很(hen)多人都(dou)不(bu)了解乾(qian)隆過(guo)繼兒子(zi)的事情(qing),接下來跟著(zhu)小編一起欣(xin)賞。
乾(qian)隆(long)(long)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)清朝由(you)盛(sheng)轉衰的(de)關鍵人(ren)物(wu),他的(de)一生注(zhu)定充滿爭議。乾(qian)隆(long)(long)晚年,僅剩(sheng)4個兒子(zi)(zi)可(ke)以(yi)挑選(xuan)(xuan),萬(wan)般(ban)無奈之(zhi)下,才挑選(xuan)(xuan)資質平庸,但為(wei)人(ren)善良的(de)永琰為(wei)繼承(cheng)人(ren)。為(wei)此,乾(qian)隆(long)(long)還(huan)祭告宗廟,希望祖先們能夠理解(jie)他的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇。乾(qian)隆(long)(long)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)一國(guo)之(zhi)君(jun),在明(ming)知子(zi)(zi)嗣不多的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,還(huan)要把四阿(a)(a)哥(ge)和六阿(a)(a)哥(ge)過(guo)繼走,是(shi)政治(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)秀?還(huan)是(shi)為(wei)了保護五阿(a)(a)哥(ge)?
封建制度(du)發展到了清(qing)朝,帝王(wang)已經非常集權,皇(huang)帝高高在上,皇(huang)子也是尊貴(gui)無比(bi)。康熙(xi)晚年,九個(ge)皇(huang)子就能把朝政攪得(de)天(tian)翻(fan)地覆,可見清(qing)朝皇(huang)子的政治作用(yong)之大。乾隆二十(shi)四年,六阿(a)哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)瑢被(bei)過(guo)繼給允禧為嗣,4年后(hou),四阿(a)哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)珹又被(bei)過(guo)繼給允裪為孫。加上大阿(a)哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)璜、二阿(a)哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)璉、三阿(a)哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)璋都已去世,相當于乾隆前十(shi)個(ge)兒子,僅剩(sheng)五阿(a)哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)琪和(he)八阿(a)哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)璇(七、九、十(shi)阿(a)哥(ge)都早夭)。
皇(huang)(huang)(huang)子(zi)(zi)關乎(hu)未來的皇(huang)(huang)(huang)位(wei)繼(ji)承人,多一(yi)(yi)個(ge)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)子(zi)(zi)就等于(yu)多一(yi)(yi)條選擇(ze)。小編算(suan)了一(yi)(yi)下時間,乾(qian)隆(long)(long)二十八年(nian),乾(qian)隆(long)(long)已經53歲,乾(qian)隆(long)(long)絕對不(bu)會以(yi)(yi)為(wei)自己還年(nian)輕,兒(er)子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)再(zai)多生幾個(ge)。因(yin)為(wei)第(di)一(yi)(yi)是乾(qian)隆(long)(long)年(nian)過半百,他雖然身體康健,但也不(bu)能寄希(xi)望于(yu)再(zai)生小皇(huang)(huang)(huang)子(zi)(zi)。第(di)二,即使再(zai)生皇(huang)(huang)(huang)子(zi)(zi),到時候(hou)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)子(zi)(zi)年(nian)幼(you),傳位(wei)風(feng)險很大。所以(yi)(yi)永(yong)瑢和(he)永(yong)珹都是乾(qian)隆(long)(long)早期的兒(er)子(zi)(zi),已經被培養多年(nian),他倆(lia)被乾(qian)隆(long)(long)過繼(ji)給宗室,相當于(yu)放棄(qi)了這(zhe)兩個(ge)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)的繼(ji)承權,這(zhe)里面(mian)一(yi)(yi)定有其(qi)獨(du)特(te)的原因(yin)。
乾(qian)隆(long)二(er)十(shi)四(si)年,六阿哥(ge)永瑢(rong)(rong)奉旨過繼給(gei)允(yun)禧(xi)(xi)為孫,允(yun)禧(xi)(xi)是(shi)康熙(xi)的第21個兒子(zi),被乾(qian)隆(long)封(feng)為慎郡王。他(ta)有(you)兩個兒子(zi),但都去世。若(ruo)是(shi)單純怕這(zhe)個郡王爵(jue)位無人繼承(cheng),乾(qian)隆(long)完全(quan)可(ke)以(yi)在宗室(shi)子(zi)弟中選(xuan)一個過繼給(gei)允(yun)禧(xi)(xi),不(bu)必(bi)挑選(xuan)自(zi)己(ji)的親兒子(zi)。之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)挑選(xuan)永瑢(rong)(rong),原(yuan)因有(you)三(san)點。(本(ben)文為博史通原(yuan)創,其他(ta)作者名下(xia),均(jun)為抄襲(xi))
第(di)一,雍正(zheng)時期,雍正(zheng)對(dui)兄(xiong)弟和(he)子侄太過刻薄,導致宗室(shi)關系緊(jin)張(zhang)。乾隆(long)(long)(long)初年又發生過“弘皙逆(ni)案”,對(dui)宗室(shi)更(geng)是(shi)打擊。乾隆(long)(long)(long)挑選(xuan)一個(ge)(ge)親兒(er)子過繼(ji)給宗室(shi),能(neng)(neng)緩和(he)他和(he)宗室(shi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)關系,同(tong)時能(neng)(neng)顯得他的(de)(de)“仁德”。第(di)二,既然(ran)要選(xuan)兒(er)子,為(wei)什么(me)選(xuan)永(yong)(yong)瑢(rong)(rong)?這和(he)永(yong)(yong)瑢(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力有(you)(you)(you)關,永(yong)(yong)瑢(rong)(rong)文采出眾,是(shi)個(ge)(ge)詩人,也(ye)是(shi)個(ge)(ge)畫(hua)家(jia),但(dan)太過文弱(ruo),騎(qi)馬射箭樣樣落后(hou),乾隆(long)(long)(long)內心(xin)已(yi)經斷(duan)定(ding)他不會繼(ji)承大統。第(di)三(san),和(he)永(yong)(yong)瑢(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)背景有(you)(you)(you)關,他的(de)(de)母親純妃(fei)有(you)(you)(you)兩個(ge)(ge)兒(er)子,除了(le)永(yong)(yong)瑢(rong)(rong),還有(you)(you)(you)三(san)阿哥(ge)永(yong)(yong)璋(zhang)。永(yong)(yong)璋(zhang)在11年前在富察皇后(hou)的(de)(de)喪儀(yi)上表現的(de)(de)不夠悲切,被(bei)乾隆(long)(long)(long)痛斥,最后(hou)惶惶而死(si),乾隆(long)(long)(long)對(dui)永(yong)(yong)璋(zhang)至死(si)都沒有(you)(you)(you)原(yuan)諒(liang),永(yong)(yong)瑢(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)這樣哥(ge)哥(ge),繼(ji)承皇位難度很大。
4年之后,四(si)阿(a)哥永(yong)珹(cheng)奉(feng)旨過(guo)繼(ji)(ji)給(gei)允裪(tao),允裪(tao)和允禧(xi)一(yi)樣無嗣,唯一(yi)不同的是(shi),永(yong)瑢(rong)是(shi)在允禧(xi)死(si)1年才過(guo)繼(ji)(ji)過(guo)去的,而永(yong)珹(cheng)是(shi)在允裪(tao)病重時過(guo)繼(ji)(ji)的,相當(dang)于(yu)永(yong)珹(cheng)還曾為允裪(tao)披麻戴孝過(guo)。因(yin)(yin)為乾隆前三個兒(er)子(zi)已死(si),永(yong)珹(cheng)相當(dang)于(yu)是(shi)乾隆的長(chang)子(zi),把長(chang)子(zi)過(guo)繼(ji)(ji)給(gei)叔(shu)叔(shu)當(dang)孫子(zi),這很少(shao)見(jian),原因(yin)(yin)值得(de)推敲。
清史學者們都普遍(bian)認為(wei),永(yong)珹(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)過繼,有兩(liang)個最明顯的(de)(de)(de)因素,第(di)(di)一是上述提到的(de)(de)(de)宗室(shi)(shi)關(guan)系。第(di)(di)二是他的(de)(de)(de)生母(mu)(mu)地位低下。小編不這么看,第(di)(di)一,宗室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系乾隆(long)用一個兒子(zi)已經完全可以緩(huan)和,沒必(bi)要再舍一個兒子(zi)。第(di)(di)二,永(yong)珹(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)生母(mu)(mu)地位不高,是包衣出身。后來乾隆(long)選擇(ze)嘉慶的(de)(de)(de)時候,難道沒考慮過他的(de)(de)(de)生母(mu)(mu)也是包衣出身?所以這兩(liang)個理由都是站不住(zhu)腳的(de)(de)(de)。小編認為(wei),永(yong)珹(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)過繼,最主要的(de)(de)(de)原因是給永(yong)琪(qi)讓位。
乾(qian)隆(long)二十八年(nian),那拉(la)皇(huang)后已開(kai)始失寵(chong),十二阿(a)(a)哥永璂雖然有嫡(di)子的身份,其實他并不被乾(qian)隆(long)看好,乾(qian)隆(long)最看好的是五(wu)阿(a)(a)哥永琪(qi),永琪(qi)文韜(tao)武略(lve),仁孝敦厚,是乾(qian)隆(long)認為最好的接班人(ren)。同年(nian)五(wu)月初五(wu)日(ri),圓明園九州清(qing)晏殿(dian)突發大火(huo),眾位皇(huang)子各自逃(tao)生,只有永琪(qi)闖入火(huo)海,背乾(qian)隆(long)逃(tao)出(chu)大火(huo),這件事對乾(qian)隆(long)內心影響(xiang)很大,他幾乎默認永琪(qi)為下一(yi)任皇(huang)帝(di)。
而此時(shi)永(yong)(yong)(yong)琪最大的障(zhang)礙(ai)只有(you)兩人,第(di)一(yi)是“長子(zi)”永(yong)(yong)(yong)珹(cheng),第(di)二是“嫡子(zi)”永(yong)(yong)(yong)璂,乾(qian)隆(long)(long)(long)把(ba)永(yong)(yong)(yong)珹(cheng)過繼(ji)出去(qu),是為(wei)永(yong)(yong)(yong)琪掃清第(di)一(yi)步障(zhang)礙(ai),為(wei)永(yong)(yong)(yong)琪讓位。此后,那拉皇后和乾(qian)隆(long)(long)(long)決裂,永(yong)(yong)(yong)璂因此也失(shi)去(qu)機會,永(yong)(yong)(yong)琪再無障(zhang)礙(ai)。可惜永(yong)(yong)(yong)琪命薄,沒(mei)等到(dao)乾(qian)隆(long)(long)(long)傳位,在(zai)26歲時(shi)病逝,乾(qian)隆(long)(long)(long)的心血白費了。
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