,引閉郁(yu)的(de)邪氣從汗(han)而解(jie)。上下得通,表邪得解(jie),小便順利排(pai)出。

本例病(bing)(bing)例從發(fa)病(bing)(bing)到(dao)好轉不過幾個(ge)小時,中藥五苓散(san)尚未來得(de)及應用(yong),但(dan)(dan)縱觀整個(ge)過程使我更加充分(fen)的(de)理解了《傷寒(han)論》中關于五苓散(san)的(de)條(tiao)(tiao)文,張(zhang)仲景(jing)對(dui)于這種疾病(bing)(bing)的(de)產生的(de)原(yuan)因和(he)(he)發(fa)展轉歸(gui)都做(zuo)了充分(fen)的(de)解釋,對(dui)于其治(zhi)療(liao)治(zhi)則和(he)(he)向(xiang)愈指征也(ye)做(zuo)出明確判斷(duan),另外,即(ji)使沒有用(yong)到(dao)我們中藥的(de)方劑(ji),但(dan)(dan)從西醫的(de)治(zhi)療(liao)過程來看,西藥的(de)應用(yong)思路也(ye)符(fu)合五苓散(san)的(de)組方原(yuan)則,病(bing)(bing)患(huan)好轉的(de)過程也(ye)符(fu)合本條(tiao)(tiao)條(tiao)(tiao)文對(dui)于這一(yi)過程的(de)描述。

71條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)原文后(hou)(hou)關(guan)于五(wu)苓散(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方法是(shi)(shi)"上(shang)五(wu)味,搗為(wei)散(san)(san),以白飲和(he)服方寸匕,日三服。"說明(ming)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)面湯(tang)送(song)服的(de)(de)(de)散(san)(san)劑,《傷寒論》中(zhong)關(guan)于五(wu)苓散(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)文共有8條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),除了71條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)至74條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)集中(zhong)在一起(qi),其他分(fen)布于各個篇(pian)(pian)章,太(tai)陽(yang)病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)141條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)和(he)156條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),陽(yang)明(ming)病(bing)篇(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)244條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),霍亂(luan)病(bing)篇(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)386條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。141條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)病(bing)誤(wu)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)水熱互結津不(bu)上(shang)承的(de)(de)(de)證侯,156條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)(shi)水痞(pi)應用(yong)(yong)五(wu)苓散(san)(san)治療(liao),244條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)誤(wu)下致痞(pi)與轉屬陽(yang)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)比較,386條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)(shi)霍亂(luan)吐利外有表(biao)邪內有水氣應用(yong)(yong)五(wu)苓散(san)(san)治療(liao)。諸癥(zheng)有急有緩,且應用(yong)(yong)較廣(guang),是(shi)(shi)否可(ke)以理解為(wei)古人是(shi)(shi)將五(wu)苓散(san)(san)經(jing)(jing)典組(zu)方制(zhi)成散(san)(san)劑既便于儲存攜帶又(you)可(ke)供急癥(zheng)時(shi)選用(yong)(yong)。曾經(jing)(jing)有人提出(chu)觀(guan)點用(yong)(yong)五(wu)苓散(san)(san)作煎劑時(shi)不(bu)能煎煮的(de)(de)(de)過濃以防減弱滲利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性,這(zhe)也當(dang)為(wei)制(zhi)成散(san)(san)劑使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)原因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一。

2 討論

關(guan)于(yu)五(wu)苓(ling)(ling)散的(de)主證病機(ji),我以(yi)為(wei)小(xiao)便不(bu)利與(yu)口(kou)渴可以(yi)同時兼見(jian),但小(xiao)便異(yi)常(chang)(chang)患者的(de)主觀感覺較(jiao)重(zhong)(zhong),因此(ci)大多數患者來診時多以(yi)小(xiao)便異(yi)常(chang)(chang)來診,而少(shao)以(yi)口(kou)渴作(zuo)為(wei)主癥來診;張仲景在五(wu)苓(ling)(ling)散方后(hou)注重(zhong)(zhong)強調"…汗出愈",而膀胱既可司水液開(kai)合,太陽又為(wei)身之藩籬,主衛(wei)表,因此(ci)水蓄部位當為(wei)膀胱。

參考文獻:

[1]柯雪帆.五(wu)苓散證(zheng)發微[J].天津中醫藥,2007,24(4):265-267.

[2]劉渡舟.傷寒論臨證指要[M].學苑出版(ban)社,2008(2):56.

[3]谷(gu)浩(hao)榮,賈春華.五(wu)苓散(san)方(fang)證探(tan)析[J].山東(dong)中醫藥大學學報,2011,5(3):208-209.

文章來源:醫學信息

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