中國(guo)歷代皇(huang)帝,對(dui)于反抗者與被征(zheng)服的異(yi)(yi)國(guo)、異(yi)(yi)族的屠殺,向來是(shi)極其殘(can)酷的。這種(zhong)屠殺,往(wang)往(wang)不限(xian)于失(shi)敗(bai)的反抗者和被征(zheng)服的異(yi)(yi)國(guo)、異(yi)(yi)族的首領、官員與軍(jun)隊(dui),而是(shi)隨心所欲地擴大范圍(wei),因此每一場(chang)戰爭中,就會(hui)有成千(qian)上萬的無(wu)辜(gu)百姓(xing)被殺。記載皇(huang)帝的軍(jun)隊(dui)對(dui)無(wu)辜(gu)百姓(xing)野蠻屠殺的文字,雖時隔(ge)千(qian)百年,讀來仍(reng)血腥四(si)溢,令(ling)人驚懼。
自遠古時代(dai)起,諸侯之間的(de)(de)攻(gong)伐、強(qiang)國(guo)對弱國(guo)的(de)(de)吞并、皇室之間爭(zheng)(zheng)奪帝位、外族的(de)(de)入侵、不同(tong)規模的(de)(de)農民暴動……幾(ji)乎每個朝代(dai)都有頻繁(fan)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)。而消滅敵對方(fang)的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)事力(li)量(liang)(liang)、占(zhan)領對方(fang)的(de)(de)城市土地,則是(shi)取得(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)勝(sheng)利的(de)(de)決定因素。在交戰(zhan)(zhan)雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊拼死搏殺(sha)、攻(gong)城略(lve)地的(de)(de)同(tong)時,必然禍及無辜的(de)(de)百姓。而在古代(dai)農耕社(she)會,敵對雙(shuang)方(fang)處(chu)于長期的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)對峙時,一方(fang)面通過戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)手段獲得(de)敵方(fang)的(de)(de)人口和土地,另一方(fang)面又(you)需要毫不留(liu)情地消滅敵方(fang)的(de)(de)青壯男子,以徹(che)底地摧(cui)毀對手的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)潛(qian)力(li)。比如戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)時期,勝(sheng)利者(zhe)對失敗者(zhe)所采(cai)取的(de)(de)辦法,通常(chang)是(shi)“殺(sha)其父兄,系累其子弟(di),毀其宗廟(miao),遷(qian)其重器”。屠殺(sha)百姓,被征服者(zhe)作(zuo)為一種削弱敵對國(guo)力(li)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)必要措施。
上(shang)古時代的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)姓(xing)在戰(zhan)爭中(zhong)如何慘遭(zao)屠(tu)戮,缺乏(fa)文字記載,到了戰(zhan)國(guo)與秦(qin)漢時期(qi),開(kai)始有了屠(tu)殺百(bai)姓(xing)的(de)(de)(de)記錄。《史記·魯仲連·鄒陽列傳(chuan)》說:秦(qin)國(guo)是(shi)一個摒棄(qi)禮(li)儀、靠獻上(shang)敵方首級立功的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家。譙周在《集解》中(zhong)解釋(shi)說:秦(qin)國(guo)采(cai)納商鞅的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議,將(jiang)爵位制(zhi)定為二十個等級,按照軍(jun)士(shi)在戰(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)中(zhong)斬獲(huo)敵人的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱多少授(shou)爵。因此,秦(qin)軍(jun)每次戰(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)獲(huo)勝(sheng)后,便(bian)將(jiang)占領地(di)的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)姓(xing)不(bu)分男女老幼,統統殺死。因殺人有功而受賞的(de)(de)(de)數以萬計(ji)。天下人都(dou)稱秦(qin)國(guo)是(shi)靠獻首級立功的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家,都(dou)因此而憎恨它(ta)。
秦國(guo)在(zai)吞并六國(guo)的(de)戰爭(zheng)中(zhong),究竟屠(tu)殺(sha)了(le)六國(guo)多少百姓,史(shi)無可(ke)考,而(er)被(bei)斬首的(de)戰敗國(guo)的(de)將(jiang)士(shi),史(shi)籍中(zhong)卻有一(yi)些記(ji)(ji)載(zai)。《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)·白起(qi)(qi)·王(wang)翦列(lie)傳(chuan)》載(zai):秦國(guo)大(da)將(jiang)白起(qi)(qi)率(lv)(lv)軍在(zai)伊闕擊敗韓魏(wei)聯軍,斬獲首級24萬,占領(ling)五座城池;率(lv)(lv)軍進攻(gong)魏(wei)國(guo)時,俘(fu)虜(lu)魏(wei)國(guo)三員大(da)將(jiang),斬首13萬;與趙國(guo)大(da)將(jiang)賈偃交戰獲勝后(hou),將(jiang)對方的(de)2萬俘(fu)虜(lu)投入黃河。進攻(gong)韓國(guo)陘城,又斬首5萬。與趙軍長(chang)平一(yi)役,將(jiang)俘(fu)虜(lu)40萬人全部活(huo)埋(mai)。此(ci)役前后(hou)被(bei)斬首與活(huo)埋(mai)的(de)趙軍共45萬余(yu)人。根據司馬(ma)遷(qian)的(de)這一(yi)記(ji)(ji)述,秦國(guo)僅由白起(qi)(qi)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)的(de)軍隊,就斬首近(jin)90萬眾。
翦(jian)伯贊先生(sheng)主編的(de)《中外歷史(shi)年表》對(dui)秦(qin)軍斬首的(de)數量(liang)做過統計:
“公(gong)元前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)331年(nian)(nian),敗魏(wei)(wei),斬首(shou)八萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)312年(nian)(nian),破楚師于丹(dan)陽,斬首(shou)八萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)307年(nian)(nian),破宜陽,斬首(shou)六萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)301年(nian)(nian),敗楚于重丘,斬首(shou)二萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)300年(nian)(nian),攻(gong)(gong)楚取(qu)襄城,斬首(shou)三萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)293年(nian)(nian),大敗韓(han)魏(wei)(wei)聯(lian)軍(jun)于伊闕,斬首(shou)二十四(si)(si)萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)280年(nian)(nian),攻(gong)(gong)趙,斬首(shou)二萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)275年(nian)(nian),破韓(han)軍(jun),斬首(shou)四(si)(si)萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)274年(nian)(nian),擊(ji)魏(wei)(wei)于華(hua)陽破之,斬首(shou)十五萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)260年(nian)(nian),大破趙軍(jun)于長平,坑(keng)卒(zu)四(si)(si)十五萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)256年(nian)(nian),攻(gong)(gong)韓(han),斬首(shou)四(si)(si)萬(wan)(wan)(wan);又攻(gong)(gong)趙,斬首(shou)九萬(wan)(wan)(wan);前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)234年(nian)(nian),攻(gong)(gong)趙平陽,斬首(shou)十萬(wan)(wan)(wan)……”
這個統計當然也只能(neng)是(shi)一部分。
皇甫謐《帝王(wang)世紀》說:“計秦及(ji)山東六(liu)(liu)國(guo),戎卒尚有五百(bai)余(yu)萬,推民口數(shu),當(dang)尚千余(yu)萬。及(ji)秦兼諸侯,置三(san)十六(liu)(liu)郡,其所殺傷三(san)分(fen)居二(er)。”也就是說,秦國(guo)吞并(bing)六(liu)(liu)國(guo)的戰爭,使軍民死傷三(san)分(fen)之二(er)。
由于(yu)古今史(shi)學(xue)家大(da)多熱衷于(yu)頌(song)揚秦(qin)始皇嬴(ying)政(zheng)統(tong)一中國的(de)(de)豐功偉業(ye),而(er)被(bei)秦(qin)國吞(tun)并的(de)(de)六國有(you)多少人死(si)于(yu)戰爭很少提(ti)及,故(gu)今天人們只能從史(shi)籍中看到嬴(ying)政(zheng)的(de)(de)巍峨(e)豐碑,而(er)看不到那些(xie)被(bei)征服者斬下的(de)(de)堆集成(cheng)山的(de)(de)頭顱(lu)。
戰勝(sheng)者(zhe)對百姓(xing)的(de)(de)屠(tu)殺(sha)(sha),多在(zai)戰斗(dou)結束之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)。外族的(de)(de)侵略、政府軍與(yu)農民軍的(de)(de)攻(gong)(gong)伐對壘,在(zai)進攻(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)方遇到堅決抵抗,但最(zui)(zui)后(hou)(hou)仍取得勝(sheng)利之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),一(yi)(yi)場報復性的(de)(de)不(bu)分軍民的(de)(de)大(da)屠(tu)殺(sha)(sha)就(jiu)很可能發生。史籍中最(zui)(zui)常見的(de)(de)是(shi)“屠(tu)”、“屠(tu)城”、“屠(tu)滅(mie)”等(deng)字眼。這種極(ji)其簡(jian)約的(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai),標(biao)志著當時(shi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)場慘(can)絕(jue)人(ren)寰的(de)(de)集體大(da)屠(tu)殺(sha)(sha)。這種屠(tu)殺(sha)(sha)可謂(wei)史不(bu)絕(jue)書:
《漢書·高(gao)帝(di)紀第一(yi)》記載:劉邦派人拉攏(long)楚(chu)國的(de)(de)(de)大司馬周殷(yin)。周殷(yin)架不住(zhu)劉邦的(de)(de)(de)利誘,背(bei)叛楚(chu)國。率軍屠殺(sha)了(le)六個(ge)地(di)(di)方的(de)(de)(de)百姓,又(you)帶領(ling)九(jiu)江地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)部隊去投劉邦的(de)(de)(de)大將(jiang)黥布,和他一(yi)起對城父進行屠殺(sha),最后只剩下魯地(di)(di)未被攻下,劉邦大怒,要調集各(ge)路部隊,對該(gai)地(di)(di)進行血(xue)洗。
《項(xiang)(xiang)籍傳(chuan)》記載:項(xiang)(xiang)羽來到函谷(gu)關,見有劉(liu)邦的軍隊在關上把守,項(xiang)(xiang)軍無法前(qian)進,聽說劉(liu)邦正在咸陽(yang)展(zhan)開一場屠殺。
《史記·絳侯(hou)周勃(bo)世家》記載(zai):陳豨起兵叛(pan)(pan)亂(luan),劉邦(bang)命周勃(bo)率軍(jun)討伐(fa)陳豨,周勃(bo)縱(zong)兵屠滅了陳豨據(ju)守的(de)馬邑城;燕王盧綰叛(pan)(pan)亂(luan),周勃(bo)以(yi)相國的(de)身份代替樊噲率軍(jun)平叛(pan)(pan),又屠滅了盧綰據(ju)守的(de)渾(hun)都(dou)。
《后漢書·耿(geng)弇》記載:耿(geng)弇為將,平定四(si)十六(liu)個郡,屠滅了三百座城池,從未遭到(dao)挫敗。
《三(san)國志·魏志·荀(xun)彧傳》記載:自董卓在(zai)京城叛亂(luan)以(yi)來,城中的百姓均向(xiang)東疏散,大多停留在(zai)彭城一(yi)帶(dai)。曹操(cao)率軍來到這里,把數萬男女殺死,投進泗(si)水(shui),致使泗(si)水(shui)因此斷流(liu)。曹操(cao)的殺父仇人陶謙率軍駐扎武(wu)原,曹操(cao)不(bu)能(neng)前進,就帶(dai)領部隊從(cong)泗(si)水(shui)南面攻占睢陵(ling)、夏丘等縣,每到一(yi)處,均大肆屠戮,殺得雞犬不(bu)留,城中看不(bu)到一(yi)個行人。
《朱(zhu)粲(can)傳》記(ji)載:朱(zhu)粲(can)自稱皇帝,改年號為“昌(chang)達”。他(ta)(ta)的(de)部(bu)隊在作戰(zhan)時(shi)缺乏糧草(cao),一時(shi)又搶掠不(bu)到可以充饑之(zhi)物,于是便把百姓的(de)嬰(ying)兒(er)(er)殺(sha)死,蒸熟以后(hou)當作食(shi)物。朱(zhu)粲(can)對士兵(bing)說:“鮮美(mei)的(de)食(shi)物,哪里還有超過人(ren)肉的(de)?只要我們所到的(de)地(di)(di)方有人(ren),我還擔心什么?”后(hou)來(lai)每到一地(di)(di),他(ta)(ta)就帶領(ling)部(bu)下,將搶掠來(lai)的(de)婦女和兒(er)(er)童煮成食(shi)物,分(fen)發給(gei)士兵(bing)。后(hou)來(lai)他(ta)(ta)竟發展到抽(chou)取“人(ren)稅”,以弱小的(de)男(nan)女補充軍糧。
上述幾例(li)記載之(zhi)中,要數東漢(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)國(guo)(guo)將(jiang)領(ling)耿弇殺(sha)人最(zui)多(duo)。東漢(han)(han)建國(guo)(guo)初(chu)期,全國(guo)(guo)共設十(shi)二(er)州,每州設六(liu)到八郡,每郡有縣城(cheng)七至八座(zuo),全國(guo)(guo)共有大(da)(da)小城(cheng)市大(da)(da)約七百(bai)多(duo)座(zuo)。僅耿弇所率領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)部隊就(jiu)屠滅了三(san)百(bai)多(duo)城(cheng),占全國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)分之(zhi)四十(shi)。平(ping)均每座(zuo)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)姓人口以一萬計,加(jia)起來也有三(san)百(bai)萬之(zhi)多(duo)。人民的(de)(de)(de)腦袋,此時被想做(zuo)皇帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)人當成了通(tong)向(xiang)龍椅(yi)的(de)(de)(de)障礙(ai)而揮刀掃平(ping)之(zhi)。
東漢王(wang)朝(chao)是在新朝(chao)皇帝(di)王(wang)莽死后,經歷了(le)21年的大混(hun)戰(zhan)而建立的。柏(bo)楊先生在《中國人史(shi)綱》中對這場曠(kuang)日持久的改(gai)朝(chao)換代的大混(hun)戰(zhan)所造成的人口(kou)減少(shao)做了(le)統計:
“首都長安與(yu)其余(yu)(yu)十六郡(jun)(jun)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)平均減(jian)少77%。長安的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂(luan)(luan)(luan)前(qian)為(wei)682000人(ren)(ren)(ren),戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂(luan)(luan)(luan)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)只剩(sheng)下286000人(ren)(ren)(ren),減(jian)少了58%;人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)減(jian)少最多(duo)的(de)西(xi)河郡(jun)(jun)(今內(nei)蒙準格爾旗西(xi)南),戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂(luan)(luan)(luan)前(qian)有699000人(ren)(ren)(ren),戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂(luan)(luan)(luan)后只剩(sheng)下21000人(ren)(ren)(ren),減(jian)少97%;戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂(luan)(luan)(luan)前(qian)全(quan)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)為(wei)6005000人(ren)(ren)(ren),戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂(luan)(luan)(luan)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)減(jian)少到(dao)834400人(ren)(ren)(ren)。也就(jiu)是說(shuo)共有5170600人(ren)(ren)(ren)死于改朝換(huan)代(dai)的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂(luan)(luan)(luan),這些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)除了陣(zhen)亡的(de)將士(shi)和餓病而(er)死者,其余(yu)(yu)皆被屠殺(sha)。”
中(zhong)國歷史上改(gai)朝(chao)(chao)換代的(de)(de)戰(zhan)亂(luan),少則數年(nian),多則數十(shi)年(nian)。其中(zhong)清朝(chao)(chao)取代明朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)亂(luan),自1627年(nian)陜西農民(min)發起(qi)暴動,到1682年(nian)吳三桂等三藩被平息,長達55年(nian),死于戰(zhan)亂(luan)的(de)(de)百(bai)姓超過一(yi)億。柏楊先生這一(yi)統計,可以用來大致推斷(duan)其他朝(chao)(chao)代更替給人民(min)帶來的(de)(de)災難和(he)被屠殺(sha)的(de)(de)情(qing)況。由此可見,許多皇(huang)帝的(de)(de)寶座,是建立在(zai)百(bai)姓如山的(de)(de)尸骨上的(de)(de)。
長平戰役破滅了趙(zhao)國的(de)愿望成就了秦(qin)的(de)統(tong)一 ? ?
長(chang)平(ping)之(zhi)戰是(shi)公(gong)元前(qian)262年(nian)至(zhi)公(gong)元前(qian)260年(nian)發生(sheng)在(zai)秦、趙兩國之(zhi)間的(de)(de)一(yi)次戰爭。當(dang)時(shi),秦國勢力不斷增強(qiang),周天子的(de)(de)地位漸(jian)漸(jian)成為虛設,各(ge)諸侯國都心生(sheng)惶恐。這場戰爭的(de)(de)爆發無疑(yi)對(dui)秦國、趙國乃(nai)至(zhi)整個天下(xia)的(de)(de)局(ju)勢都產(chan)生(sheng)了巨大的(de)(de)影響。
公元前262年,秦國進攻韓國,導致韓國的上黨郡與本土失去聯系。為了能夠讓秦國撤兵,韓國國君決定讓郡守馮亭將上黨郡獻給秦國。然而,馮亭并不愿意,他轉而將上黨郡獻給了趙國,希望得到趙國的支持來對抗秦國。趙國國君接受了上黨郡,這引起了秦國的不滿。
兩年后,秦國(guo)攻占(zhan)了(le)上黨,接著(zhu)向長(chang)平(ping)發動了(le)攻擊(ji)。 趙孝成王出兵(bing)攻打趙國(guo)名將廉頗。 廉氏在多次戰役中處于劣勢后,無法利用(yong)有(you)利地形固守,因逸惡勞挫傷了(le)秦軍的士氣,試圖尋找再次出擊(ji)的時機。
秦國為了(le)戰爭(zheng)的(de)勝(sheng)利,采用了(le)反間計,傳播了(le)謠言。 因此,愚鈍的(de)趙孝成王認為廉膽(dan)小不敢(gan)戰斗,于是撤下廉,將(jiang)只會“紙上談兵(bing)”的(de)趙括(kuo)封為趙軍主將(jiang)。 趙括(kuo)立即改變廉頗的(de)戰術(shu),率軍向秦國大(da)舉進攻。
秦朝此時的主將已經暗變為驍勇善戰的白起。 白起率領秦軍假裝戰敗逃跑,引誘趙括去追擊秦軍營地,隨后包圍趙軍,切斷了后來的路和糧路,趙軍被包圍了四十多天。
最終,趙(zhao)括在突圍中被亂箭射(she)死,趙(zhao)軍降秦。白(bai)起放了年紀較小(xiao)的240名趙(zhao)國士(shi)兵回去,而將其余的降兵全部坑殺。這就是歷史上(shang)著名的“長平之戰”。
長(chang)平(ping)之戰(zhan)交(jiao)戰(zhan)雙方(fang):
世人皆知,戰國時期爆發了一場“長平之戰”,對后來天下的局勢幾乎是產生了決定性的影響。這場戰爭的交戰國分別是秦國和趙國,秦國的國力已經日益強盛,而趙國當時也沒有受到重創,并不比秦國弱上多少。因此,在交戰雙方實力并不懸殊的情況下,長平之戰成為了當時規模最大、死傷最慘烈的一次圍殲戰。
秦國在“商鞅(yang)變法”之后(hou),國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發生(sheng)了較全面的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge),再加上后(hou)世的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營(ying),逐漸變得兵(bing)強國富(fu)。因此,秦國在長平(ping)之戰(zhan)中的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)實力還是非常雄厚的(de)(de)(de),戰(zhan)爭所需(xu)物資的(de)(de)(de)準備也(ye)很充足。反(fan)觀趙國,“地薄人眾”是當時趙國國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)現狀,雖也(ye)經(jing)(jing)歷過改(gai)(gai)革(ge),但力度和深度明(ming)顯不如秦國的(de)(de)(de)“商鞅(yang)變法”。
趙國的改革(ge)還局限在軍事方(fang)面,經濟上則相對薄弱,農業(ye)發展(zhan)也愈加滯(zhi)后,因此趙國的戰(zhan)爭儲備其實并(bing)不適(shi)合長期的大規模戰(zhan)爭。
再來(lai)看交(jiao)戰雙(shuang)方的(de)軍(jun)(jun)事實力,秦、趙(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)國投入的(de)兵(bing)(bing)力都是(shi)數量巨(ju)大的(de),趙(zhao)(zhao)國大約為45萬人(ren),秦國則(ze)是(shi)60萬左(zuo)右。秦軍(jun)(jun)民(min)風兇悍,馬匹優良,有“虎狼之師”的(de)稱(cheng)號。趙(zhao)(zhao)軍(jun)(jun)則(ze)以弩(nu)弓騎兵(bing)(bing)為重(zhong),騎兵(bing)(bing)訓練有素,經驗豐富。因此,兩(liang)方兵(bing)(bing)馬在(zai)武力值上是(shi)相差不大的(de)。
長平之戰中,交戰方的秦、趙兩國大軍將近百萬,而且都投入了大量的人力、物力、財力,因此也有不少人認為這是雙方的一次綜合國力的較量。但從準備情況以及最后的結果來看,趙國的實力還是要稍遜于秦國的。
長平之戰的影響:
長平之戰發生在當時較有實力的秦、趙兩國之間,戰爭的最終結果是秦國取得了巨大的勝利,而趙國則幾乎遭到了毀滅性的打擊。那么,長平之戰除了對交戰雙方產生了影響,在其它方面,這場戰爭又有著什么樣的影響呢?
首先來看戰(zhan)(zhan)敗國(guo)(guo)趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo),趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)中損耗了(le)大量的人(ren)力(li)、物力(li)、財(cai)力(li),前后死傷約45萬人(ren),幾乎是全(quan)軍覆沒,而其(qi)中有40余萬士(shi)兵是被秦軍坑殺的。這對(dui)趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)形成了(le)巨大的打擊,不(bu)僅僅是物質(zhi)上的,還有精神(shen)上的。長平之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)束后,趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)上下都陷入了(le)悲痛和惶(huang)恐(kong)的情緒(xu)中。
而(er)戰(zhan)(zhan)勝國(guo)秦國(guo)雖然也有著不(bu)(bu)小的兵力傷亡,可更令他們(men)興(xing)奮(fen)的是(shi)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭帶來(lai)的勝利果實,這大(da)大(da)地加快了(le)秦統(tong)一(yi)六國(guo)的腳步。但此后(hou)也有一(yi)個不(bu)(bu)利的影(ying)響,那(nei)就是(shi)長(chang)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)結束(shu)沒(mei)多久就爆發的邯(han)鄲(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan),這場戰(zhan)(zhan)爭可以說是(shi)長(chang)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)的遺留問題。原(yuan)本,秦國(guo)將(jiang)領白(bai)起(qi)是(shi)想趁著長(chang)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)取得勝利時(shi),一(yi)舉進攻趙(zhao)國(guo)首都(dou)邯(han)鄲(dan),使趙(zhao)國(guo)滅亡。
可秦王聽信了范雎的勸說,并沒有同意。后來,他又不顧白起的建議,在時機不對的情況下,向邯鄲發起戰爭,最終導致秦國戰敗,推遲了其統一六國的步伐。
從天(tian)下局勢方面來看,長(chang)平(ping)之戰(zhan)為秦統一(yi)六國(guo)(guo)創(chuang)造(zao)了(le)極(ji)為有(you)(you)利的(de)(de)(de)條件,從而對歷(li)史走向和進程發(fa)展(zhan)都產生了(le)極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)影響。原本有(you)(you)能力(li)與秦國(guo)(guo)抗衡的(de)(de)(de)趙國(guo)(guo)在此(ci)戰(zhan)后一(yi)蹶不振,秦國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)國(guo)(guo)力(li)大(da)大(da)超越了(le)其余各國(guo)(guo),而離(li)秦國(guo)(guo)完成統一(yi)也就只剩下時間問(wen)題罷了(le)。
白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(?—前(qian)257),嬴姓(xing),白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)氏,名(ming)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)先祖(zu)為秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公族(zu),故(gu)又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)公孫起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)武(wu)公之(zhi)(zhi)后,武(wu)公生(sheng)子趙白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),其(qi)(qi)(qi)后以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)為氏,故(gu)曰白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)號稱(cheng)(cheng)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)屠(tu)”,戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)四(si)將之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(其(qi)(qi)(qi)他三人(ren)(ren)(ren)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)翦、廉頗、李牧)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時期秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)將。郿(今陜西(xi)郿縣東北(bei))人(ren)(ren)(ren),中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)自(zi)(zi)孫武(wu),吳起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)后又(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個杰(jie)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)家(jia)、統帥。 【赫(he)赫(he)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)績】伊(yi)闕(que)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斬殺韓(han)魏(wei)聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)24萬(wan)。攻(gong)(gong)(gong)楚(chu)三次(ci),攻(gong)(gong)(gong)破(po)楚(chu)都,燒其(qi)(qi)(qi)祖(zu)廟,共(gong)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)35萬(wan)楚(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。 攻(gong)(gong)(gong)趙先后殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)趙軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)60萬(wan)(含(han)長(chang)平(ping)(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan))。攻(gong)(gong)(gong)韓(han)魏(wei)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)30萬(wan)。 白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)共(gong)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)六(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊約165萬(wan)! 白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)指(zhi)揮許多(duo)重要(yao)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役。大(da)(da)破(po)楚(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),攻(gong)(gong)(gong)入郢都,迫使楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)遷都,楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)從(cong)此一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)蹶不振。伊(yi)闕(que)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)又(you)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)韓(han)魏(wei)24萬(wan)聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),徹(che)底(di)掃平(ping)(ping)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)東進(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)路。長(chang)平(ping)(ping)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舉殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)趙軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)45萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),開創(chuang)了我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)(zui)早、規模最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)包圍(wei)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)先例。大(da)(da)小70余戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),沒有(you)(you)敗(bai)績,從(cong)最(zui)(zui)低級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)官一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直升到封武(wu)安君,六(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)聞白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)膽寒。 長(chang)平(ping)(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)共(gong)殺人(ren)(ren)(ren)四(si)十(shi)五萬(wan),連同以(yi)前(qian)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)韓(han)、魏(wei)于(yu)伊(yi)闕(que)斬首(shou)(shou)二(er)十(shi)四(si)萬(wan),攻(gong)(gong)(gong)楚(chu)于(yu)鄢(yan)決水灌城淹死(si)數(shu)十(shi)萬(wan),攻(gong)(gong)(gong)魏(wei)于(yu)華陽(yang)斬首(shou)(shou)十(shi)三萬(wan),與趙將賈偃戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)沉卒二(er)萬(wan),攻(gong)(gong)(gong)韓(han)于(yu)陘(xing)城斬首(shou)(shou)五萬(wan),共(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)余萬(wan),這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)張(zhang)極不完全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殺人(ren)(ren)(ren)賬單(dan)。據梁啟(qi)超(chao)考證,整個戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期間(jian)共(gong)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)死(si)兩百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)據二(er)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),后因和(he)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)昭襄王(wang)在是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否再次(ci)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)趙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)發生(sheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)歧,被(bei)王(wang)龁取(qu)而(er)(er)代之(zhi)(zhi),從(cong)此退出歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)舞臺。長(chang)平(ping)(ping)古戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)場白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)指(zhi)揮藝(yi)術(shu)(shu),代表了戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時期戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)(ping)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用兵,善于(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析敵(di)(di)(di)(di)我(wo)形勢(shi),然后采取(qu)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略、戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術(shu)(shu)方針對敵(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)發起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)。如伊(yi)闕(que)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中集中兵力(li),各個擊破(po);鄢(yan)郢之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掏心戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術(shu)(shu),并(bing)附(fu)以(yi)水攻(gong)(gong)(gong);華陽(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)長(chang)途奔襲。長(chang)平(ping)(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)以(yi)佯(yang)敗(bai)誘(you)敵(di)(di)(di)(di),使其(qi)(qi)(qi)脫離既設(she)陣(zhen)地,爾后分(fen)(fen)(fen)割包圍(wei)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術(shu)(shu),殲(jian)(jian)(jian)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)45萬(wan),創(chuang)造了先秦(qin)(qin)(qin)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)例,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)(zui)早、規模最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)、最(zui)(zui)徹(che)底(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圍(wei)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)規模之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)、戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)果(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)輝煌,在世(shi)界(jie)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)罕見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。長(chang)平(ping)(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)也反映(ying)了戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭自(zi)(zi)身發展概貌。作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)特點(dian)】 白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)特點(dian)有(you)(you)四(si)個:一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不以(yi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)城奪地為唯一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)目(mu)標(biao),而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)生(sheng)力(li)量作(zuo)(zuo)為主要(yao)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)思(si)想,而(er)(er)且(qie)善于(yu)野(ye)(ye)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)必(bi)求殲(jian)(jian)(jian),這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)為突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)。他是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)運用圍(wei)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術(shu)(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無與倫比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統帥。也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)很(hen)善于(yu)打(da)殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)統帥之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。 二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為達殲(jian)(jian)(jian)滅(mie)(mie)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強調追(zhui)擊戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),對敵(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)窮追(zhui)猛打(da),較孫武(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“窮寇勿(wu)追(zhui)”及商鞅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“大(da)(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)勝逐北(bei)無過十(shi)里”(《商君書·戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)法第十(shi)》),顯然前(qian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)。 三是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重視野(ye)(ye)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)筑壘工(gong)(gong)事(shi),先誘(you)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)脫離設(she)壘陣(zhen)地,再在預期殲(jian)(jian)(jian)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)地區(qu)筑壘阻敵(di)(di)(di)(di),并(bing)防(fang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)突圍(wei)。此種以(yi)筑壘工(gong)(gong)事(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)為進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)輔助手段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)指(zhi)導思(si)想,在當時前(qian)所未有(you)(you)。四(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)精確(que)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)前(qian)料算,不論敵(di)(di)(di)(di)我(wo)雙(shuang)方軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi),政(zheng)治(zhi),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)態勢(shi)甚至第三方可能采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應對手段(duan)等(deng)等(deng)皆有(you)(you)精確(que)料算,無一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不中,能未戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)即(ji)可知勝敗(bai)(詳見《戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策(ce) 卷三十(shi)三 中山》),故(gu)而(er)(er)太史(shi)(shi)(shi)公司馬遷稱(cheng)(cheng)贊白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為“料敵(di)(di)(di)(di)合變,出奇無窮,聲震天下”。
本文地址://n85e38t.cn/lishitanjiu/91705.html.
聲明: 我們致力于(yu)保護作(zuo)者版權(quan),注(zhu)重分享(xiang),被刊用文章(zhang)因無法核(he)實真實出處,未能(neng)及時(shi)與作(zuo)者取得聯(lian)(lian)系(xi),或有版權(quan)異議的,請(qing)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)管(guan)理員,我們會立(li)即(ji)處理,本站部分文字與圖片資(zi)源來(lai)自于(yu)網(wang)絡,轉載是出于(yu)傳(chuan)遞更多信息之目(mu)的,若有來(lai)源標注(zhu)錯誤(wu)或侵犯(fan)了您的合法權(quan)益,請(qing)立(li)即(ji)通(tong)知我們(管(guan)理員郵箱:),情況屬實,我們會第一時(shi)間予以刪除,并(bing)同時(shi)向您表示歉意,謝謝!