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西王母國在哪

人生百味 2023-07-18 17:42:40

西王母國是上古時期中國西部的一個奴隸制國家,又經過大量文學創作而被賦予了濃厚神話色彩。
西晉太康二年(281年),在今河南汲縣發現一座戰國時期魏國墓葬,出土一大批竹簡,均為重要文化典籍,經荀勖、衛恒、束晳等人整理成《汲冢書》七十五篇,通稱"竹書紀年",其中有《穆天子傳》《周穆王美人盛姬死事》,《穆天子傳》初經荀勖校分五篇,東晉郭璞注此書時,又把《周穆王盛姬死事》一篇加入,成為六卷,這是古本。今本乃宋人修編,相較古本有所殘缺。周穆王西游在《春秋左氏傳》《竹書紀年》《史記》中均有記載。雖然《穆天子傳》在文字上可能有些夸張,有些神話傳說的內容雜入,但基本事實是應該肯定的。它對中國地理學的發展有較大影響,在地理學史上有一席之地,不能抹殺。《爾雅》云:“西荒有西王母國”。《山海經》云:“王母之國在西荒。凡得道授書皆朝王母于昆侖之闕。”《瑞應圖》云:“黃帝時,西王母獻白玉環。”《賈子修政篇》云:“堯身涉流沙地,封獨山,西見王母。”《易林明夷之萃》云:“稷為堯使,西見王國”。《尚書大傳》云:“舜以天德祠堯,西王母來獻白環五塊。”《竹書紀年·郭注》云:“穆王西征至昆侖丘,西見王母。”還有漢書、晉書、宋書等在談到上古這一段歷史時均有“西王母來獻其白玉塊”的記載,這說明西王母國的存在有一定史料依據,但糅雜了較多的神話色彩。

史料真偽

《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》出(chu)(chu)土(tu)后(hou)(hou)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)整理校定(ding),一(yi)(yi)直被認(ren)為是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)記載。西(xi)(xi)(xi)晉(jin)時(shi)著作(zuo)(zuo)佐(zuo)郎郭璞第一(yi)(yi)個替《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》作(zuo)(zuo)注(zhu)(zhu),此(ci)風一(yi)(yi)開(kai),不下數(shu)家,大(da)(da)多據后(hou)(hou)世情狀釋(shi)(shi)三(san)代(dai)(dai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)川部落,使讀者(zhe)能(neng)夠(gou)更清楚地(di)(di)了(le)解(jie)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戎(rong)馬生涯。據《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記載及(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詮釋(shi)(shi),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曾經(jing)(jing)西(xi)(xi)(xi)征犬戎(rong)于(yu)(yu)隴西(xi)(xi)(xi),入(ru)河伯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邦并(bing)禮(li)河于(yu)(yu)蘭(lan)州一(yi)(yi)帶,觀昆(kun)侖(lun)丘、舂山(shan)(shan)(shan)于(yu)(yu)青海(hai)湖頭,巡骨仟、重(zhong)黎、巨蔸等部落于(yu)(yu)武威地(di)(di)區(qu),會西(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)母(mu)于(yu)(yu)張掖(ye)南山(shan)(shan)(shan),休獵(lie)于(yu)(yu)疏勒河、北山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)區(qu),涉流沙(sha)于(yu)(yu)居(ju)延海(hai)、巴丹吉林(lin)大(da)(da)漠,涉黃渡濟,浪游太行(xing)、漳(zhang)水、滹(hu)沱河,雁門山(shan)(shan)(shan),進而驅馳于(yu)(yu)陰山(shan)(shan)(shan)、蒙古(gu)高(gao)原(yuan)、塔里木盆地(di)(di)、蔥嶺、中亞(ya),共計行(xing)程(cheng)十九萬里(周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)里比今里小),其(qi)內容極(ji)為豐富。西(xi)(xi)(xi)晉(jin)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荀勖(xu)在《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)目錄》中寫道:“古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》者(zhe),太康二年汲(ji)郡縣民不準(人(ren)名)盜(dao)古(gu)冢所得書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye),皆(jie)(jie)竹(zhu)簡素(su)編(bian)。以(yi)臣勖(xu)前所考定(ding)古(gu)尺(chi)(chi),度(du)其(qi)簡長二尺(chi)(chi)四(si)寸(cun),以(yi)墨書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),一(yi)(yi)簡四(si)十字》。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)隱(yin)修(xiu)《晉(jin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》于(yu)(yu)東晉(jin)元帝大(da)(da)興初(chu)年,在《束皙傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》中提到此(ci)《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》,也(ye)云:"汲(ji)冢竹(zhu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大(da)(da)凡(fan)七十五卷(juan)(juan)。……有(you)(you)《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)游行(xing)》五卷(juan)(juan),說周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)游行(xing)天(tian)(tian)下事(shi),今謂(wei)《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》。"由此(ci)看來,《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》原(yuan)名為《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)游行(xing)》,民間有(you)(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)本,似乎可(ke)(ke)(ke)避(bi)偽(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嫌了(le)。然而,歷(li)代(dai)(dai)許多學(xue)者(zhe)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》記載周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠游行(xing)程(cheng)抱懷疑態度(du),對(dui)《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)提出(chu)(chu)質(zhi)疑。清朝(chao)學(xue)者(zhe)姚際恒是(shi)(shi)(shi)力(li)主(zhu)《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》為偽(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)表。經(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)考證,他認(ren)為《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》源(yuan)出(chu)(chu)《左傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》《史(shi)記》,多用《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)(jing)》語,體例則類似起居(ju)注(zhu)(zhu),應(ying)當是(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偽(wei)(wei)作(zuo)(zuo)。一(yi)(yi)些疑古(gu)派(pai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻學(xue)者(zhe),則進一(yi)(yi)步斷(duan)定(ding)其(qi)為晉(jin)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偽(wei)(wei)造。法國(guo)學(xue)者(zhe)沙(sha)畹,甚至以(yi)為"穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi);并(bing)非指(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)秦穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)公,故《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》與(yu)《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)(jing)》一(yi)(yi)樣(yang),屬于(yu)(yu)荒誕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),毫無史(shi)料(liao)價值。可(ke)(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi),這樁公案并(bing)沒有(you)(you)了(le)結。今學(xue)者(zhe)常征舊題新(xin)作(zuo)(zuo),意欲推(tui)倒《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》為偽(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成說。原(yuan)來,常征曾讀過(guo)(guo)洪(hong)頤煊氏校注(zhu)(zhu)本《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》,竟發現書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中所記山(shan)(shan)(shan)川村(cun)落都可(ke)(ke)(ke)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)考出(chu)(chu)。又與(yu)《水經(jing)(jing)注(zhu)(zhu)》對(dui)照,有(you)(you)酈道元據《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》注(zhu)(zhu)釋(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)關山(shan)(shan)(shan)川的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明顯痕跡。驚訝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余,他用力(li)研(yan)究,逐條加以(yi)排比訓釋(shi)(shi),終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)在1977年完成《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)新(xin)注(zhu)(zhu)》一(yi)(yi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),力(li)證其(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不偽(wei)(wei),并(bing)且明確指(zhi)出(chu)(chu):"《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》者(zhe),西(xi)(xi)(xi)晉(jin)所出(chu)(chu)汲(ji)冢周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye),非晉(jin)人(ren)偽(wei)(wei)造,非漢人(ren)偽(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen),亦非戰國(guo)時(shi)人(ren)作(zuo)(zuo)",而是(shi)(shi)(shi)真實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)史(shi)料(liao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻。雖然,《穆(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》中有(you)(you)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神話(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說,對(dui)里面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料(liao)不盡可(ke)(ke)(ke)信,但除去神話(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說和夸張的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成份,有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)(yu)了(le)解(jie)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)各族分(fen)布(bu)、遷徙(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)和他們之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)友(you)好交往,及(ji)先秦時(shi)期中西(xi)(xi)(xi)交通(tong)徑(jing)路以(yi)及(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)母(mu)娘(niang)娘(niang)在中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統文(wen)(wen)(wen)化中,是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)位重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神話(hua)(hua)人(ren)物,她的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)早已深入(ru)人(ren)心(xin),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)母(mu)娘(niang)娘(niang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟠桃宴更是(shi)(shi)(shi)婦孺皆(jie)(jie)知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神話(hua)(hua)故事(shi)。在道教(jiao)神話(hua)(hua),西(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)母(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)女仙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首領(ling),居(ju)住在西(xi)(xi)(xi)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)昆(kun)侖(lun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。在《竹(zhu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)紀年》中,西(xi)(xi)(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)母(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)位雍(yong)容華貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女帝王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)形象(xiang)。

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