網上包(bao)括中(zhong)文維基(ji)百科(ke)上有一(yi)(yi)種說法——秦軍士兵(bing)只要(yao)砍下一(yi)(yi)個敵人的腦袋,就(jiu)能晉升一(yi)(yi)級(ji)爵位,得到一(yi)(yi)傾(qing)田產(chan)、九(jiu)畝宅(zhai)基(ji)地、一(yi)(yi)名奴仆(pu),還有望被選拔為官吏。
秦朝(chao)軍功爵有(you)二(er)十級,那么是(shi)不(bu)是(shi)在一次戰(zhan)斗中狂砍二(er)十名敵兵,就可以晉升(sheng)到最(zui)高爵位(wei)“徹侯”了(le)呢?
然而,在商鞅變法的(de)(de)時代,軍功爵只有十八個(ge)等(deng)級,其中授予(yu)正規軍人的(de)(de)爵位(wei)才十七個(ge)等(deng)級,最(zui)高的(de)(de)爵位(wei)是(shi)第(di)十七級大良(liang)造。按照網(wang)上的(de)(de)算法,只需要殺十八個(ge)敵人就能成為(wei)秦孝公(gong)麾下爵位(wei)最(zui)高的(de)(de)將(jiang)軍。這個(ge)目標(biao)簡直是(shi)手(shou)到擒來(lai)。
但是,筆者可(ke)以負責任地(di)說(shuo),秦軍功爵法絕沒有那(nei)么簡(jian)單粗暴。就(jiu)連軍功爵法的制定者商鞅自己都(dou)是花(hua)了很多年才(cai)晉(jin)升(sheng)到頂(ding)的。這里(li)面有很多關卡影(ying)響你“提干”。
秦軍作戰單位的構成
先(xian)來說(shuo)說(shuo)秦(qin)(qin)軍的基本作(zuo)戰單位。秦(qin)(qin)軍以五(wu)人(ren)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“伍(wu)”,由(you)伍(wu)長(chang)指揮(hui);十人(ren)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“什”,由(you)什長(chang)指揮(hui);五(wu)十人(ren)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)屯(tun),由(you)屯(tun)長(chang)指揮(hui)(陳(chen)勝(sheng)吳(wu)廣在反(fan)秦(qin)(qin)前(qian)做過(guo)秦(qin)(qin)軍屯(tun)長(chang));一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)人(ren)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“卒”,由(you)“百(bai)將(jiang)”指揮(hui);五(wu)百(bai)人(ren)設一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)“五(wu)百(bai)主(zhu)”;一(yi)(yi)(yi)千人(ren)設一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)“二五(wu)百(bai)主(zhu)”。
在此之(zhi)上,還(huan)有軍(jun)候、都尉、將(jiang)軍(jun)等軍(jun)職。越(yue)往上,崗位越(yue)少,競(jing)爭越(yue)激烈,所以能(neng)當(dang)上都尉、將(jiang)軍(jun)的人少之(zhi)又(you)少。
在秦國(guo)做(zuo)軍官,軍功爵(jue)是(shi)少不了的(de)(de)。想要做(zuo)將軍,最起碼要獲得第九(jiu)級爵(jue)位——五大夫(fu)。邯(han)鄲之(zhi)戰(zhan)第一個(ge)出陣的(de)(de)秦將王陵(ling)就是(shi)五大夫(fu)爵(jue)。但是(shi),你千萬不要以為只要在戰(zhan)斗中(zhong)砍了九(jiu)個(ge)敵人的(de)(de)腦袋就能(neng)成為一步高升(sheng)五大夫(fu)。因為商鞅(yang)設計制度時設置了門檻。
軍公爵具體怎樣升遷賞罰
打仗講(jiang)究(jiu)團隊戰(zhan)(zhan)術(shu)配合,每一級作戰(zhan)(zhan)單位都有自己的技(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)術(shu)要求。作為一名(ming)無爵的普通士兵,必須服從伍(wu)長的指(zhi)揮,而不能自顧自地猛沖猛打。
秦軍(jun)軍(jun)法,每個伍(wu)若有一人(ren)陣亡,同伍(wu)的(de)四人(ren)有罪,如(ru)果每個人(ren)能殺(sha)死一個敵兵(bing)就能免罪。為此,你(ni)必(bi)須與同伴們密切配合,先保護同伍(wu)其他四人(ren)不戰死,然(ran)后(hou)才考慮(lv)如(ru)何消滅敵人(ren)。
而伍長(chang)又(you)必須服(fu)從什長(chang)的指揮(hui),什長(chang)則(ze)受屯長(chang)的節制,屯長(chang)則(ze)聽百將的號令。讓你擺防(fang)守(shou)(shou)陣型就(jiu)(jiu)擺防(fang)守(shou)(shou)陣型,讓你突(tu)(tu)刺(ci)就(jiu)(jiu)突(tu)(tu)刺(ci),不會讓你像(xiang)打擂(lei)臺那樣(yang)跟敵兵單挑。
普通士(shi)兵在戰斗中(zhong)實際接觸的(de),往往只是敵(di)軍的(de)什伍小隊。就算把對(dui)方全(quan)滅了,也(ye)就十顆(ke)腦(nao)袋。所(suo)以,很多士(shi)兵在戰斗中(zhong)連一(yi)個敵(di)人都沒殺(sha)死(si),而(er)(er)那(nei)些(xie)從什伍中(zhong)脫穎(ying)而(er)(er)出的(de)勇士(shi),能斬首一(yi)兩級(ji)就很難得了。
假如你(ni)斬首(shou)兩級,晉升了兩級爵位(wei),就有資格當(dang)伍長或(huo)什(shen)長。這(zhe)時候,你(ni)會發現(xian)自己不得不開始把心思(si)用在(zai)指揮什(shen)伍小(xiao)隊上,不能只顧(gu)個人表(biao)現(xian)。隨著戰(zhan)功的(de)累積,你(ni)做了屯(tun)長,能指揮更(geng)多人來(lai)斬首(shou)敵軍。但先別高興,軍功爵法的(de)獎勵(li)標準也發生了根本(ben)性變化。
按(an)照秦國(guo)軍法,屯長和百將在(zai)戰(zhan)斗中(zhong)必須(xu)得到(dao)敵(di)(di)兵首級,否則自(zi)己就要(yao)被處斬。想要(yao)再晉升(sheng)一級爵(jue)位嗎?光砍一個敵(di)(di)人(ren)是(shi)不夠的,百將必須(xu)率領百人(ren)隊斬首敵(di)(di)兵三十三人(ren)以上,才能“盈論”(達到(dao)獎勵標準)。百將和屯長才可以各(ge)賜(si)爵(jue)一級。
理(li)論上,平均每(mei)個士兵殺三(san)分之(zhi)一個敵(di)人就能達標,但(dan)實戰(zhan)是不(bu)能這么(me)計算的(de)。百將要指揮調度自己(ji)手下的(de)百人隊(dui)結陣(zhen)而(er)戰(zhan),不(bu)被敵(di)方(fang)沖(chong)垮,并(bing)且擊潰敵(di)軍(jun)的(de)百人隊(dui)。不(bu)僅要保證打贏(ying),還要斬殺相當于(yu)己(ji)方(fang)兵馬三(san)分之(zhi)一以上的(de)敵(di)軍(jun)。
另一個隱藏(zang)條件(jian)是己方(fang)損失少(shao)于敵方(fang),否則無(wu)法盈(ying)論。這(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)疑對百將(jiang)的戰術素養要求很高。如果(guo)過不了這(zhe)(zhe)道坎,再勇敢(gan)的銳(rui)士(shi)也提(ti)不了干。
普(pu)通士兵只需斬(zhan)首一級就能晉爵一級,指揮官的升遷以(yi)全(quan)隊的戰績為依(yi)據,這就是(shi)商(shang)鞅(yang)為秦(qin)軍(jun)立下的規矩(ju)。同時(shi)期各國也按人頭計(ji)算“首功”。
比如,齊國軍法同(tong)樣以(yi)首(shou)級(ji)為記功標準,但(dan)不(bu)管打勝仗打敗仗都一視同(tong)仁地(di)發錢(qian),只要有(you)人頭(tou)就行。這(zhe)就給士兵留下很(hen)多作弊空間,只挑軟柿子捏(nie),不(bu)敢(gan)打贏仗,跟強敵(di)硬(ying)(ying)碰硬(ying)(ying)的時候(hou),容易(yi)率(lv)先失去戰心(xin)。
秦國軍法不僅鼓勵斬(zhan)首,還要求基層指戰員以指揮為本。一仗打(da)下來(lai),士兵們(men)斬(zhan)首晉爵(jue),百將(jiang)則(ze)可能因(yin)沒有指揮部(bu)隊完成盈論(lun)指標而原(yuan)地踏步(bu)。
秦(qin)(qin)軍(jun)(jun)曾經以(yi)“散(san)而自戰”著稱,士兵貪功(gong)冒進(jin),與指揮官脫節(jie)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)時(shi)有發生(sheng)。兵家亞(ya)圣吳起曾經利用這點大(da)破秦(qin)(qin)軍(jun)(jun)。商鞅(yang)通過上述軍(jun)(jun)法把秦(qin)(qin)軍(jun)(jun)鍛煉成一支戰術(shu)紀律(lv)嚴明的(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊,使之面貌煥然一新。
據(ju)《商君書(shu)》等史料記(ji)載,秦國將軍(jun)有“短兵”衛隊(dui)四(si)千(qian)人,指(zhi)揮的兵馬從(cong)數萬到數十萬不等。他們雖(sui)身居高位,晉(jin)爵(jue)一級的難(nan)度(du)卻令百(bai)將和屯長望塵莫及(ji)。
商(shang)君之法把斬(zhan)首(shou)分(fen)為攻(gong)城圍(wei)邑戰與(yu)野(ye)戰兩個(ge)考核科目(mu)。指揮攻(gong)城圍(wei)邑戰的統兵(bing)大(da)將要斬(zhan)首(shou)八千以上的敵軍才(cai)能(neng)盈論(lun),野(ye)戰只需(xu)斬(zhan)首(shou)二(er)千就能(neng)盈論(lun)。只要達到標準,上至統兵(bing)大(da)將,下至后勤(qin)雜役士兵(bing)都能(neng)得(de)到獎賞。
也就(jiu)是說,秦國(guo)將軍(jun)不僅要打勝仗,并且殲滅至(zhi)少(shao)數千敵軍(jun)才有晉(jin)爵的資格。
商(shang)鞅同學自(zi)己達標了嗎(ma)?
那么問題來了(le),商(shang)鞅(yang)自己(ji)達(da)到了(le)這個盈論(lun)標準嗎(ma)?從史書的(de)記載來看,恐怕(pa)沒(mei)有。
秦(qin)國在(zai)商(shang)鞅入(ru)秦(qin)后主要發(fa)動了六(liu)場(chang)戰(zhan)爭:
秦孝公八年,秦軍與魏軍在(zai)元里交(jiao)戰,斬首敵(di)兵七千,順(shun)勢攻(gong)取了少梁城(cheng);
秦(qin)孝公十年, 秦(qin)孝公任命商鞅為大良(liang)造,派他(ta)攻打魏(wei)國舊首(shou)都安邑,安邑魏(wei)軍最(zui)終被迫投降;
秦(qin)孝公十一年,商(shang)鞅包圍了魏國新建的固陽城,迫(po)使守軍投降;
秦(qin)孝公二(er)十二(er)年,商(shang)鞅揮師東征(zheng)魏國河(he)西,俘(fu)虜魏將(jiang)公子卬,大破魏軍,擴地(di)至黃河(he)岸邊,他(ta)也因此被封(feng)為商(shang)君;
秦孝(xiao)公二十三年,秦軍與三晉聯軍在岸(an)門激戰(zhan),俘(fu)虜(lu)敵將(jiang)魏錯(cuo);
秦孝(xiao)公二十四年,秦大(da)荔圍攻合陽(yang)城,半(ban)途(tu)而(er)廢,因為(wei)秦孝(xiao)公在(zai)這一年去世,商(shang)鞅則被秦惠文王車(che)裂。
在上述戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong),只有秦孝公(gong)八年(nian)的(de)(de)元里之戰(zhan)明確記錄斬(zhan)首(shou)七千,低于“攻城圍(wei)邑斬(zhan)首(shou)八千以(yi)上”的(de)(de)盈論(lun)標(biao)準,但遠超野戰(zhan)斬(zhan)首(shou)二千盈論(lun)的(de)(de)標(biao)準。此(ci)戰(zhan)的(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)是攻占河(he)西之地的(de)(de)交(jiao)通樞(shu)紐少(shao)梁(liang)城。秦軍先野戰(zhan)后拔城,完全符合(he)野戰(zhan)盈論(lun)標(biao)準,統兵大將可以(yi)連升幾級爵位。
問題是(shi),指揮元里(li)之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)與岸門之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)的秦(qin)將(jiang)姓(xing)名失載,我們(men)不(bu)好直(zhi)接算作商鞅本人的軍功。合陽之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)尚未(wei)分出勝負(fu),秦(qin)孝公(gong)和商鞅就先(xian)后(hou)去世。
確系商鞅統兵的(de)三次伐(fa)魏作(zuo)戰,沒有(you)留(liu)下斬首(shou)(shou)紀錄(lu)。我們不知(zhi)道他(ta)在大敗公子(zi)卬的(de)魏軍時有(you)沒有(you)達到斬首(shou)(shou)二千(qian)的(de)野(ye)戰盈(ying)論標準(zhun)。迫降安邑之(zhi)戰與迫降固(gu)陽之(zhi)戰無疑屬于(yu)“攻(gong)城圍邑”的(de)情況,但這(zhe)兩仗(zhang)兵不血刃,說不定一(yi)顆首(shou)(shou)級都沒砍。
由此(ci)可見(jian),商(shang)鞅自己(ji)在攻(gong)城圍邑之戰(zhan)中(zhong)都(dou)未曾(ceng)達到“盈論”標準,哪(na)怕把斬首最多的(de)元里之戰(zhan)算(suan)作他的(de)戰(zhan)績,也還差一千(qian)顆首級。
不過,細心(xin)的(de)(de)朋友已經(jing)注意到,商鞅(yang)在統兵伐魏(wei)時已經(jing)是軍功(gong)爵級別最(zui)高的(de)(de)大良造(zao)了。那時候(hou)的(de)(de)秦國(guo)還處于(yu)爵職不分的(de)(de)階段(duan),許多爵位(wei)也(ye)正(zheng)是官(guan)職。比如,商鞅(yang)剛變法時擔任(ren)的(de)(de)左庶長,就是軍功(gong)爵的(de)(de)第十級爵位(wei)。
大良造是秦(qin)國傳統(tong)(tong)官職,秦(qin)孝公任(ren)命(ming)首席執政大臣商(shang)鞅為大良造,利于(yu)統(tong)(tong)籌軍政,贏得(de)對(dui)魏戰爭(zheng)。由變法(fa)總設計師直接擔任(ren)統(tong)(tong)兵大將,這實際上(shang)已經跳過了普(pu)通士兵逐級升遷的(de)常規軌道,具有特殊性。
至于商鞅(yang)后(hou)(hou)來因戰功(gong)(gong)(gong)而得的(de)商君(jun)封(feng)號(hao),其實(shi)不在早期軍功(gong)(gong)(gong)爵(jue)的(de)序列中,那是(shi)秦孝公特賜的(de)諸侯(hou)待遇。直(zhi)到秦統一前(qian)后(hou)(hou),秦國才在軍功(gong)(gong)(gong)爵(jue)制了(le)增加了(le)徹(che)侯(hou)、關內(nei)侯(hou)等高爵(jue),把十(shi)八級軍功(gong)(gong)(gong)爵(jue)發(fa)展為二(er)十(shi)級軍功(gong)(gong)(gong)爵(jue)。這是(shi)后(hou)(hou)話了(le)。
攻城(cheng)標準為何比野戰高得多?
新的問題來(lai)了,商鞅(yang)為什(shen)么把攻城(cheng)圍(wei)邑的盈論標準定得(de)比野戰(zhan)高那么多呢?既然新軍(jun)法以斬首授爵(jue)為核心,為什(shen)么他自己反而更多選(xuan)擇不(bu)戰(zhan)屈人(ren)的迫降戰(zhan)法呢?
一切都(dou)是(shi)戰爭形勢的(de)需要。秦孝公時代最主要的(de)作戰任(ren)務是(shi)收復(fu)被魏國占(zhan)領的(de)河西(xi)之地。為此,秦軍(jun)必須攻(gong)克魏國在黃河西(xi)岸設置(zhi)的(de)所有邊城。
在(zai)這個(ge)背景下(xia),秦魏的(de)(de)軍事較(jiao)量往往是圍繞城(cheng)池攻防展開的(de)(de)。魏軍憑借(jie)堅(jian)固的(de)(de)城(cheng)防能以一(yi)當十,但在(zai)野(ye)(ye)戰中,兵(bing)力或戰斗力占優的(de)(de)一(yi)方(fang)勝算更大。對于秦軍而言,野(ye)(ye)戰比攻城(cheng)要輕松多了。
攻城戰的盈(ying)論(lun)標(biao)準,連(lian)商鞅自己都做(zuo)不到,野戰的盈(ying)論(lun)標(biao)準卻(que)相對(dui)容(rong)易實現。所以,秦軍(jun)諸(zhu)將為了立功受賞,會盡(jin)可能地選(xuan)擇跟(gen)魏軍(jun)進行野戰,將敵人(ren)引(yin)出城來打。
比(bi)如,前(qian)面提到的(de)元(yuan)里之戰,秦軍(jun)(jun)就(jiu)是先在(zai)(zai)野戰中殲滅(mie)七千魏軍(jun)(jun),然(ran)后再(zai)北上進攻少梁城。商鞅攻打河(he)西之戰,也是先在(zai)(zai)野戰中大(da)破(po)主將被俘的(de)魏軍(jun)(jun),然(ran)后趁(chen)勝(sheng)吞(tun)并(bing)大(da)片(pian)地盤。
如(ru)果遇到(dao)了必(bi)須攻城圍(wei)邑(yi)的(de)情(qing)況,比如(ru)進攻安邑(yi)與包圍(wei)固陽兩個(ge)戰役(yi),商鞅并不會考慮強(qiang)攻硬打。那樣也許能(neng)提高斬首數(shu)量,達(da)到(dao)盈論(lun)標準,但勢必(bi)會增加己方的(de)傷亡。
秦(qin)(qin)孝公時(shi)代的(de)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)地盤(pan)偏(pian)小(xiao),人口(kou)也(ye)沒后(hou)來多(duo),以(yi)最小(xiao)的(de)代價(jia)來打贏(ying)同(tong)魏國(guo)的(de)邊城拉鋸戰(zhan),才能確保變法成果不因戰(zhan)損(sun)而(er)(er)流(liu)產(chan)。為(wei)此(ci),商(shang)鞅攻(gong)城圍邑時(shi)選擇不流(liu)血(xue)的(de)迫(po)降戰(zhan)術,而(er)(er)不會(hui)為(wei)了達到斬首(shou)八千(qian)的(de)指標(biao)而(er)(er)強攻(gong)硬(ying)打。
商(shang)鞅設計了(le)(le)一(yi)整套鼓勵斬(zhan)首的(de)軍法,自己卻在實戰中采取了(le)(le)流血最少的(de)戰法,真是鮮明(ming)的(de)反差(cha)。事實證明(ming),他的(de)做(zuo)法是正(zheng)確的(de)。秦(qin)孝公時(shi)代的(de)戰爭斬(zhan)首記錄不(bu)多,但勝(sheng)率很高(gao),收益(yi)很大(da),為秦(qin)國霸業奠定(ding)了(le)(le)堅實的(de)基礎。
在商君之(zhi)法(fa)的(de)引導下(xia),秦軍越(yue)來越(yue)注重強化(hua)野戰能(neng)力,涌現出一批擅長打(da)殲滅戰的(de)名將(jiang),舉世皆曰(yue)“虎狼之(zhi)師(shi)”。
秦軍去前線(xian)打仗,殺敵(di)可以加官(guan)進爵(jue),但是(shi)需要士(shi)兵自(zi)己準備(bei)(bei)資金、武(wu)器和裝備(bei)(bei),并且土(tu)地和人口(kou)的(de)(de)賦稅相當繁重,大量的(de)(de)壯丁被(bei)迫去前線(xian)搏(bo)命,才能有一線(xian)生機。
秦國的強大在于變法,在于商鞅的銳意改革,他的改革成功的把蠻夷之地的秦國變為無人能敵的戰爭機器。商鞅的做法對秦國的發展和未來有利,對新貴族有利,是福音;但是他的變法對于老秦人、對于老貴族、對于老百姓來說,是災難。
大多數人都知道商鞅的?軍功爵位制?,這個制度激勵士兵奮勇殺敵,斬殺1個敵人,你就能上升一級爵位,并且你殺敵數越多,殺的敵軍身份越尊貴,你的獎賞也就越豐厚,最高可以加升為徹侯。意思就是你僅僅依靠殺敵升級,就能從最基層的百姓變成高級的侯爺,活脫脫的屌絲逆襲人生劇本啊!
這樣(yang)(yang)的(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵,又有誰不心動呢?這樣(yang)(yang)戰場上的(de)敵軍就(jiu)不再拿著武器的(de)奪命(ming)惡(e)鬼了,而是會移動的(de)金(jin)幣和爵位,是白花花、金(jin)燦(can)(can)燦(can)(can)的(de)金(jin)銀財寶!這樣(yang)(yang)看似美(mei)好的(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵制度背后,其實(shi)是無比殘酷(ku)的(de)。
士兵參軍的武器裝備和軍餉都是自備的,是需要從家里索取的,朝廷并不負責發放這些物資。商鞅此舉相當于空手套白狼,他只是扮演一個中間商的角色,投資者是秦國的百姓和士兵,收益的來源是敵國,獲得收益的時候是秦國士兵和朝廷一起分享。并且(qie)?軍(jun)功爵位制?看似簡單(dan),其實是(shi)設有很多(duo)門檻的,晉升(sheng)(sheng)到一定程度必須要(yao)(yao)斬殺敵軍(jun)重要(yao)(yao)人物才能繼續升(sheng)(sheng)職。
但是士兵也沒有辦法,假如他們在家務農的話,根本沒有出路,只有把腦袋別褲腰上,自己出資到前線殺敵才能拼出一條夾縫之中的活路。
商(shang)鞅的變(bian)法(fa)是把秦國變(bian)成了一(yi)個大型(xing)的戰爭機器,所有(you)人(ren)都是機器的一(yi)部分,向著六國橫(heng)掃而去。
提起來(lai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),每個人(ren)(ren)都(dou)知道少(shao)(shao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao)(lao),但(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)成功,并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)全(quan)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao)(lao),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),其(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)付出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao)(lao)和心(xin)血一(yi)(yi)(yi)點也不(bu)(bu)(bu)比(bi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)少(shao)(shao),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)如果沒(mei)有(you)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)墊,很可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)就很難推(tui)行(xing),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)順利(li)(li)(li)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)成功是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)代(dai)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao)(lao)。 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)都(dou)發生了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)什么(me) 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)(li)志(zhi)振興(xing)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo) 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)名連(lian),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子連(lian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)當(dang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)流亡,時(shi)(shi)間(jian)達二十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久,而(er)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)文侯當(dang)政,正是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強(qiang)盛(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou),而(er)反觀秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)疲弱(ruo),多次被魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打(da)(da)敗,失去了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很多土地(di),甚至有(you)亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危,而(er)且(qie)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君一(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如一(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)感于秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)積弱(ruo),立(li)(li)志(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)振興(xing)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)385年(nian)(nian)(nian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)謀(mou)劃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)庶長(chang)迎立(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子連(lian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩(wen)定君位(wei)并(bing)回到(dao)(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)著手振興(xing)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),立(li)(li)志(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)恢(hui)復(fu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸業。 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge) 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)取得(de)(de)政權(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)就開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)改(gai)革(ge)(ge),勵精圖治。先是(shi)(shi)廢除了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)活人(ren)(ren)殉葬制度(du)(du),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)將都(dou)城遷到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)靠近河(he)西(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)櫟陽,表明自(zi)(zi)己堅(jian)決(jue)奪回河(he)西(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)心(xin)。除此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)還(huan)(huan)依次進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)行(xing)政規(gui)劃、工(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治制度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge),并(bing)且(qie)暫時(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)參與對(dui)(dui)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)(zheng)戰(zhan),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增長(chang),軍事實(shi)力(li)也得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)增強(qiang)。 只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge),就會觸(chu)及一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)益,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)觸(chu)犯了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)奴隸(li)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)益,于是(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)奴隸(li)主(zhu)和地(di)主(zhu)階級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)越來(lai)越大(da)(da),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情況(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)選擇(ze)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)外(wai)(wai)擴張來(lai)緩解這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)矛(mao)盾(dun)。 對(dui)(dui)外(wai)(wai)征(zheng)(zheng)戰(zhan) 公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)366年(nian)(nian)(nian),韓魏(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)威脅(xie)周天子,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)起兵秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)王,并(bing)且(qie)打(da)(da)敗了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)韓魏(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍隊,得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)周天子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贊(zan)賞,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目光(guang)被秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際地(di)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)吸引過來(lai),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)也得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)緩解,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)頻(pin)繁對(dui)(dui)外(wai)(wai)征(zheng)(zheng)戰(zhan)。 公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)364年(nian)(nian)(nian),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)敗魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),斬首六萬,取得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)所(suo)未有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)勝利(li)(li)(li)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)362年(nian)(nian)(nian),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)少(shao)(shao)梁(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)中打(da)(da)敗魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并(bing)且(qie)俘虜了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將領公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔痤。 少(shao)(shao)梁(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)二年(nian)(nian)(nian),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去世(shi),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子嬴渠梁(liang)繼(ji)(ji)位(wei),是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上位(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)做了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)什么(me) 通過之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事跡我(wo)們可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知道,其(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)已經在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定程度(du)(du)上改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)積弱(ruo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況(kuang),只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)連(lian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)征(zheng)(zheng)戰(zhan),之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累又逐漸被消(xiao)耗掉了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),但(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)論如何從精氣神上來(lai)說(shuo),從根(gen)本上來(lai)說(shuo),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)遠遠要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)比(bi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)執政之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多。而(er)且(qie)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)已經進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定程度(du)(du)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)革(ge)(ge),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)鋪(pu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)半的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路。 那么(me)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)繼(ji)(ji)位(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)又做了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)哪(na)些事情為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)提供了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)幫助(zhu)呢(ni)(ni)? 穩(wen)定邊(bian)境局(ju)勢(shi) 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)繼(ji)(ji)位(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),由于秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)征(zheng)(zheng)戰(zhan),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)積累的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)又遭到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)損耗,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)加上秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)新繼(ji)(ji)位(wei),外(wai)(wai)敵都(dou)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)是(shi)(shi)進(jin)攻秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)好(hao)時(shi)(shi)機(ji),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)候(hou),西(xi)方犬戎蠢蠢欲動,另外(wai)(wai)還(huan)(huan)有(you)韓趙兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)趁機(ji)攻打(da)(da)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)候(hou),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)拿出(chu)來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)果斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)策,兵分兩(liang)路,先是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雷霆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)打(da)(da)敗了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)戎,穩(wen)定了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)方,然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)防范韓趙聯軍,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)境局(ju)勢(shi)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)暫時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安穩(wen)。 發布求(qiu)(qiu)賢(xian)令 這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)強(qiang),又地(di)處西(xi)陲,早就沒(mei)有(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榮(rong)光(guang)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸侯們疏遠秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),對(dui)(dui)待秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)像對(dui)(dui)待蠻夷(yi)那樣。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)希望能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)狀(zhuang)況(kuang),壯大(da)(da)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),恢(hui)復(fu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榮(rong)光(guang),于是(shi)(shi)向全(quan)部(bu)(bu)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發出(chu)求(qiu)(qiu)賢(xian)令,不(bu)(bu)(bu)分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)籍(ji)尋(xun)求(qiu)(qiu)賢(xian)才。 而(er)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang),也是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)聽(ting)聞(wen)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)求(qiu)(qiu)賢(xian)令之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),來(lai)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 抗衡守舊(jiu)派(pai) 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)重用商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)推(tui)行(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)一(yi)(yi)(yi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)受到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻力(li)就是(shi)(shi)來(lai)自(zi)(zi)于守舊(jiu)派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)臣(chen)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian)支持商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang),讓商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個剛(gang)(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)(gang)來(lai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身份能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)朝堂(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上和以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甘(gan)龍(long)、杜摯為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)首的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)守舊(jiu)派(pai)針鋒相對(dui)(dui),最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持下(xia),商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)將守舊(jiu)派(pai)駁斥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啞口無(wu)言,變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)得(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)正式開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)展。 說(shuo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)么(me)多,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什么(me)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)么(me)多人(ren)(ren)都(dou)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)成功,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)居功至偉但(dan)(dan)(dan)總(zong)是(shi)(shi)會忽視(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)呢(ni)(ni)?很大(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分原因(yin)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)就是(shi)(shi)《大(da)(da)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)》這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)部(bu)(bu)文學作品對(dui)(dui)于秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描寫非常少(shao)(shao),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至于讓人(ren)(ren)們忽視(shi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面則(ze)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)期(qi)(qi)間(jian),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確是(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)始(shi)至終都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)遺余力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持,奉獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)極大(da)(da)。但(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)們不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)就這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣忽視(shi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)墊,若是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎,可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)也會像很多國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家那樣,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)剛(gang)(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)(gang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou),就因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)阻力(li)太大(da)(da)、實(shi)力(li)太弱(ruo)而(er)夭折了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。
斬獲一顆首級就晉升一級爵位,那砍20個腦袋豈不是直接滿級了?別凈想美事,商鞅的“套路”,遠比你想象中的還要多。
商鞅前后共進行了兩次變法,第一次是在公元前356年,當時秦孝公任命商鞅為左庶長,其上任之后,展開了第一次變法。
第二次是在公元前349年,在第一次變法已經取得明顯的初步成效后,再次展開了內容更為詳盡的變法行動。
而
在商鞅變法之前,秦國的爵位都是世襲的,也就是說,父親是什么爵位,將來兒子還是什么爵位,這就造成許多世家子弟,不需要做什么,就可以靠著血統獲得常人得不到的高官厚祿。
而那些平民就比較悲催了,即便是再奮勇殺敵,表現再優異,到死也只能是平民,根本沒有任何逾越的可能。
而商鞅通過變法,破除了西周以來,憑血緣繼承爵位的體制,他想打造的,就是一個功績制社會,一切都靠功績來說話,不管你的出身是什么,只要奮勇殺敵,就都有成為貴族的可能。
而其中,斬獲一顆首級,就能晉升一級爵位,就是整個軍爵制度中,最大的亮點。
“商君之法曰:斬一首者爵一級,欲為官者為五十石之官;官爵之遷與斬首之功相稱也。”
這樣一來,所有人都處在一個起跑線上,想要往上一步,那就去看戰場上的表現,從某種程度上來講,商鞅的這種軍爵制度,締造了一個新社會。
在商鞅的規定中,爵位一共分為20等,從最低的“公士”開始,逐一上升,那么,獲得這些爵位,有什么好處呢?
首先,相應的爵位,都有相應的土地賞賜
以最低的“公士”為例,其能獲得的,是田一頃,另外再加宅基地一處,這一處宅基地可不小,足足有九畝之多。
再往上一級,就是“上造”,田地就變成了1.5頃,而宅基地,同樣也變成了1.5。
以此類推,越往上,獲得的田地和宅基地的面積就越大,要知道,賞賜土地,可要比賞賜別的東西實在得多,尤其是在古代,不是誰不誰都能擁有土地的,很多平民終其一生,都只是給別人種地。
要不那句“上無片瓦遮身,下無立錐之地”怎么來的,許多人一輩子的目標就是,能夠有一塊安身立命之所。
而現在,不需要你拿天價的錢去買,也不需要你花一輩子的時間,只需要上戰場殺敵,砍掉敵人的腦袋,就能夠完成祖上幾輩子都可能完不成的夢想。
最重要的是,沒有身份門檻限制,任何人都可以。
你說,如此條件,怎么能不讓那些身無長物的平民們,猶如打雞血地去報名參軍?怎么能不讓他們在戰場上嗷嗷直叫,看見敵人猶如餓虎撲食的殺敵?
其次,擁有爵位的人,可以申請一名“庶子”
這個“庶子”不是兒子,而是類似于仆人一樣的身份,說白了,就是朝廷允許獲得爵位的人,擁有一名仆人,并且,還是不用發工資那種。
這個“庶子”都需要干什么呢?分兩種情況,一種是在沒有戰事的時候,那么這名“庶子”需要每個月有六天的時間,來伺候自己的主人,做一些端茶倒水,捏腿捶背的服侍工作,但如果有戰事的時候,那么這名“庶子”,就需要跟著主人行軍打仗,不僅要鞍前馬后,還要護衛主人周全。
也就是說,這名“庶子”,不管是尊嚴地位,還是人身安全,都是沒有保障的,一切都要以主人為重心。
“庶子”的擁有數量,與爵位高低直接掛鉤,低等的“公士”可以擁有一個,同樣也是以此類推,越往上越多。
可別小看這名“庶子”的作用,關鍵時刻,他就相當于主人的第二條命。
另外,有爵位的人,還能獲得不同的食邑以及其他福利
根據部分史料記載,秦國的20級爵位,配置的有不同戶數的食邑,這就相當于,有幾十到上百,甚至上千戶平民,用他們所繳納的稅,來供養這個相應爵位的人。
比如,第九級的“五大夫”這個爵位,其所能擁有的食邑,就達300戶,換而言之,就是300戶平民,供養他一人。
而到了能擁有600戶食邑的時候,就可以組建屬于個人的團隊了,也就是我們常見的門客。
這個待遇,比賞賜土地更具誘惑,試想一下,到了某個級別的爵位,除了擁有大量的土地之外,出門還有一大幫人前呼后擁,幫助你打理產業,出謀劃策,這該是多么風光的一件事。
不僅如此,升級到不同的爵位,朝廷連身后事都給你安排得明明白白。
秦國規定,從“公士”爵位開始,每一級可以在死后,墳墓前栽種一棵樹,往后級別越高,就能種的樹越多。
這個福利,在“事死如事生”的古代,也是一種很高的榮耀,并且,當時秦國規定,墓葬必須按照要求來,不得僭越,這樣一來,誰的爵位高,死后墳墓上的排場就越大。
因此,死后能種一排樹,那絕對是倍兒有面子的事。
上述只是秦國軍爵獎勵制度中的一部分,還有不少其他的各種福利,總之,只要能在戰場上奮勇殺敵,就有極大地可能晉升爵位,今日之小兵,明日之將軍,這在當年的秦國并非不能實現,因此,在這么多實實在在的賞賜之下,秦國的士兵才會在戰場異常英勇,之所以大秦軍稱之為“虎狼之師”,部分原因也是因為如此。
同樣,問題就來了,既然爵位賞賜如此之豐厚,那么參與其中的人自然不少,按照斬獲一顆首級的規定,是不是斬獲20顆,就能直接滿級呢?
如果真的這樣想,那只說是想瞎了心,一旦如此,秦國的爵位別說有含金量了,直接都是注水了。
商鞅在設計軍爵晉升制度的時候,已經同時設置了要求和標準,其目的就是為了防止爵位泛濫,以及部分投機取巧的人通過濫殺,來冒領軍功。
要求一,斬獲的首級有具體要求
在《商君書》中,提到商鞅的軍爵記功標準,是要求斬“甲首”,何為甲首?簡單點來說,就是小頭目、小軍官。
“能得甲首一者,賞爵一級,益田一頃,益宅九畝“---《商君書》
也就是說,不是說上戰場后,隨便拉一個人將腦袋砍下來就算軍功的,至少得是對方的一個低級軍官才行。
這就無形中增加了完成此項任務的難度,畢竟能在當時混上低級軍官的,大多都是一些有真本事的人,最起碼也是那種孔武有力的,要在亂軍中,成功擊殺這么一個人,還要把腦袋切下來,還真是有些難度。
這樣設置的另一個好處就是,防止有些人濫殺,如果沒有身份限制,那么一些投機取巧的人,可能就會殺一些平民來充數,如果這樣的話,就會造成極為惡劣的后果。
想蒙混過關?大秦的軍法可不是吃素的,很少有人能在這上面作假。
所以,拿不到“甲首”,就沒有辦法晉升,想晉升,那就只能玩命兒,尋找機會干掉對方的低級軍官,別無其他選擇。
要求二,一甲首升一級不錯,但只針對首功
什么意思呢?其實很簡單,就是說,從普通士兵升級到最低等的“公士”爵位,只需要斬獲一顆“甲首”即可。
但若是從“公士”再往上升,那就可不是斬獲一顆“甲首”這么簡單了。
這就像我們在玩那種打怪升級的游戲,從新手村出來的時候,可能只需要殺掉兩三只怪物就能升一級,但越往后,所需要的經驗值就越多,這就逼迫你不得不尋找那些經驗值高的怪物擊殺。
但同樣的,經驗值高的怪物所蘊含的風險也就越大,隨時隨地都可能讓你GAMEOVER,而在戰場上,游戲結束就意味著失去性命,沒有重頭再來的機會。
所以說,秦國的士兵,崇尚“首功”,因為這個相對而言,還是比較容易獲得的,再往上的爵位,不僅需要強大的實力,還需要運氣,一個不慎,就會戰死沙場。
因此,高收益就意味著高風險,想晉升?加倍努力吧。
要求三,強調團隊作戰,不提倡個人英雄主義
按照秦國的軍制,會將數量不等的士兵編成各種作戰單位,并且,大小作戰單位,都有一個長官,如每五人就設置屯長一名,每百人則設置將一名。
這樣的編制,便于進行管理,號令也能做到快速的上傳下達,同時,也能有效地考核軍功。
假如進行一場戰斗,身為長官的屯長或者將,沒有斬獲敵人首級的話,那么他們就會因此被斬首,并且,該作戰單位之下的士兵,也不能進行爵位晉升。
除非這個作戰單位,從上至下,尤其是軍官,都按質按量地完成了斬首任務,那么才能讓所有兵士跟著晉級。
這就相當于,你自己完成還不行,還需要幫助別人完成,這樣大家伙才能都加爵一級。
團隊作戰,不提倡個人英雄主義,這個理念即使放在現在,也是相當有用的,因此,古人的智慧,真的不容小覷。
通過以上種種條件,就會知道,在秦國想晉級升爵,可不是一件簡單的事情,它不僅需要有真材實料,還需要付出極大地勇氣,以及一定的運氣,才會達到目標。
因此,秦國的爵位含金量,才會這么高,賞賜才會這么豐厚,實在是獲取它太不容易了。
但即便是如此不易,還是有不計其數的秦國勇士們,親赴后繼地沖上戰場,拼了命地奮勇殺敵,因為這已經是當時最容易讓一個平民一步登天的途徑了,不管是土地,還是榮耀,或者是其他福利,如果沒有軍爵晉升制度,這些東西,是普通百姓做夢都不敢想的。
小結:
商鞅規定秦國時并斬獲一顆首級就能晉升一級爵位,其實還有不少相應的條件,并非簡單的殺一個人就完成任務的,這里面包括殺敵的對象、殺敵的數量以及協同作戰等多個要求,一顆首級就能升級,只是針對低級的爵位,越往上要求就越高,也越復雜,因此,秦國的爵位含金量,一點都不低。
斬首一顆晉爵一級,這個只不過是一個名號,到了中上層的爵位時,再想往上升就必須要立下更大的戰功,這樣的話才有機會得到更高的爵位。斬首(shou)一顆晉(jin)爵一級,這樣的軍(jun)功制度是(shi)商鞅首(shou)先提出來的,這是(shi)為(wei)了激勵秦國的將(jiang)士(shi)們能夠奮勇殺敵。
自然爵位并不多,而秦國的將士又人滿為患,在這樣的軍工制度下難免會出現僧多粥少的狀況,當然商鞅是不會犯這種低級的錯誤,這種情況肯定是會首先就考慮過的。秦國的軍功一共分二十級。而斬首一顆就能夠獲得一級的爵位,是在沒有任何爵位的前提下,假若升得了一級的爵位,要想再繼續升下一級的爵位的話,就必須比之前的戰功要多。
在一級爵位的情況下要殺得五人才可獲得第二級的爵位,若想獲得第三級的爵位就必須斬首九人。而除了爵位還會有錢財和土地的封賞。秦國的戰神白起殺敵數百萬人,卻只獲得了第十六級不良造的爵位,這說明越往上,升官晉爵的難度就越大。
一般人升的三、四級也就是普通的水準。蒙鶩、樊於期、李信、蒙恬、蒙毅、王賁這一些歷史上著名的將軍都在白起的地位之下,說明這個軍功制度還是很殘酷的,所以就不會出現秦國的土地不夠分的情況。不得不說(shuo)商鞅的(de)智(zhi)慧還是(shi)了得的(de),這樣一來秦國(guo)很快就強(qiang)大起來,所以才有(you)了后來秦國(guo)一統天下的(de)局面(mian)。
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