關于弦(xian)(xian)脈,張璐說:“弦(xian)(xian)為六賊之首,最為諸經作病,故傷寒(han)壞(huai)證,弦(xian)(xian)脈居多(duo),虛勞內傷,弦(xian)(xian)常過半。總由中氣少(shao)權,土敗木賊所致(zhi)。但以(yi)(yi)弦(xian)(xian)少(shao)弦(xian)(xian)多(duo)以(yi)(yi)證胃氣之強弱、弦(xian)(xian)實、弦(xian)(xian)虛以(yi)(yi)證邪氣之虛實。浮弦(xian)(xian)沉弦(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)證表里之陰陽(yang),寸(cun)弦(xian)(xian)尺弦(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)證病氣之升(sheng)沉。
無論(lun)所(suo)患何(he)證(zheng),兼(jian)見何(he)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo),但和緩有神,不(bu)(bu)乏胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)咸為可(ke)治,若弦(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)勁細(xi)(xi),如(ru)(ru)循(xun)刀刃;弦(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)強直,如(ru)(ru)新張(zhang)(zhang)弓(gong)弦(xian)(xian),如(ru)(ru)循(xun)長竿(gan),如(ru)(ru)按橫格(ge),此(ci)皆(jie)(jie)弦(xian)(xian)無胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)治也。又傷寒(han)(han)以尺寸俱弦(xian)(xian),為少陽(yang)病(bing)。如(ru)(ru)弦(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)兼(jian)浮,兼(jian)細(xi)(xi)為少陽(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)本脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo),弦(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)兼(jian)數(shu)(shu)兼(jian)緩,即有人府傳陰(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)兩途(tu),若弦(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)兼(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)以沉、澀、微(wei)(wei)弱(ruo)得(de)不(bu)(bu)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)陰(yin)乎?又傷寒(han)(han)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)曾對浮沉遲(chi)(chi)數(shu)(shu)等(deng)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)所(suo)主病(bing)機之(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)變(bian)做(zuo)過筒當(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)分析說:“據脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)法所(suo)言(yan),凡浮為在(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao),沉為在(zai)里(li),數(shu)(shu)為多熱(re)(re),遲(chi)(chi)為多寒(han)(han),弦(xian)(xian)絕為實,微(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)為虛。是(shi)(shi)(shi)固(gu)然(ran)矣。然(ran)疑似中,尤有真辨,此(ci)其(qi)(qi)關系非(fei)小,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)察也。而(er)(er)(er)(er)凡陰(yin)虛血(xue)弱(ruo),中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虧(kui)損者,必浮而(er)(er)(er)(er)無力(li),是(shi)(shi)(shi)浮不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以概言(yan)表(biao)(biao)(biao)。沉雖屬里(li)而(er)(er)(er)(er)凡表(biao)(biao)(biao)邪(xie)初感(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)深者,寒(han)(han)束(shu)皮毛,脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)不(bu)(bu)能達,亦必沉緊(jin),是(shi)(shi)(shi)沉不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以概言(yan)里(li)。數(shu)(shu)為熱(re)(re),而(er)(er)(er)(er)真熱(re)(re)未(wei)(wei)必數(shu)(shu),凡虛損之(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng),陰(yin)陽(yang)俱困,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)血(xue)張(zhang)(zhang)皇(huang),虛甚者數(shu)(shu)必甚,是(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以概言(yan)熱(re)(re)。遲(chi)(chi)雖為寒(han)(han),風傷寒(han)(han)初退,余(yu)熱(re)(re)未(wei)(wei)清,脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)多遲(chi)(chi)滑(hua),是(shi)(shi)(shi)遲(chi)(chi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以概言(yan)寒(han)(han)。弦(xian)(xian)強類實,而(er)(er)(er)(er)真陰(yin)胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)太虧(kui),及(ji)陰(yin)陽(yang)關格(ge)等(deng)證(zheng),脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)必豁大而(er)(er)(er)(er)強健,是(shi)(shi)(shi)強不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以概言(yan)實,微(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)類虛,而(er)(er)(er)(er)凡痛極(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)閉,營衛壅滯不(bu)(bu)通者,脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)必伏匿(ni),是(shi)(shi)(shi)伏不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以概言(yan)虛,由此(ci)推(tui)之(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)不(bu)(bu)止是(shi)(shi)(shi)也。凡諸脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)中皆(jie)(jie)有疑似,皆(jie)(jie)有真偽,診能及(ji)此(ci),其(qi)(qi)必得(de)鳶魚之(zhi)(zhi)學者乎?”所(suo)謂(wei)浮表(biao)(biao)(biao)沉里(li)等(deng)之(zhi)(zhi)“是(shi)(shi)(shi)固(gu)然(ran)矣”是(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang),具體的(de)說還只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)角(jiao)度上(shang)的(de)常(chang),至于變(bian),尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)結合病(bing)理以得(de)其(qi)(qi)病(bing)機之(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)就遠非(fei)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)法之(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)所(suo)能限制(zhi),否則(ze)如(ru)(ru)張(zhang)(zhang)氏所(suo)云種種誤解(jie)會(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很多的(de),“鳶飛(fei)魚躍”之(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao),亦就是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)病(bing)機而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)。
張氏又通過虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等條(tiao)件對脈(mo)(mo)象(xiang)在(zai)(zai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)方(fang)而(er)(er)(er)的意(yi)義做了(le)原則(ze)(ze)(ze)性的概括,說:“脈(mo)(mo)者血(xue)氣之(zhi)神(shen),邪正(zheng)之(zhi)鑒也(ye)。有(you)(you)(you)諸(zhu)中(zhong)必(bi)(bi)(bi)形(xing)諸(zhu)外,故血(xue)氣盛者脈(mo)(mo)必(bi)(bi)(bi)盛,血(xue)氣衰(shuai)者脈(mo)(mo)必(bi)(bi)(bi)衰(shuai),無(wu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)者脈(mo)(mo)必(bi)(bi)(bi)正(zheng),有(you)(you)(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)者脈(mo)(mo)必(bi)(bi)(bi)乖。矧人(ren)之(zhi)疾病(bing)(bing)(bing),無(wu)過表(biao)(biao)里寒(han)(han)熱虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),只此六字,業(ye)已盡之(zhi)。然(ran)(ran)六者之(zhi)中(zhong),叉以(yi)(yi)(yi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)字為最要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。蓋凡以(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)證、里證、寒(han)(han)證、熱證無(wu)不(bu)(bu)皆有(you)(you)(you)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。既能知(zhi)表(biao)(biao)里寒(han)(han)熱,而(er)(er)(er)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)能以(yi)(yi)(yi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)字決之(zhi),則(ze)(ze)(ze)千(qian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)萬(wan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)貫(guan)矣(yi)(yi)。且治病(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)法(fa)(fa),無(wu)逾(yu)攻補(bu),用(yong)攻用(yong)補(bu),無(wu)逾(yu)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),欲察虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),無(wu)逾(yu)脈(mo)(mo)息,雖脈(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)十(shi)四名,主病(bing)(bing)(bing)各異,然(ran)(ran)一(yi)(yi)脈(mo)(mo)能兼諸(zhu)病(bing)(bing)(bing),一(yi)(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)亦(yi)能兼諸(zhu)脈(mo)(mo),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)隱(yin)微,大有(you)(you)(you)玄(xuan)秘,正(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)諸(zhu)脈(mo)(mo)中(zhong),亦(yi)皆虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)變耳。言脈(mo)(mo)至此,有(you)(you)(you)神(shen)存矣(yi)(yi),倘不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)而(er)(er)(er)泛焉求(qiu)跡(ji),則(ze)(ze)(ze)毫厘(li)千(qian)里,必(bi)(bi)(bi)多迷(mi)誤。故予特表(biao)(biao)此義,有(you)(you)(you)如洪濤(tao)巨浪(lang)中(zhong),則(ze)(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)乎(hu)牢執柁千(qian),而(er)(er)(er)病(bing)(bing)(bing)值危難處(chu),則(ze)(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)乎(hu)專辨(bian)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)得真,則(ze)(ze)(ze)標本(ben)陰陽,萬(wan)無(wu)一(yi)(yi)失。其(qi)(qi)或脈(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)(you)疑似(si)又必(bi)(bi)(bi)兼證兼理(li),以(yi)(yi)(yi)察其(qi)(qi)孰(shu)客孰(shu)主,孰(shu)緩孰(shu)急,能知(zhi)本(ben)末先(xian)后,是(shi)(shi)即神(shen)之(zhi)至也(ye)矣(yi)(yi)。”所謂玄(xuan)妙,所謂神(shen)就是(shi)(shi)指病(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)而(er)(er)(er)言,其(qi)(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)甚么虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)無(wu)飄渺不(bu)(bu)可知(zhi)的東西(xi),因(yin)為病(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)的性質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)機(ji)動靈活的,往(wang)往(wang)與常規常法(fa)(fa)截(jie)然(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)同,但它卻更符合醫(yi)理(li)脈(mo)(mo)法(fa)(fa)的法(fa)(fa)則(ze)(ze)(ze),所謂“神(shen)無(wu)方(fang)而(er)(er)(er)易無(wu)體”,亦(yi)就是(shi)(shi)說神(shen)是(shi)(shi)變動不(bu)(bu)居的,具體到(dao)事(shi)物(wu)的過程(cheng)就是(shi)(shi)機(ji),“機(ji)流(liu)”才能“神(shen)暢(chang)”事(shi)物(wu)本(ben)身有(you)(you)(you)常有(you)(you)(you)變,對待事(shi)物(wu)亦(yi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)常有(you)(you)(you)變。張氏以(yi)(yi)(yi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)概括一(yi)(yi)切雖未必(bi)(bi)(bi)盡屬合理(li),但他通過虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所論述的原則(ze)(ze)(ze),卻對抉(jue)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)的性質(zhi)和方(fang)法(fa)(fa)很有(you)(you)(you)意(yi)義。可以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出(chu)這個時期的理(li)論家和臨床(chuang)家都在(zai)(zai)繼(ji)承《內經》仲景向脈(mo)(mo)辨(bian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)機(ji)方(fang)面努力(li),并且有(you)(you)(you)若干新(xin)說和創見。
后(hou)(hou)來同學海著《脈(mo)(mo)義簡(jian)摩(mo)》,其(qi)(qi)中主(zhu)病(bing)方而(er)(er)(er)有“郭元峰二十(shi)八脈(mo)(mo)集說”。周氏于(yu)前作小序說:“郭氏著《脈(mo)(mo)如》專(zhuan)辨(bian)疑似之(zhi)脈(mo)(mo),議論(lun)明暢,啟發后(hou)(hou)學非淺,其(qi)(qi)文皆裒輯士材《正眼(yan)》景岳《脈(mo)(mo)神》及(ji)(ji)諸(zhu)家(jia)脈(mo)(mo)書而(er)(er)(er)成,而(er)(er)(er)采之(zhi)張石(shi)(shi)頑(wan)(wan)《診宗三昧》著尤(you)多,士材詳(xiang)于(yu)形狀,景岳詳(xiang)于(yu)主(zhu)病(bing),石(shi)(shi)頑(wan)(wan)詳(xiang)于(yu)義理(li),而(er)(er)(er)石(shi)(shi)頑(wan)(wan)深(shen)遠矣。”這幾人于(yu)病(bing)機都有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)貢獻,所謂石(shi)(shi)頑(wan)(wan)詳(xiang)于(yu)義理(li)則涉及(ji)(ji)病(bing)機的(de)內容更多,亦更較深(shen)切。在這里就不(bu)一(yi)一(yi)具引(yin)了。另外,其(qi)(qi)他著作中涉及(ji)(ji)這方而(er)(er)(er)的(de)論(lun)述,亦不(bu)例舉。
明(ming)清時(shi)(shi)期對(dui)脈(mo)(mo)辯病機方面(mian)無疑是(shi)(shi)做出(chu)了新(xin)的(de)(de)成(cheng)績(ji),得(de)到(dao)了新(xin)進展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)。但他(ta)們尚不(bu)夠(gou)自(zi)覺,如知道引據《內經》、仲景,但認(ren)識(shi)不(bu)到(dao)從(cong)《脈(mo)(mo)經》起,脈(mo)(mo)診自(zi)成(cheng)系列對(dui)病機辨析的(de)(de)影響,對(dui)他(ta)們自(zi)己的(de)(de)成(cheng)就(jiu)還認(ren)識(shi)不(bu)到(dao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)辨證(zheng)論治(zhi)方法的(de)(de)繼(ji)承發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),而有時(shi)(shi)自(zi)矜玄妙(如張景岳等),以(yi)及還設有對(dui)這方面(mian)的(de)(de)成(cheng)就(jiu)概括(kuo)出(chu)其規律指明(ming)其方向等等,但他(ta)們的(de)(de)工作(zuo)成(cheng)績(ji)應當(dang)說是(shi)(shi)很有意義的(de)(de),除了內容對(dui)理論臨(lin)床尤其是(shi)(shi)病機有所貢(gong)獻(xian)外,客觀上亦是(shi)(shi)對(dui)《脈(mo)(mo)經》以(yi)來的(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)學停滯(zhi)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)不(bu)滿(man)足和(he)一(yi)種(zhong)挑戰,這對(dui)于脈(mo)(mo)學的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)作(zuo)出(chu)了啟示性質的(de)(de)工作(zuo),為使脈(mo)(mo)學通過(guo)病機的(de)(de)研究(jiu)能夠(gou)達到(dao)一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)的(de)(de)歷史高度(du)打下基(ji)礎。
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